CH 1. Matrices & Determinants (Math +2)

Table of Contents
Matrices & Determinants
 Theory ............................................................................................................................................ 2
 Solved examples ............................................................................................................................. 14
 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ....................................................................................... 33
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAINS Questions ........................................................................ 39
 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ............................................................................... 47
 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ................................................................... 59
 Answer Key ..................................................................................................................................... 65

DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES 2
DETERMINANTS
1. DEFINITION
a 22 a 23
e.g. M11 = minor of a11 = = a22 a33 – a32 a23
(i) The determinant consisting two rows and two a 32 a 33
a1 b1
columns is D = . Its value is given by : Cofactor of aij : Denoted by Cij
a2 b2
Cofactor of aij (Cij) = (–1)i + j Minor of aij

D = a1b2 – a2 b1
e.g. Cofactor of a11 (C11) = (–1)1+1 M11 = M11
(ii) A determinant which consists of 3 rows and 3
columns is called a 3rd-order-determinant and is of 3. EVALUATION OF DETERMINANT
the following form.
Value of any determinant can be obtain by adding product

a11 a12 a13
of all elements of a row (or column) to their corresponding
D = a 21 a 22 a 23
a31 a 32 a 33 cofactors.
It’s value is :
a11 a12 a13
D = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a21a32a13 e.g.   a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
– a13a22a31 – a23a32a11–a12a21a33
2. MINORS AND COFACTORS

 = a11 C11 + a12 C12 + a13 C13
a11 a12 a13 = a21 C21 + a22 C22 + a23 C23

Let   a 21 a 22 a 23
= a31 C31 + a32 C32 + a33 C33
a 31 a 32 a 33
= a11 C11 + a21 C21 + a31 C31
Here aij = Element in ith row and jth column of .
= a12 C12 + a22 C22 + a32 C32
Minor of aij :
It is defined as the value of the determinant obtained by = a13 C13 + a23 C23 + a33 C33
eleminating the ith row and jth column of .
We donote the minor of aij by Mij .
4. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered; if the D = a2 b2 c 2 ; and D’ = a 2 b2 c2
rows and columns are interchanged, a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3 Then D’ = KD
D = a2 b2 c2 = b1 b 2 b3 (vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two
(ii) If any two adjacent rows (or columns) of a
determinants, i.e.
determinant be interchanged, the value of
determinant is changed in sign only.
a1  x b1  y c1  z a1 b1 c1 x y z
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 = +
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
D = a2 b2 c 2 and D’ = a 1 b1 c1
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(vii) The value of determinant is not altered by adding
to the elements of any row (or column) a constant
D’ = – D.
multiple of the corresponding elements of any other
(iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any
row (or column).
row (or column) then its values is zero.
e.g.
0 0 0 R1  R1 + mR2 (change R1 as sum of R1 and m (R2).
D = a2 b2 c2 = 0
R3  R3 + nR2 (change R3 as sum of R3 and n (R2).
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns)
a2 b2 c2
D= and
identical or proportional, then its values is zero. a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
D = a1 b1 c1 = 0 a 1  ma 2 b1  mb 2 c1  mc 2
c1 c 2 c 3
D’ = a2 b2 c2
a 3  na 2 b 3  nb 2 c 3  nc 2
(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) be
multiplied by the same number, then the determinant Then D’ = D.
is multiplied by that number.
4 DETERMINANTS AND MATRICES
5. CRAMER’S RULE (NOT IN CBSE SYLLABUS)
(i) Two Variables
If a1x + b1y = c1 ... (i)

This root can be applied for solving system of ‘n’ linear
a2x + b2y = c2 ... (ii)
equations in ‘n’ variables.
Dx Dy
then x  ,y values of x, y are unique, if D  0. CONSISTENCY OF A SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
D D
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1 (i) If D  0 then the given system of equations are

where, D  , Dx  , Dy 
a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2 consistent and have unique solution.
Similarly ‘n’ equations in ‘n’ variables can be solved. (ii) If D = 0 but at least one of Dx, Dy, Dz is not zero then
the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.

(ii) Three Variables
Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 .................(i) (iii) If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 then the given system of
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 .................(ii) equations are consistent and have infinite solution
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 .................(iii) except the case of parallel planes when there is no
solution.
Dx Dy D
Then, x = ,y  ,z  z
D D D (iv) If d1= d2 = d3 = 0 then system of equation is called
Homogenous system of equations.
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 (v) Solution of Homogenous Equations is always

Where, D = a 2 b2 c 2 ; Dx = d 2 b2 c2 ; consistent, as x = 0 = y = z is always a solution.
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
This is known as TRIVIAL solution.
(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D  0. Then
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1 x = 0 = y = z is only solution.
Dy = a 2 d2 c 2 and Dz = a 2 b2 d2
(vii) For Homogenous Equations, if D = 0, then there exists
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
non zero solutions [NON TRIVIAL SOLUTONS] also.
6. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANT 7. SOME MORE PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions (i) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order
are : is zero.
(i) Area of triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr) ; r = 1, 2, 3, is:
0 2 9
x1 y1 1
1 D= 2 0 log a b = 0
D= x2 y2 1
2 1
 
x3 y3 1  9 log a   0
b
If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.

(ii) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order
(ii) Equation of straight line passing through (x1, y1) & is always a perfect square.
x y 1 0 5
D= = 25
 5 0 22
(x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) n–1, where n is order of the determinant is equal to the
determinant made from cofactors of elements of .
(iii) The lines :
31
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...........(1) a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0............(2) e.g. a 2 b2 c2 = A 2 B2 C2
a3 b3 c 3 33 A 3 B3 C3
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0............(3)
Where Ai’s are co-factors of ai’s

a1 b1 c1
(iv) Determinant of a diagonal matrix is product of its
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c2 = 0
diagonal elements
a3 b3 c3
5 0 0
This is condition for the consistency of simultaneous
D = 0 2 0 = 5 × 2 × 6 = 60
linear equation in two variables.
0 0 6
(iv) ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a
pair of straight lines if : (v) If a determinant considered as a polynomial becomes
zero when x = a, then x – a is factor of this. (This is
a h g an application of Factor Theorem)
abc + 2 fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = h b f =0
g f c x a a2
D= a x x2
(v) To find the variable (x, y, z etc) in linear equations a x a
(Cramer’s rule)
Because zero when x = a so x – a is factor of this.
(vi) The sum of the products of the elements of the i th

row/column with the co-factor of the corresponding 1 1 1
elements of kth row/column is zero provided i  k. (iii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c)
3 3
n
a b c3
i.e. (i) a C
j1
ij kj  0; if i  k
1 1 1
2 2
n (iv) a b c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
(ii) 
i 1
aijCik  0 if j k a3 b3 c3
(vii) | AB | = | A | | B|
9. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS
5 2 2 3  2  17
i.e. A = ; B= ; AB =
1 1 4 1 6 2
a1 b1 1 m1 a11  b1 2 a1m1  b1m2
|A| = – 7 | B | = – 14 (a) ×
b2  2 =
a2 m2 a 2 1  b 2  2 a 2 m1  b2 m2
| A | | B | = – 7 × –14 = 98, | AB | = – 4 + 102
| AB| = 98.
a1 b1 c1 1 m1 n1
(viii) Determinant of a triangular matrix is product of its
a2 b2 c2   2 m2 n2
diagonal elements only. =
a3 b3 c3 3 m3 n3
3 2 1
D = 0 4 3 = 3 × 4 × – 1 = – 12 a11  b1 2  c1 3 a1m1  b1m 2  c1m3 a1n1  b1n 2  c1n 3
0 0 1 a 2 1  b 2 2  c 2  3 a 2 m1  b 2 m 2  c 2 m 3 a 2 n1  b 2 n 2  c 2 n 3
a 3 1  b 3 2  c3 3 a 3m1  b3m 2  c3m 3 a 3 n1  b 3 n 2  c 3 n 3
5 0 0
(b) Summation of Determinants
D’ = 4 9 0 = 5 × 9 × 1 = 45
3 2 1 f (r ) a 
Let r = g(r ) b m
8. SPECIAL DETERMINANTS h (r ) c n
(i) Circulant Determinants :

Where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants independent
The elements of the rows (or columns) are in cyclic of r, then
arrangement
n
a b c  f (r )
r 1
a 
b c a = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc). n n
c a b     g(r )
r 1
r
r 1
b m
n
= – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
 h (r )
r 1
c n
1 1 1
(ii) a b c = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
Here functions of r can be the elements of only one
a2 b2 c2 row or column. None of the elements other than
row or column should be dependent on r.
10. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANT
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f 3 ( x )
This formula is only applicable if there is a variable only in
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x )
(x) = one row or column, otherwise expand the determinant and
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x )
integrate.
Then 4
x3 cos 2 x 2 x / 2
5
Example : If f(x) = tan x 1 sec 2x then
f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x ) f 3 ' ( x ) f1 ( x ) f 2 (x) f 3 (x)
sin 3 x x4 5
 f (x)dx 
 / 2
’(x) = g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x )  g1 ' ( x ) g 2 ' ( x ) g 3 ' ( x )
h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x ) h1 ( x ) h 2 ( x ) h 3 ( x )
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
Sol. We have
f1 ( x ) f 2 (x ) f 3 (x )
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x) g 3 (x ) 4
+  x3 cos 2 x 2 x
h1 ' ( x ) h 2 ' ( x ) h 3 ' ( x ) 5
f(–x) =  tan x 1 sec 2 x = – f(x)
3 4
 sin x x 5
Integration of determinant
f ( x ) g( x ) /2
 f ( x )dx  0 
If (x) =
1 2
,
 / 2
b b
x 3 sin x a
b
then  (x) dx = a f (x) dx a g(x) dx .

Example : If f(x) =
1 2
, then  f (x ) dx is
a
a
1 2
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 3 (d) 
2 2
Here f (x) and g (x) and functions of x and 1,  2 are
constants. a a
a
x 3dx  sin xdx  10 0
Sol.  f (x ) dx =  a a 1
=0
a 1 2
Hence (a) is correct answer.

MATRICES
Square Matrix
1. DEFINITION AND IMPORTANT TERMS
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number
A set of (m × n) numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of column, say (n × n) is called a square matirx of order n.
of m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n.
 2 1  1
A  [a ij ]mn e.g. the matrix 3  2 5  is square matrix of order 3.
 
1 5  3
 a11 a12 ... a1n 
a ... a 2 n  Diagonal Matrix
 21 a 22
or A   a 31 a 32 ... a 3n  is a matrix of order m×n.
  A square matix is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements,
 ... ... ... ... 
except those in the leading diagonal, are zero.
a ... a mn 
 m1 a m 2 A = [aij]n×n , aij = 0 for all i  j
Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are

equal is called the scalar matrix.
The matrix is not a number. It has no numerical value. A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if.
But it is an arrangement of numbers. (i) aij = 0 for all i  j and
(ii) aii = C for all i {1, 2, ..., n}
Identity or Unit Matrix

2. TYPES OF MATRICES
A square matrix each of whose diagonal element is unity
and each of whose non diagonal element is equal to zero is
Row Matrix
called an identity or unit matrix.
A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or a A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called identity or unit matrix if
row vector. (i) aij = 0 for all i  j, and
e.g. A = [1 2 –1 –2] is a row matrix of order 1×4. (ii) aii = 1 for all i {1, 2, ..., n}
Column Matrix The identity matrix of order n is denoted by In.
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix 1 0 0

1 0   
or a column vector. e.g. I2 =   , I3 = 0 1 0
 0 1 
0 0 1
3
1 2
Null Matrix
e.g. A =  2  and B =   are column matrices or
5
1   A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix
4
or a zero matrix, represented by O.
order 3×1 and 4×1 respectively.
4. SUM OF MATRICES
 0 0  0 0 0 
e.g. 0 0  ,  
  0 0 0  Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be matrices of the same order m×n.
Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n.

Upper Triangular Matrix
Where, [cij] = [aij + bij]
A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix

1 2 4 7 3 2 
if aij = 0 i > j. e.g. A = 0 5 3 and B = 5 1 9 
   
5 4 3 1  7 2  3 4  2 8 5 6 
  A+B=   =  
e.g A = 0 2 1 0  5 5  1 3  9  5 6 12
0 0 6
1  7 2  3 4  2  6  1 2 
A – B = 0  5 5  1 3  9  =   5 4  6 
Lower Triangular Matrix    
A square matrix A = [aij] is called lower triangular PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION
if aij = 0 i < j. (i) Matrix addition is commutative
A+ B = B +A
2 0 0  (ii) Matrix addition is associative
 
e.g A = 3 2 0 
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
4 5 3
5. SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A MATRIX
3. EQUALITY OF MATRICES If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or

complex.
Two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]r×s are equal if
Then by matrix kA is a matrix of same order, where all the
(i) m = r, i.e., the number of rows in A equals the number elements of kA are k times of the corresponding elements
of rows in B. of A.
(ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the 2 3 1 

e.g. If A = 5 2 4
number of columns in B.  
(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.

3.2 3.3 3.1 6 9 3
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B, Then 3A =   = 15 6 12
3.5 3.2 3.4  
otherwise we write A  B.
Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar 7. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrix of the same type and  (i) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with
and are any scalars, then respect to a addition of matrices.
(i) (A + B) = A + B A (B + C) = AB + AC.
(ii) (+ ) A = A + A (ii) Matrix multiplication is associative if
(iii) (A) = () A. conformability is assured.
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order ‘n’ i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.
n
Then |kA| = k |A| (iii) The multiplication of matrices is not always
commutative. i.e. AB is not always equal to BA.
6. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION (iv) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix
conformable with A for multiplication is a null
If A = [aij]m×p and B = [bjk]p×n
matrix i.e. AO = O.
In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square
Then Am×p × Bp×n = (AB)m×n null matrix of the same order, then OA = AO = O.
p (v) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that
or C = AB = [cik]m×n where cik = 
j1
a ij b jk A = O or B = O.
 0 0  1 0  0 0 
For multiplication number of columns of first matrix 0 1  0 0  = 0 0 
     
should be equal to number of rows of second matrix.
i.e. cik = ai1 b1k + ai2b2k + ... aipbpk None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix
In other words cik = Sum of the products of ith row of A whereas their products is a null matrix.
(having p elements) with k th column of B (having p (vi) Multiplication of matrix A by a unit matrix I :
elements). Let A be a m × n matrix.
Then AIn = A and Im A = A..
2 3
 1  2 3   (vii) If A and B are square matrices of order ‘n’
e.g. If A =   and B = 4 5
 4 2 5 23 2 1
Then |AB| = |A| |B|
32 n
(viii) |kA| = k |A| where k is a scalar and n is the order of
Compute AB and show that AB  BA. A is 2×3 type and B square matrix A.
is 3×2 type and hence both AB and BA are defined because (ix) Positive Integral Powers of Matrix
the number of columns in pre factor is equal to the number
Let A be any square matrix of order n.
of rows in post factor.
Then A2 = A.A
Sol.
A3 = A.A.A
 1.2  2.4  3.2 1.3  2.5  3.1   0  4 Am = A.A.A ... m times
AB =  4.2  2.4  5.2 4.3  2.5  5.1 = 10 3 
 22 All are square matrix of order n.
(i) Am . An = (A.A.A ... m times) (A.A.A ... n times)
2 3  10 2 21
   1  2 3   = A.A.A.... (m + n) times
BA = 4 5  4 2 5 =  16 2 37 
2 1   23   2  2 11  = Am+n
32 33
(ii) (Am)n = Amn
Hence A B  BA. Also, we define A0 = I
8. TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix

obtained by changing the rows of A into columns and
columns of A into rows is called Transpose of matrix A For a skew symmetric matrix :
and is denoted by A' or AT. Hence the matrix A' is of order
aii = – aii for all values of i
n × m.
[i = j when elements are diagonals].
3 4  2aii = 0  aii = 0
   3 2 5
e.g. A = 2 1 then AT = A' =  4 1 9 Hence the diagonal elements of skew symmetric
5 9   23
32
matrix are zero.
Properties of Transpose 0 h g
e.g.  h 0 f  is a skew symmetric matrix

(i) (A')' = A.   g  f 0
(ii) (kA)' = kA'. k being a scalar.
(iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'.

10. ADJOINT
(iv) (AB)' = B'A'.
(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'. If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made

from cofactors of elements of A is called adjoint matrix of
9. SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES
A. It’s denoted by adj A.
(i) A sqaure matrix A = [aij] will be called symmetric Properties of Adjoint Matrix
if AT = A.
(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A
i.e. every ijth element = jith element.
(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1
a h g  (iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A

e.g. A = h b f 
(iv) (adj A)T = adj AT
g f c 
33
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A)
(ii) A square matrix A = [a ij ] will be called (iv) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
skew symmetric if AT = –A. 2

(vii) |(adj (adj (A)) | = |A|(n-1)
i.e. every ijth element = -(jith element).
11. INVERSE OF MATRIX (A) Method to Find Inverse by Elementary Transformations :
Row Transformation
1
A–1 = adj(A)
|A| (i) A–1 exists if |A|  0.
(ii) To find A–1 by row transformation, then we write

Properties of Inverse Matrices
A A–1 = I.
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (iii) Apply row transformations to the pre-factor A on
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 L.H.S. & to I on R.H.S. such that A becomes a unit
(iii) (A–1)–1 = A matrix.
(iv) Now R.H.S. becomes I A–1 = B A–1 = B

1
(iv) (kA)–1 = A–1 if k  0.
k 13. SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION
BY MATRIX METHOD
(v) Let A, B, C be square matrix of the same order n. If A
is non–singular matrix then Consider a system of linear equation
(a) AB = AC  B = C (left cancellation law) a11 x1 + a12x2 + ....................... a1n xn = b1
(b) BA = CA  B = C (right cancellation law) a21 x1 + a22x2 + ....................... a2n xn = b2
.....................................................................
(vi) If A is non singular matrix such that A is symmetric
then A–1 is also symmetric. .....................................................................
an1 x1 + an2x2 + ....................... ann xn = bn

12. ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS We can express these equations as a single matrix equation.
Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called

an elementary transformation.  a 11 a 12 ...... a 1n   x1   b1 
a  x  b 
(i) Interchanging any two rows (or column).  21 a 22 ...... a 2 n   2  2
 ..... ..... .....  ..... .....
(ii) Multiplication of the elements of any row (or    = 
 ..... ..... .....  ..... .....
column) by a non zero scalar quantity. a a n2 a nn  x   b 
 n1  n  n
(iii) Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any
row to the corresponding element of any other row. A X B
Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained Let | A |  0 so that A–1exists uniquely per-multiplying
from the other by elementary transformation. The sysmbol  both sides AX = B, by A–1 we get
is used for equivalence. A–1 (AX) = A–1 B  (AA–1) X = A–1 B
 I X = A–1 B  X = A–1 B
Criterion of Consistency
14. SOME OTHER TYPES OF MATRICES
Let AX = B be a system of n linear equation in n variables.
(a) Orthogonal Matrix : A square matrix A is called an orthogonal
(i) If | A |  0 then the system of the equations is matrix if the product of the matrix A and its transpose A’ is
consistent and has a unique solution given by identity matrix.
X = A–1 B. AA’ = I
(ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) B = O then the system of
equations is consistent and has infinitely many
solutions except the case of parallel planes when
there is no solution.
(iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) B  O then the system of (i) If AA’ = I then A–1 = A’
equations is inconsistent i.e. it has no solution. (ii) If A and B are orthogonal then AB is also orthogonal.
Homogeneous Equation (iii) All above properties are defined for square matrix only.
(iv) Elements of all 3 rows (or columns) of orthogonal
The system of equations AX = B is said to be homogeneous matrix of order 3 × 3 represent unit vectors.
if the constants b1, b2, b3..... bn are all zero. That is if the
(b) Idempotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ such that A2 = A is
matrix B is a zero matrix and the matrix and the system is called idempotent..
of the form
* Only square matrix can be idempotent matrix.
AX = O * Identity matrix (unit matrix) is also idempotent
Where 0 is the null matrix of order n × 1. matrix.
(i) If | A |  0 then its only solution X = 0 is called
1 0 0
trivial solution. (x = y = z = 0)  
Example : A = 0 1 0
(ii) If | A | = 0 then AX = O have both trivial and non 0 0 0
trivial type solutions. In this case number of
solutions will be Infinite.
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(iii) The condition for 0 1 0 0 1 0  
A2 =     = 0 1 0
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and
(c) Periodic Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called a periodic
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 matrix if Ak+1 = A where A is +ve integer and k is least
to have non-zero or non-trivial solutions is : positive integer for which Ak+1 = A, then k is said to be the
period of A.
a1 b1 c1 (d) Nilpotent Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called nilpotent
a2 b2 c2
=0 matrix if Ak = 0 (null matrix), k is least positive integer
a3 b3 c3 and k is called index of the nilpolent matrix.
(e) Involuntary Matrix : A matrix ‘A’ will be called an
involluntary matrix if A2 = I (Unit Matrix).
• Unit matrix is also involuntary matrix.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example – 1 = 0 – 6 = –6 = 6
0 1
Find minors and cofactors of elements of the following M 35  ; A35 = (–1)3+3 M35
3 0
determinants
= 0 – 3 = –3 = –3
0 1 2 1 0 4
1 0 4
(i) 3 0 1 (ii) 2 1 3
(ii) D  2 1 3
2 3 0 0 4 2
0 4 2
Minors Cofactors
0 1 2 1 3
M11  ; A11 = (–1)1+1 M11
Sol. (i) D  3 0 1 4 2
2 3 0 = 2 + 12 = 14 = 14
Minors Cofactors 2 3
M12  ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12
0 2
0 1
M11  ; A11 = (–1)1+1 M11 = –4 –0 = –4 =4
3 0
=0–3=–3 =–3 2 1
M13  ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13
0 4
3 1
M12  ; A12 = (–1)1+2 M12 = 8 –0 = 8 = 8
2 0
=0–2=–2 =2 0 4
M 21  ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21
4 2
3 0
M13  ; A13 = (–1)1+3 M13 = 0 + 16 = 16 = 16
2 3
=9–0=9 =9 1 4
M 22  ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22
0 2
1 2
M 21  ; A21 = (–1)2+1 M21 = –2 + 0 = –2 = –2
3 0
= 0 – 6 = –6 =6 1 0
M 23  ; A23 = (–1)2+3 M23
0 4
0 2
M 22  ; A22 = (–1)2+2 M22 = 4 –0 = 4 = –4
2 0
= 0 – 4 = –4 = –4 0 4
M 31  ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31
1 3
0 1 A23 = (–1)2+3 M23
M 23  ; = 0 – 4 = –4 = –4
2 3
= 0 – 2 = –2 =2 1 4
M 32  ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32
2 3
1 2
M 31  ; A31 = (–1)3+1 M31 =–3+8=5 = –5
0 1
=1–0=1 =1 1 0
M 33  ; A33 = (–1)3+3 M33
2 1
0 2
M 32  ; A32 = (–1)3+2 M32 = –1 + 0 = –1 = –1
3 1
Example – 2 1 1 2
D  10 5 10 11
xy yz zx 2 2 4
Show that y  z zx xy 0
=0
zx xy yz
 (R2  2 × R1)
5 13 17
xy yz zx
(ii) D  30 68 105
Sol. D  y  z z  x xy
25 66 84
zx xy yz
R2  R2 – 6R1, R3  R3 – 5R1
C3 C3 + C2 + C1 gives
5 13 17
xy yz 0  D  0 10 3
D  yz zx 0 0 1 1
zx xy 0
= 5 (10 – 3)
=0 (Expanding alon 1st colum) = 35
[  all elements of C3 are zero.]
Example – 4
Example – 3
10 24 36
Evaluate
Show that 36 10 24 is divisible by 35.
16 29 35 24 36 10
(i) 50 100 110
82 158 180
10 24 36
5 13 17 Sol. D  36 10 24
(ii) 30 68 105 24 36 10
25 66 84 R1  R1 + R2 + R3
70 70 70
16 29 35  D  36 10 24
Sol. (i) D  50 100 110 24 36 10
82 158 180
1
Using R , we get
35 1
Using  1 R  ,
 2
 10  2 2 2
D  35 36 10 24
16 29 35
24 36 10
D  10 5 10 11
All elements in determinant are natural numbers
82 158 180
 Its value will be whole number
R1  R3 –3R2, R3  R3 – 16 R2  D is multiple of 35 i.e. it is divisible by 35.
Example – 5 Example – 6
If l, m, n are p th, q th and r th terms of an arithmetic

2 3
x x 1 x
2 3
If x, y, z are different and  = y y 1  y = 0, l p 1
z z 2 1  z3 progression respectively, prove that m q 1  0
n r 1
then show that 1 + xyz = 0
Sol. In arithmetic progression

Sol. We have
T1 = a
2 3
x x 1 x T2 = a + d
  y y 2 1  y3 (where d is constant difference)
z z2 1  z3 T3 = a + 2d
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
x x2 1 x x2 x3  l = Tp = a + (p – 1) d = a + pd – d
 y y2 1  y y2 y3 m = Tq = a + (q–1) d = a + qd – d
(Using Property 6)
z z2 1 z z2 z3
n = Tr = a + (r – 1)d = a + rd – d
1 x x2 1 x x2 l p 1
2
  1 1 y y 2  xyz 1 y y 2  L.H.S  m q 1
1 z z2 1 z z2 n r 1
(Using C3  C2 and then C1  C2)

a  pd  d p 1
1 x x2  a  qd  d q 1
 1 y y 2 1  xyz  a  rd  d r 1
1 z z2
gives C1  C1 – d × C2
1 x x2
a d p 1
 1  xyz  0 y  x y2  x 2
L.H.S.  a  d q 1
0 zx z2  x 2
a d r 1
(Using R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R1)
Taking out common factor (y – x) from R2 and (z – x) from  1 
R3, we get
Using   C1 , we get
a d 
1 x x2
1 p 1
 = (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) 0 1 yx
0 1 zx L.H.S. = (a–d) 1 q 1
1 r 1
= (1 + xyz) (y – x) (z – x) (z – y) (on expanding along C1)
=0 ( C1  C3)
Since  = 0 and x, y, z are all different, i.e., x – y  0,
y – z  0, z – x  0, we get 1 + xyz = 0
Without expanding the determinants, show that Show that
1/ x x yz 0 b c 1 x yz
(i) 1/ y y zx  0 (ii) b 0 a  0 1 y zx = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
1/ z z xy c a 0 1 z xy
1/ x x yz 1 x yz
Sol. (i) D  1/ y y zx Sol. D  1 y zx
1/ z z xy 1 z xy
using xR1, yR2 and zR3, we get

R1  R1 – R3, R2  R2 – R3
1 x2 xyz gives
1
D 1 y2 xyz
xyz
1 z2 xyz 0 x  z  y(x  z)
D  0 y  z  x(y  z)
Using  1  C3, we get 1 z xy
 
 xyz 
1 x2 1  1   1 
xyz Using   R1 and  y  z  R2
D 1 y2 1 zx  
xyz
1 z2 1 we get
 0 ( C1  C3 )
0 1 y
0 b c D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1 x
(ii) D  b 0 a 1 z xy
 c a 0
R1  R1 + R2 gives
0  b c
3
= (1) b 0 a (Taking –1 common from R1, R2 & R3) 0 0 yx
c a 0 D = (z – x) (y – z) 0 1 x
1 z xy
0  b c
So D = – b 0 a
c a 0 0 1
 D = (z–x) (y–z) (y–x)
0 b c 1 z
= – b 0 a (Interchanging rows with columns & vice-versa.
= (z–x) (y–z) (y–x) (0–1)
c  a 0
= (x–y) (y–z) (z–x)
=–D
= R.H.S.
 2D = 0 D = 0.
Show that Show that
1 a 1 1
abc c b  1 1 1
1 1 b 1  abc 1    = abc + bc + ca + ab
c abc a  a b c
1 1 1 c
b a abc
= 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) Sol. Taking out factors a,b,c common from R1, R2 and R3, we get
1 1 1
1
a a a
a bc c b 1 1 1
Sol. D  c abc a L.H.S. = abc b 1
b b
b a abc 1 1 1
1
c c c
C1 C1 + C3 ; C2  C2 + C3 gives Applying R1  R1 + R2 + R3, we have
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ac (b  c) b 1   1   1  
a b c a b c a b c
D  (a  c) bc a 1 1 1
  abc 1
ac bc a bc b b b
1 1 1
1
c c c
1   1 
Using   C1 and  b  c  C2 we get
a c  
1 1 1
 1 1 1  1 1 1
 abc 1     1
1 1 b  a b c b b b
D = (a + c) (b + c) 1 1 1 1 1
a 1
c c c
1 1 a bc
Now applying C2  C2 – C1, C3  C3 – C1, we get
R1  R1 + R2 gives
1 0 0
 1 1 1  1
0 0 (a  b)   abc 1     1 0
 a b c b
D = (b +c) (c + a) 1 1
 a
1
1 1 abc 0 1
c
= (b + c) (c + a) × [–(a+b) (–1 –1)]  1 1 1

 abc 1     11  0  
 a b c
= 2 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
= R.H.S.  1 1 1
 abc 1     = abc + bc + ca + ab = R.H.S.
 a b c
Example – 11  – 6 + 7x + 2x2 = 0
Prove that  2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
 (2x – 3) (x – 2) = 0
a  bx c  dx p  qx a c p
  ax  b cx  d px  q  1  x 2   b d q  2x – 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
u v w u v w
3
 x or x = 2
2
Sol. Applying R1  R1 – x R2 to , we get
2

a 1 x2  c 1  x  
p 1  x2 
1 2x 4x 2
 ax  b cx  d px  q
(ii) Given 1 4 16  0
u v w
1 1 1
a c p
Here a13 = (a12)2 (element in third column is equal to square of

 1 x 2
 ax  b cx  d px  q
u v w respective element in 2nd column)
We know, when two rows are identical then the determinant

Applying R2  R2 –x R1, we get
is zero.
a c p  for R1  R2, 2x = 4 i.e. x = 2

  1 x 2
 b d q
u v w 1
 for R1  R3, 2x = 1 i.e. x =
2
Example – 12
Find x, if 1
 solution is x = ,2
2
1 x x2 1 2x 4x 2
if we expand the given determinant, we get
(i) 1 2 4 0 (ii) 1 4 16  0
1 (4 – 16) – 2x (1–16) + 4x2 (1–4) = 0
4 6 9 1 1 1
 –12 –2x + 32x – 12x2 = 0
 –12 x2 + 30x – 12 = 0
1 x x2  4x2 – 10x + 4 = 0
Sol. (i) 1 2 4  0  (4x – 2) (x – 2) = 0
4 6 9  4x – 2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
 1(18 – 24) – x (9 – 16) + x2 (6 – 8) = 0 1

 x or x = 2
2
Example – 13 = 1 (–2 +2) – 2 (6 –2) + 3 (–6 + 2)
Solve the following equations using Cramer’s Rule = – 20
x + 2y – z = 3, 3x – y + 2z = 1, By Cramer’s Rule
2x – 2y + 3z = 2 Dx 5
x   1
D 5
Sol. The given equations are
x + 2y – z = 3 Dy 20
y  4
3x – y + 2z = 1 D 5
2x – 2y + 3z = 2
Dz 20
z  4
D 5
1 2 1
D  3 1 2  Solution is x = –1, y = 4, z = 4
2 2 3
Example – 14
= 1 (–3 +4) – 2 (9 – 4) – 1 (–6 + 2) Show that the following equations are consistent
= 1 – 10 + 4 = –5 2x + 3y + 1 = 0, x + 2y + 1 = 0
x+y=0
3 2 1
D x  1 1 2 Sol. Given
2 2 3
2x + 3y + 1 = 0
x + 2y + 1 = 0
= 3 (–3 + 4) –2 (3 – 4) – 1 (–2 +2)
x+y=0
=5
By condition of consistency consider
1 3 1
D y  3 1 2 a1 b1 c1 2 3 1
2 2 3 a2 b2 c2  1 2 1
a3 b3 c3 1 1 0
= 1 (3 – 4) – 3 (9 – 4) – 1 (6 – 2)
R1  R1 – R2 gives
= – 20
1 1 0
1 2 3
 1 2 1  0 ( C1  C3 )
D z  3 1 1
1 1 0
2 2 2
 The given equations are consistent.

Example – 15
1
 (k  5) 2   35
Find k, if the following equations are consistent 2
(k – 2) x + (k – 1) y = 17,
 k – 5 = ± 35
(k – 1) x + (k – 2) y = 18,
x+y=5  k = 40, – 30.
Sol. The given equation are Example – 17
(k–2)x + (k–1) y – 17 = 0 Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are
(k–1) x + (k–2) y – 18 = 0 P (–3, 1), Q(1, –1), R(2, 1), S(0, 3).
x+y–5=0
 The equations are consistent P Q
a1 b1 c1 k2 k  1 17 Sol.

a2 b2 c 2  k  1 k  2 18  0
a3 b3 c3 1 1 5 S R
R1  R1 – R2 gives A( PQRS) = A (PQR) + A (PRS)
1 1 1 3 1 1
1
 k  1 k  2 18  0 A(PQR)  1 1 1
2
1 1 5 2 1 1
C2  C2 + C1, C3  C3 + C1 gives 1
 [–3 (–1 –1) –1 (1–2) + 1 (1 + 2)]
2
1 0 0
k  1 2k  3 k  19 1
 (6 + 1 + 3)
1 2 4 2
= 5 Sq. units
 –1 (–8k + 12 – 2k + 38) = 0
 10k – 50 = 0 3 1 1
 k=5 1
A (PRS) = 2 1 1
2
Example – 16 0 3 1
Find k if the area of the triangle ABC is 35 sq. units, where

1
A  (2, 6), B  (5, 4) and C  (k, 4)  [–3 (1–3) – 1 (2 –0) + 1 (6 –0)
2
1
2 6 1  [6 – 2 + 6]
1 2
Sol. Area  5 4 1  35 sq. units
2 = 5 sq. units
k 4 1
 A( PQRS) = 5 + 5 = 10 Sq. units.
Example – 18
The sum of first and second numbers is greater than the 1 5 1

third number by 5. The sum of first and third numbers is Dy  1 7 1
more than the second number by 7. The sum of second 1 2 1
and third numbers is greater than the first number by 2.
Find such three numbers.
= 1 (7 –2) – 5 (1 + 1) – 1 (2 + 7)
Sol. Let the numbers be x, y, z respectively. We get the following
= – 14
equations.
x+y– z=5
1 1 5
x– y+z=7
Dz  1 1 7
–x+y+z=2 1 1 2
1 1 1 2 0 0 =1 (–2–7) –1 (+2 +7) + 5 (1–1)

 D 1 1 1  1 1 1
= – 18
1 1 1 1 1 1
By Cramer’s Rule
= 2 (–1 –1)
D x 24
x  6
=–4 D 4
Dy 14 7
5 1 1 12 0 0 y  
D x  7 1 1  7 1 1 D 4 2
2 1 1 2 1 1
D z 18 9
z  
D 4 2
= 12 (–1 –1)
= – 24
7 9
 The numbers are 6, 2 and 2 respectively..
Example – 19
1  3 2   3 / 7 2 / 7 
 A  1 3    1/ 7 3 / 7 
7    
 2 2 6 2
If A  3 1 andB  1 3 , find matrix C such that
 
   
 4 0 0 4 1 1
 B  2A    ... (i)
0 1 
A + B + C = 0, where 0 is the zero matrix.
Sol. Given, A + B + C = 0   3 / 7 2 / 7  1 1

2  
 C = – [A + B]  1/ 7 3 / 7  0 1 
 6 / 7 4 / 7  1 1
  
 2 2 6 2   2 / 7 6 / 7   0 1 
A  B   3 1   1 3 
 4 0  0 4 
 1/ 7 3 / 7 
 
 2 / 7 1/ 7 
 8 4   8 4 
C = – [A + B] = –  2 4    2 4  Example – 21
   
 4 4   4 4 
 cos  sin  
Example – 20 If A     , show that A.A= A+
  sin  cos  
Find matrices A and B, where
1 1  0 1  cos  sin  

2A–B =   and A + 3B =   Sol. A   
0 1   1 0  
  sin  cos  
1 1  cos  sin  

Sol. Given 2A – B =  ... (i) then A   
   sin  cos  
0 1 
 0 1  cos  sin    cos  sin  

A + 3B =   ... (ii) A  .A    
 1 0    sin  cos     sin  cos  
From 3 × (i) + (ii), we get

 cos  cos   sin  sin  cos  sin   sin  cos  

 3 3  0 1    sin  cos   cos  sin   sin  sin   cos  cos  
7A    
 0 3   1 0 
 cos(  ) sin(  ) 
 
3  0 3  1  3 2    sin(  ) cos (  ) 
  
 0  1 3  0   1 3 
= A (+)
Example – 22
 9  20 15  10   29 25
  
 12  8 20  4   20 24 
 2 1 1 2 
If A =   ,B  , verify that |AB| = |A| |B|.
 0 3 3 2 
 29 25  3 5  1 0 
 A2 – 5A – 14I =    5  4 2   14 0 1 
  20 24     
 2 1  1 2 
Sol. AB      29 25   15 25  14 0 
 0 3  3 2     
 20 24   20 10   0 14 
2  3 4  2
 
0  9 0  6   29  15  14 25  25  0 
 
 20  20  0 24  10  14 
5 2 
 AB   
9 6  0 0
 
0 0
2 1  A2 – 4A + 3I = 0
|A| =6–0=6
0 3
Example – 24
1 2
|B| = –2 – 6 = – 8 0 1  0 1
3 2 If A =   and B = 1 0 
1 0   
show that (A+B).(A–B)  A2 – B2.

5 2
| AB |  = – 30 – 18 = – 48
9 6
Sol. (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – AB + BA – B2
Also, |A| . |B| = 6(–8) = – 48
 0 1   0 1  0  1 0  0 
AB     
Hence, |AB| = |A| . |B| is verified.  1 0   1 0   0  0 1  0 
Example – 23
1 0 
 
0 1 
 3 5  2
If A    , show that A – 5A – 14I = 0
  4 2  0 1  0 1 
And, BA    
1 0  1 0
 3 5 
Sol. A     0  1 0  0   1 0 
 4 2    
0  0 1  0   0 1
 AB  BA
 3 5   3 5
 A2 = A . A =     –AB + BA  0
 4 2   4 2 
 (A + B) (A – B)  A2 – B2
 3 2  1 x  2 2 1 2 3  1 1 1 
If A =   , B   y 0  , and (A + B).(A–B)=A –B ,
 2  4    If A = 2 4 6 , B   3 2 1 ,
 
   
find x and y 1 2 3  2 1 0 
Sol. Condition given show that AB and BA are both singular matrices.
(A+B) (A–B) = A2 – B2
 A2 – AB + BA – B2 = A2 – B2 1 2 3  1 1 1 
 – AB + BA = 0   
Sol. AB   2 4 6   3 2 1
 AB = BA 1 2 3  2 1 0 
  3 2   1 x   1 x   3 2 
 2 4   y 0    y 0   2 4   1  6  6 1  4  3 1  2  0 
     
  2  12  12 2  8  6 2  4  0 
 1  6  6 1  4  3 1  2  0 
 3  2y 3x  0   3  2x 2  4x 
  2  4y 2x  0    3y  0 2y  0 
   
 11 6 1
Comparing corresponding elements.   22 12 2 
–3x = 2 – 4x and –3y = 2 – 4y  11 6 1
 x=2 y=2
[ x = y = 2]  11 6 1
Example – 26 | AB |  22 12 2  0 ( R1  R 3 )
 11 6 1
 2 1 3 Similarly,
If A    , find A
 3 2 
 1 1 1   1 2 3 
BA   3 2 1  2 4 6 
 2 1  2 1 0  1 2 3
Sol. A   
 3 2 
 1 2 1 242 363 

 2 1  2 1
A2 = A . A =    3  4  1 6  8  2 9  12  3

 
 3 2   3 2   2  2  0 4  4  0 6  6  0 
 4  3 2  2  1 0 
  I 0 0 0
 6  6 3  4   0 1    0 0 0
 0 0 0
 2 1
 A3 = A . A2 = A . I = A =  
 3 2   |BA| = 0 (  it is zero matrix)
Hence, AB and BA both are singular.
Example – 28
 1 5
0 2 3
 2 2 4   
  1
Express the matrix B =  1 3 4  as the sum of a Then Q  
 0 3    Q

2
 1 2 3  
 5

3 0
symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.  2 
Sol. Here
1
Thus Q   B  B  is a skew symmetric matrix.
2
 2 1 1 
B   2 3 2 
 Now
 4 4 3
 3 3   1 5 
2 2 2 
0
2 2   2 2 4 
 3 3     
3 1
2 2 2 PQ   3 1  0 3    1 3 4   B
 4 3 3   2  2 
1 1    3      1 2 3
Let P   B  B    3 6 2    3 1  3 1 3  
5
3 0
2 2 2 
 3 2 6    2   2 
 3

1 3 
 2 
Thus, B is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a
skew symmetric matrix.
3 3  Example – 29

2 2 2
  The sum of three numbers is 6. If we multiply third
3
Now P    3 1 P number by 3 and add second number to it, we get 11. By
2 
  adding first and third numbers, we get double of the
 3 1 3  second number. Represent it algebraically and find the
 2 
numbers using matrix method.
1 Sol. Let first, second and third numbers be denoted by x, y and

Thus P   B  B  is a symmetric matrix. z, respectively. Then, according to given conditions, we
2
have
Also, let
x+y+z=6
y + 3x = 11
 1 5 
0 x + z = 2 y or x – 2y + z = 0
 0 1 5   2 2
 This system can be written as A X = B, where
1 1 1
Q   B  B   1 0 6    0 3
2 2  2 
5 6 0    1 1 1 x  6
 5
3 0
 2  A   0 1 3 , X   y  and B  11
   
1 2 1  z   0 
Here |A| = 1 (1 + 6) – (0 – 3) + (0 – 1) = 9  0. Now we find Example – 30
adj A
1 1 2   2 0 1 
A11 = 1 (1 + 6) = 7, A12 = – (0 – 3) = 3, Use product 0 2 3  9 2 3 to solve the
  
A13 = – 1 3 2 4   6 1 2 
A21 = – (1 + 2) = – 3, A22 = 0 system of equations

x – y + 2z = 1
A23 = – (–2 – 1) = 3
2y – 3z = 1
A31 = (3 – 1) = 2, A32 = –(3 – 0) = –3, 3x – 2y + 4z = 2
A33 = (1 – 0) = 1
1 1 2   2 0 1 
  
Sol. Consider the product 0 2 3  9 2 3
 7 3 2 
  3 2 4   6 1 2 
Hence adjA   3 0 3
 1 3 1 
 2  9  12 0  2  2 1  3  4  1 0 0
  0  18  18 0  4  3 0  6  6   0 1 0
 6  18  24 0  4  4 3  6  8  0 0 1 
 7 3 2 
1 1
Thus A 
1
adj  A    3 0 3 1
|A| 9 1 1 2   2 0 1 
 1 3 1  
Hence 0 2 3
   9 2 3 
3 2 4   6 1 2 
–1
Since X = A B Now, given system of equations can be written, in matrix
form, as follows
 7 3 2   6   1 1 2   x   1 
1
X   3 0 3 11  0 2 3  y    1 
9     
 1 3 1   0  3 2 4   z   2 
1
 x   1 1 2   1   2 0 1   1 
 y    0 2 3  1    9 2 3   1 
or         
x  42  33  0   9  1   z   3 2 4   2   6 1 2   2 
 y   1  18  0  0   1 18    2 
or   9  9   
 z   6  33  0   27   3 
 2  0  2   0 
  9  2  6   5 
Thus x = 1, y = 2 z = 3  6  1  4   3
Hence x = 0, y = 5 and z = 3
Example – 31 Now from (i),
1 1 1  4 3  1 0 1 
2 3 PA    
Given A   2 4 1 , B   .  3 2   0 1 0 
 
 2 3 1 3 4
 4 3 4 
 PA   
 3 2 3 
1 0 1 
Find P such that BPA =  .
0 1 0  Post-multiplying both sides by A–1
 4 3 4  1
PAA 1   A
1 0 1   3 2 3 
Sol. Given BPA =  .
0 1 0 
  4 3  4  1
Pre-multiplying both sides by B–1  PI   A
 3 2 3 
1 0 1 
B–1 BPA = B–1    4 3 4  1
0 1 0   P A ... (ii)
 3 2 3 
1 0 1  For A–1 :
 IPA = B–1  
0 1 0 
1 1 1
1 0 1   
since A   2 4 1 . Now |A| = –1 0
 PA = B–1   ... (i)
0 1 0   2 3 1
To find B–1.
 it is non-singular matrix and hence A–1 exists
2 3
Now B     1 2 3 
3 4
adj.(A)   0 1 1 
2 3  2 1 2 
|B|= = 8 – 9 = –1  0. As | B |  0
3 4
 1 2 3 
so it is non-singular matrix and hence inverse of B exists. Adj.A 
A 1
   0 1 1
|A|
 2 1 2 
Adj.B  4 3 
 B1   
|B|  3 2  Now From (ii),
 1 2 3 
 4 3 4   
P    0 1 1
 3  2 3  
 2 1 2
For a 2×2 matrix, adjoint can be obtained by swapping

diagonal elements and changing the sign of non-diagonal  4 7 7 
 P 
elements.  3 5 5 
Example – 32
1 2 3   0 1 0 
Solve the system of equations : 0 1 2   1 0 0  A
or     (applying R3  R3 – 3R1)
x + 2y + z = 2 0 5 8  0 3 1 
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
3x + 6y + 3z = 6 1 0 1  2 1 0 
or 0 1 2    1 0 0  A (applying R  R – 2R )
    1 1 2
Sol. 1st and 3rd equations are integral mutiple of each other. 0 5 8  0 3 1 
(dependent equations)
 D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
 infinite solutions 1 0 1  2 1 0
consider x + 2y + z = 2 or 0 1 2    1 0 0 A (applying R  R + 5R )
    3 3 2
2x – 3y + 4z = 1
0 0 2   0 3 1 
Let z = k
 x  2y  2  k
 
 2x  3y  1  4k  
1 0 1  2 1 0
0 1 2    1  1
3  2k 8  11k or    0 0  A (applying R3  R )
 y and x  2 3
 
7 7 0 0 1   5 3 1

2 2 2
 8  11k 3  2k 
Hence :  x  ,y and z  k 
 7 7 
where k is an arbitrary constant. 1 1 1
1 0 0   2 2 2
Example – 33 0 1 2   1 
or 0 0  A (applying R1  R1 + R3)
  
 1
Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using 0 0 1   5 3

elementary operations 2 2 2
0 1 2
A  1 2 3 1 1 1 
 3 1 1  1 0 0   2 2 2
or 0 1 0    4 
3 1 A (applying R2  R2 –2 R3)
  
0 0 1   5 3 1 
Sol. Write A = I A, i.e.,  
2 2 2
0 1 2 1 0 0 
1 2 3    0 1 0  A
    1 1 1 
 3 1 1   0 0 1  2 2 2
1  
A   4 3 1
Hence 5 3 1 
1 2 3   0 1 0   
or 0 1 2  1 0 0  A (appplying R  R ) 2 2 2
    1 2
 3 1 1   0 0 1 
Example – 34  IB = 0  B = 0 [Note true]
If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MT M = I and det (M) = I, (ii) AB = 0 and B non-singular implies

–1 –1
then prove that det (M – I) = 0. ABB = 0 (B) = 0  AI = 0
 A = 0 [Not true]
Sol. (M – I)T = MT – I = MT – MTM = MT (I – M)
 Both A and B are singular.
 | (M – I)T | = | M – I | = | MT || I – M |
(iii) Consider the counter example
= | I – M| |M – I| = 0.
Alternate Method : 0 1 1 0
A  and B   
det (M – I) = det (M – I) det (MT) 0 0 0 0
= det (MMT – MT)
0 11 0 0 0
= det (I – MT) = – det (MT – I) AB     
0 00 0 0 0
= – det (M – I)T = – det (M – I)
 det (M – I) = 0. 1 0 0 1 0 1
whereas BA     0
Example – 35  0 0 0 0  0 0
If S is a skew-symmertric matrix of order n and I + S is Example – 37

non-singular, then prove that
–1 Let A and B be matrix of order n. Prove that if (I – AB) is
A = (I – S) (I + S) is an orthogonal matrix of order n.
invertible, then (I – BA) is also invertible and
–1 –1
T 1 T
(I – BA) = I + B (I – AB) A.
Sol. A  I  S  
T
 I  S
–1 –1
–1 T Sol. I – BA = BIB – BABB
= (I – S) (I + S), since S
–1
= – S; S being skew symmertric. = B (I – AB) B ...(i)
T –1 –1 –1
 A A = (I – S) (I + S) (I – S) (I + S) Hence, |I – BA| = |B| |I – AB| |B |
–1 –1
= (I – S) (I – S) (I + S) (I + S) , –1
= |I – AB| |B| |B |
since (I + S) (I – S) = (I – S) (I + S) –1
=I = |I – AB| |B| |B |
 A is orthogonal, I – S is a square matrix of order n. = |I – AB| ...(ii)
–1
 A = (I – S) (I + S) is a square matrix of order n. –1 –1
Since |B| |B | = |BB | = |I| = I
Example – 36 If I – AB is invertible, |I – AB| has to be non-zero.
Hence, |I – BA|  0 and therefore I – BA is also invertible
If A and B are n-rowed non-zero square matrix such that –1
AB = 0, then show that both A and B are singular. If both Now (I – BA) {I + B (I – AB) A}
–1
A and B are singular and AB = 0, does it follows that = (I – BA) + (I – BA) B (I – AB) A
BA = 0. = (I – BA) + {B (I – AB) B } B (I – AB) A
–1 –1
Justify your answer. (Using (i))

–1
= (I – BA) + B (I – AB) ( I – AB) A
Sol. (i) AB = 0 and A non-singular implies
–1 –1 = I – BA + BA = I
A AB = A (0) = 0 –1 –1
–1
Hence, (I – BA) = I + B (I – AB) A ...(iii)
 (A A) B = 0
 cos  sin   a 0 1  a 1 1  f  a 2 
If A    , prove that
  sin  cos    
A  1 c b  , B  0 d c  , U   g  , V   0 
1 d b  f g h   h  0
 
 cos n sin n 
An    for all n  N
  sin n cos n  , ab 1
If there is vector matrix X, such that AX = U has infinitely many
solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have unique solution.
 cos n sin n 
Sol. Consider A n    If afd  0 then prove that BX = V has no solution.
  sin n cos n 
Sol. AX = U has infinite solutions
1  cos  sin  
for n = 1, A =  ,  |A| = 0
  sin  cos  
it is true as given
 An is true for n = 1 a 0 1
n
Let A is true for n = r, where r  N 1 c b 0
1 d b
r cos r sin r 
 A  
  sin r cos r 
then,  ab = 1 or c = d
Ar+1 = A . Ar
 cos  sin    cos r sin r  a 0 f

  
  sin  cos     sin r cos r  | A1 | 1 c g  0
and
1 d h
 cos  cos r  sin  sin r cos  sin r  sin  sin r 

  sin .cos r  cos  sin r  sin  sin r  cos  cos r 
 g = h; [Here A1 is actually D1 for A : Cramer’s Rule in
 cos(  r) sin(  r) 
  Determinants section]
  sin(  r) cos(  r) 
 cos(r  1) sin(r  1)  a f 1

 
  sin(r  1) cos(r  1)  | A 2 | 1 g b  0  g = h
i.e. An is true for n = r + 1, 1 h b
 An is true for n = 1
And An is true for n = r + 1, if it is true for n = r
 An is true for all n N
f 0 1
 cos n sin n   | A3 | g c b  0  g = h, c = d
 An    for all n N.
  sin n cos n  h d b
 c = d and g = h Example – 40
So, for infinite solutions c = d and g = h

A 0   A 1 0 
Prove that the inverse of   is  1 1 
BX = V  B C  C BA C1 
where A, C are non-singular matrix and hence find the

a 1 1
1 0 0 0
| B | 0 d c  0 (Since C2 and C3 are equal)  
f g h 1 1 0 0
inverse of 1 1 1 0
 
1 1 1 1
 BX = V has no unique solution
Sol. First part :
a2 1 1  A 0   A 1 0 
As    1 1 
and | B1 | 0 d c  0 (since c = d, g = h)  B C   C BA C1 
0 g h
 AA1 0   I 0
 1 1 1   
 BA  CC BA CC1   0 I 
 A 1 0 A 0 
and  1 1  
a a2 1  C BA C1   B C 
| B2 | 0 0 c  a 2 cf  a 2 df (since c = d)  A 1 A 0  I 0
f 0 h  1 1  
1 
 C B  C B C C 0 I
 A 1 0  A 0
Hence  1 1  is the inverse of    I.
 C BA C1   B C
a 1 a2 Second Part :
| B3 | 0 d 0  a 2 df 1 0 0 0
f g 0  
1 1 0 0  A 0 

1 
1 1 0  B C
 
1 1 1 1
Since if adf  0 then |B2| = | B3|  0. Hence no solution exists.
1 0  1 1 1 0 
where A   , B   ,C   .
1 1  1 1 1 1 
1 0 0 0  1 0 0 0
   
1 1 0 0   1 1 0 0
Inverse of  
1 1 1 0   0 1 1 0
   
1 1 1 1   0 0 1 1
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Determinants
0 pq ab
109 102 95 6.   qp 0 x  y is equal to
1. 6 13 20 is equal to ba yx 0
1 6 13
(a) 0 (b) a + b (c) x + y (d) p + q
(a) constant other than zero (b) zero

b1  c1 c1  a1 a1  b1
(c) 100 (d) – 1997 7. The determinant b  c c2  a 2 a 2  b2 
2 2
b 3  c3 c3  a 3 a 3  b3
18 40 89
2.   40 89 198 is equal to
89 198 440 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(a) a 2 b2 c2 (b) 2 a 2 b2 c2
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) zero (d)  = 2 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
3. If  ( 1) is a cube root of unity, then
a1 b1 c1
1 1  i  2 2 (c) 3 a 2 (d) none of these
b2 c2
1 i 1 2  1 
a3 b3 c3
 i  i   1 1
3
8. If , & are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 then the value of the determinant
(c) i (d) 
  
   
1  2
  
4. The value of  2 1 , being a cube root of unity,,
2 1 
(a) p (b) q
2
is (c) p – 2q (d) none
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c)  2
(d)  cos 2  cos  sin   sin 

5. If a + b + c = 0, one root of : 9. Let f ()  cos  sin  sin 2  cos  then f   
6
sin   cos  0
ax c b
c bx a  0 is
b a cx (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) none

(a) x = 1 (b) x = 2
(c) x = a2 + b2 + c2 (d) x = 0
Types of Matrices and Algebra of Matrices

3  1  1
16. If X and Y two matrices are such that
10. If a3 + b2 + c + d    3 2   2
  3   4 5  3 2 1 2 
XY    and X  Y    then Y is given by
 1 0  3 4 
be an identity in , where a, b, c are constants, then the
value of d is 2 0  1 2 
(a) 5 (b) –6 (a)  1 2  (b)  3 4 
   
(c) 9 (d) 0
 1 2 
2 1 0 2 2 0 (c)  2 2  (d) None of these
 
11. If P  3 1 2 , then 9 6 6 is equal to
5 2 3 5 4 3 1 3 2 
17. If A   2 k 5  is a singular matrix, then k is equal
(a) 2P (b) 3P
 4 2 1 
(c) 5P (d) 6P
12. Given a, b, c are in A.P. Then determinant to
(a) –1 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) –8
x 1 x  2 x  a 18. A matrix A = [ai j] of order 2 × 3 whose elements are such
x  2 x  3 x  b in its simplied form is : that ai j = i + j is -
x 3 x 4 x c
2 3 4 2 3 4
3 (a)   (b)  
(a) x + 3ax + 7c (b) 0 3 4 5 5 4 3
(c) 15 (d) 10x2 + 5x + 2c
2 3 4
(c)   (d) none of these
11 12 13 5 5 3
13. 12 13 14 is equal to
19. In the following, singular matrix is -
13 14 15
 2 3 3 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (a)   (b)  
 1 3 2 3
(c) –1 (d) 67
14. If every element of a third order determinant of value  1 2  2 6 
is multiplied by 5, then the value of new determinant is (c)   (d)  
1 0   4 12 
(a)  (b) 5 
(c) 25  (d) 125  7 4 1 2 
20. If A + B =   and A  B    then the value of A
8 9  0 3
yz x x is -
15. If y zx y  k  xyz  , then k is equal to
 3 1 4 3
z z xy (a)   (b)  
 4 3 4 6
(a) 4 (b) – 4
6 2  7 6 
(c)   (d)  
(c) zero (d) none of these 8 6  8 6 
2 3 1   x   2 1 4 1  T T
29. If A    and B    then B A is equal to –
21. If [1 x 2]  0 4 2  1  = O, then the value of x is   7 4   7 2 
   
 0 3 2  1
1 0  1 1
(a)   (b)  
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 0 1  1 1
1 2   x   5 
22. If        then 0 1  1 0 
2 1   y  4 (c) 1 0  (d)  0 0 
   
(a) x = 2, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 2
(c) x = 3, y = 2 (d) x = 2, y = 3  1 7 
30. If A    , then skew–symmetric part of A is –
 2 3
 2 1 2
23. If A =   and A – 4A – nI = 0, then n is equal to -
  1 2   1 9 / 2   0 5 / 2 
(a)  9 / 2 3  (b) 5 / 2 0 
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 1/3 (d) –1/3   
 1 2   1 9 / 2   0 5 / 2
24. If A =  2
 then element a21 of A is - (c) 9 / 2 3  (d)  5 / 2 0 
 3 4    
(a) 22 (b) –15 (c) –10 (d) 7

0 5 7 
 cos  sin   31. Matrix  5 0 11  is a 

25. If E       , then value of E () . E () is -
  sin  cos    7 11 0 
(a) E (0°) (b) E (90°) (a) diagonal matrix (b) upper triangular matrix
(c) E ( + ) (d) E ( – ) (c) skew–symmetric matrix (d) symmetric matrix
32. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then which
0 1 1   x 
of the following is skew–symmetric –
26. The root of the equation  x 1 2 1 0 1   1  O is
  
1 1 0  1  A  AT AT  BT
(a) (b)
2 2
(a) 1/3 (b) -1/3 (c) 0 (d) 1
27. If A, B, C are matrices of order 1 × 3, 3 × 3 and 3 × 1
A T  BT B  BT
respectively, the order of ABC will be - (c) (d)
2 2
(a) 3 × 3 (b) 1 × 3 (c) 1 × 1 (d) 3 × 1
33. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then -
1 2  3 4  (a) A is a diagonal matrix (b) A is a null matrix
28. If A    and B  1 6  then (AB) equals -
T
 3 0    (c) A is a unit matrix (d) A is a triangular matrix

34. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices, then AB = O implies :
5 16  5 9
(a)   (b)   (a) A = O and B = O
9 16  16 12 
(b) |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
5 9 (c) either |A| = 0 or |B| = 0
(c)   (d) none of these
 4 3 (d) A = O or B = O
0 1  4
1 2  3 4 
35. If A =   , the A = 41. If A    ; B  then which of the
1 0  3 0  1 6 
following statements is true -
1 0  1 1 
(a) 0 1  (b) 0 0  (a) AB = BA (b) A2 = B
   
T 5 9
(c)  AB     (d) none of these
0 0  0 1  16 12 
(c) 1 1  (d) 1 0 
   
Adjoint and Inverse of Matrix
a h g  x  1 3 5
h b f   y 
36. The order of [xyz]     is 42. If A  3 5 1  , then adj. A is equal to -
g f c   z  5 1 3
(a) 3 × 1 (b) 1 × 1
(c) 1 × 3 (d) 3 × 3  14 4 22  14 4 22 
 4 22 14   4 22 14
37. If A = [ aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n, then (a)   (b) 
 22 14 4   22 14 4 
aii =
(a) 0 for some i (b) 0 for all i = 1, 2, ...... n
(c) 1 for some i (d) 1 for all i = 1, 2, ......, n.  14 4 22
 4 22 14
38. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar, (c)   (d) none of these
then | kA | =  22 14 4 
(a) kn | A | (b) k | A |
(c) kn–1 | A | (d) none of these 1 2 3 
43. If A   0 3 1  , then A (adj A) equals -
 p q  r s
39. If A    , B  then  2 1 2 
 q p   s r 
(a) AB = BA
9 0 0 9 0 0
(b) AB  BA  
(a) 0 9 0 (b)  0 9 0
(c) AB = – BA  
0 0 9 0 0 9
(d) none of these
0 1 
40. If A    and a and b are arbitrary constants then 0 0 9
0 0   
(c) 0 9 0 (d) none of these
(aI + bA)2 = 9 0 0
(a) a2I + abA
(b) a2I + 2abA 44. If A and B are invertible matrices of the order n, then
(AB)–1 is equal to
(c) a2I+b 2A
(d) none of these (a) AB–1 (b) A–1B
(c) B–1A–1 (d) A–1B–1
2 3  1
45. If A   –1
 , then 19 A is equal to  1  tan  / 2   1 tan  / 2 
5 2 50.  tan  / 2    tan  / 2 is equal to
 
 1  1 
(a) A’ (b) 2A
 sin   cos    cos  sin  
1 (a)   (b)  
(c) A (d) A cos  sin     sin  cos  
2
46. If A is an invertible matrix of order n, then the determinant cos   sin  
of Adj. A = (c)  sin  cos   (d) none of these
 
(a) |A|n (b) |A|n + 1
(c) |A|n–1 (d) |A|n + 2 1 2  1 0
51. If A    , B  and X is a matrix such that
1
3 5 0 2 
  6 5
47.  7 6  = A = BX, then X equals -
 
1  2 4  1 2 4 
  6 5  6  5 (a) (b)
(a)  7 6 (b)  7 6  2  3 5  2  3 5
   
2 4 
6 5  6  5  (c)   (d) none of these
(c) 7 6 (d) 7  6  3 5 
   
 2 3   1 4 
48. Inverse matrix of   is - 52. Matrix  3 0 1  is not invertible if -
 4 2 
 1 1 2
1  2 3 1  2 4
(a)   (b)  
8  4 2  8  3 2  (a)  = – 15 (b)  = – 17
(c)  = – 16 (d)  = – 18
1 2 3 2 3
(c) (d)  4 2 
8  4 2    1 2 3 
53. If A   5 0 4  then adj A is equal to -
 2 6 7 
0 1
 0 1 2   –1
49. If A    , B  1 0 and M = AB, then M is
 2 2 0  1 1 
   24 4 8   24 4 8 
 4 2   4
(a)  1 (b)  1 11 
equal to –
 8 11 11  30 2 10 
 2 2   1/ 3 1/ 3 
(a)   (b)  
2 1   1/ 3 1/ 6   24 4 8 
(c)  27 1 11  (d) none of these
 
1/ 3 1/ 3  1/ 3 1/ 3  30 2 10 
(c)   (d)  
1/ 3 1/ 6   1/ 3 1/ 6 
58. The value of  and  for which the system of equations x

1 0 
54. If A   –n
 then A is equal to - + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10 and x + 2y + z =  have no
1 1 
solution are
(a)  = 3,  = 10 (b)  = 3,   10
1 0 1 0
(a)  n 1  (b)   n 1 (c)   3,  = 10 (d)   3,   10
   
59. Consider the system of equations a 1x + b1y + c1z = 0,
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0, a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 if
 1 0
(c)   n 1  (d) none of these
 
a1 b1 c1
System of Linear Equations a2 b2 c 2 = 0, then the system has
a3 b3 c3
55. The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and
2
x + y + kz = k have no solution if k equals
(a) more than two solutions
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) –2
(b) only non trivial solutions
56. With the help of matrices, the solution of the equations
(c) no solution
3x + y + 2z = 3, 2x – 3y – z = – 3,
(d) only trivial solution (0, 0,0).
x + 2y + z = 4 is given by
60. Solution of
(a) x = 1, y = 2, z = – 1 (b) x = – 1, y = 2 z = 1 x + 3y – 2z = 0
(c) x = 1, y = – 2, z = – 1 (d) x = – 1, y = – 2, z = 1 2x – y + 4z = 0
57. The system of linear equations x + y +z = 2, 2x + y – z = x – 11y + 14z = 0 is
3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution if
x y z x y z
(a)    (b)   
(a) k  0 (b) –1 < k < 1 8 10 7 10 8 7
(b) –2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0

x y z
(c)    (d) None of these
7 8 10
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. If a > 0 and discriminant of ax2 + 2bx + c is negative then
1  1 1  4 2 2
a b
ax  b    5 0  .
6. Let A = 2 1  3 and B =   If B is the
b c
bx  c is (2002) 1 1 1   1  2 3 
ax  b bx  c 0
adjoint of matrix A, then  is (2004)
(a) +ve (b) (ac – b2) (ax2 + 2bx + c) (a) 2 (b) – 1
(c) –ve (d) 0 (c) – 2 (d) 5
th th th
2. If l, m, n are the p , q and r term of a GP, all positive, then 7. If a1, a2, a3, . . . , an, . . are G.P., then the value of the
log  p 1 log a n log a n 1 log a n  2

log m q 1 determinant log a n 3 log a n  4 log a n  5 is (2005)
equals (2002)
log n r 1 log a n  6 log a n  7 log a n 8
(a) –1 (b) 2 (a) 2 (b) 1

(c) 1 (d) 0 (c) 0 (d) – 2
3. If 1, w, w2 are the cube roots of unity, then 8. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is (2005)
(a) A (b) A + I
1 n 2n (c) I – A (d) A – I
  n 2n 1 is equal to (2003)
2n 1 n 1 0 1 0
9. If A =   and I  0 1 , then which one of the
1 1   
(a) 1 (b)  following holds for all n  1, by the principle of
(c) 2 (d) 0 mathematical induction ? (2005)
(a) An = 2n–1 A – (n – 1) I
a b    
4. If A = b a  and A2 =    , then (2003) (b) An = nA – (n – 1) I
   
(c) An = 2n–1 A + (n – 1) I
(a)  = a2 + b2,  = 2ab (b)  = a2 + b2,  = a2 – b2
(d) An = nA + (n – 1) I
2 2 2 2
(c)  = 2ab,  = a + b (d)  = a + b ,  = ab
10. If a2 + b2 + c2 = – 2 and
 0 0  1
  1  a2 x (1  b2 )x (1  c2 )x
5. Let A =  0  1 0 . The only correct statement about 2 2 2
 1 0 0  f(x) = (1  a )x 1  b x (1  c )x then f(x) is a
(1  a2 )x (1  b2 )x 1  c2x
the matrix A is (2004)
–1 polynomial of degree (2005)
(a) A does not exist
(a) 0 (b) 1
(b) A = (–1)I, where I is a unit matrix
(c) 2 (d) 3
(c) A is a zero matrix
(d) A2 = I
11. The system of equations x + y + z =  – 1, 16. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the
x + y + z =  – 1, x + y + z = – 1 has no solutions, if  is 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denote by tr (A), the sum of diagonal
(2005) entries of A. Assume that A2 = I. (2008)
(a) either – 2 or 1 (b) –2 Assertion : If A I and A  –I, then det (A) = – 1.
(c) 1 (d) not –2 Reason : If A  I and A– I, then tr(A) 0.
12. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n such that (A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the
A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the following will correct explanation of assertion.
be always true ? (2006) (B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
(a) A = B the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) AB = BA (C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(c) either A or B is a zero matrix (D) If assertion is false but reason is true.
(d) either A or B is an identity matrix 17. Let a, b, c be any real numbers. Suppose that there are real
numbers x, y, z not all zero such that x = cy + bz,
1 3  a 0  y = az + cx and z = bx + ay. Then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc is equal to
13. Let A =   and B   , a , b  N. Then (2006)
3 4  0 b  (2008)
(a) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA (a) 1 (b) 2
(b) there exist more than one but finite number B’s such (c) –1 (d) 0
that AB = BA 18. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers.
(c) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA Then which one of the following is true ? (2008)
(d) there exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA (a) If det A = ± 1, then A–1 need not exist
(b) If det A = ± 1, then A–1 exists but all its entries are not
1 1 1 necessarily integers
14. If D = 1 1  x 1 for x  0, y  0 then D is (2007) (c) If det A = ± 1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are
1 1 1 y non–integers
(d) If det A = ± 1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are
(a) divisible by x but not y integers
(b) divisible by y but not x 19. Let a, b, c be such that (b + c)  0.
(c) divisible by neither x nor y
(d) divisible by both x and y a a  1 a 1
If b b  1 b  1
5 5   c c 1 c  1
 
15. Let A = 0  5 . If |A2| = 25, then || equals
0 0 5  a 1 b 1 c 1
(2007)  a 1 b 1 c 1  0
(a) 1/5 (b) 5 (1)n  2 a (1)n 1 b (1)n c
(c) 52 (d) 1 Then the value of ‘n’ is (2009)

(a) zero (b) any even integer
(c) any odd integer (d) any integer
20. Let A be 2×2 matrix. 25. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.
Statement I : adj (adj A) = A Statement I : A (BA) and (AB) A are symmetric matrices.
Statement II : |adj A| = |A| (2009) Statement II : AB is symmetric matrix, if matrix
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true. multiplication of A and B is commutative. (2011)
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I. Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I.
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true, (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I. (c) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false. (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;
21. Consider the system of linear equations Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I.
x1 + 2x2 +x3 = 3 26. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of
equations (2011)
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
x – ky + z = 0
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
kx + 3y – kz = 0
The system has (2010)
3x + y – z = 0
(a) Infinite number of solutions
Then, the set of all values of k is
(b) Exactly 3 solutions
(a) {2, –3} (b) R – {2, –3}
(c) A unique solution
(c) R – {2} (d) R – {–3}
(d) No solution
27. Statement I : Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of
22. The number of 3×3 non-singular matrices, with four entries
order 3 is zero.
as I and all other entries as 0, is (2010)
Statement II : For any matrix A, det (AT) = det (A) and det
(a) less than 4 (b) 5
(–A) = –det (A).
(c) 6 (d) at least 7
Where det(B) denotes the determinant of matrix B. Then,
23. Let A be a 2×2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2=I, (2011)
where I is 2×2 identity matrix.
(a) Statement I is true and Statement II is false.
Define Tr (A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and
(b) Both statements are true.
|A|= determinant of matrix A.
(c) Both statements are false.
Statement I : Tr (A) = 0
(d) Statement I is false and Statement II is true.
Statement II : |A| = 1 (2010)
28. If   1 is the complex cube root of unity and matrix
(a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true;  0  70
H 
0   , then H is equal to (2011)
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I.  
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true, (a) H (b) 0

Statement II is not a correct explanation for Statement I. (c) –H (d) H2
(d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
24. The number of values of k for which the linear equations
4x + ky + 2z =0, kx + 4y + z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 0 posses a
non-zero solution is (2011)
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) zero (d) 3
33. If A is an 3 × 3 non - singular matrix such that AA’ = A’A

1 0 0 and B = A–1 A’, then BB’ equals : (2014)
29. Let A   2 1 0 . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such
  (a) (B–1)’ (b) I + B
 3 2 1 
(c) I (d) B–1
34. If a, b, c are non-zero real numbers and if the system of
1  0
    equations
that Au1   0  and Au 2  1  , then u1 + u2 is equal to
(a - 1) x = y + z,
 0   0
(b - 1) y = z + x,
(2012) (c -1)z = x + y,
has a non-trivial soltuion, then ab + bc + ca equals:
 1  1
    (2014/Online Set–1)
(a)  1  (b)  1 
 0   1 (a) a + b + c (b) abc
(c) 1 (d) -1
1 35. If B is a 3 × 3 matrix such that B 2 = 0, then det.

 1
    [(I + B)50 - 50B] is equal to: (2014/Online Set–1)
(c)  1 (d)  1
 0   1 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 50
30. Let P and Q be 3×3 matrices P  Q. If P 3 = Q3 and 36. Let A be a 3 × 3 martix such that
P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2) is equal to
(2012)  1 2 3  0 0 1 
(a) –2 (b) 1 A 0 2 3  1 0 0 
then A –1 is:
(c) 0 (d) –1 0 1 1  0 1 0
31. The number of values of k, for which the system of

(2014/Online Set–2)
equations
(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k 3 1 2 3 2 1 
kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1 3 0 2 3 2 0
(a)   (b)  
has no solution, is (2013) 1 0 1  1 1 0
(a) infinite (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3  0 1 3  1 2 3
 0 2 3  0 1 1
(c)   (d)  
1  3  1 1 1 0 2 3
32. If P  1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3×3 matrix A and
 
 2 4 4 
|A|=4, then  is equal to (2013)

(a) 4 (b) 11
(c) 5 (d) 0
37. Let for i = 1, 2, 3, pi(x) be a polynomial of degree 2 in x, x,

pi  and pi  (x) be the first and sxecond order derivatives
r 2r  1 3r  2
of pi(x) respectively. Let,
41. If n then the
n 1 a ,
2
 p1 (x) p1 (x) p1 (x) 
1 1
A(x)   p2 (x) p 2   x  p 2 (x)  n  n  1  n  12  n  1 3n  4 
2 2
 p3 (x) p3 (x) p3 (x) 
n 1
and B(x) = [A(i)]T A(x). Then determinant of B (x):
value of  r : (2014/Online Set–4)
(2014/Online Set–2) r 1
(a) is polynomial of degree 6 in x. (a) depends only on a

(b) is a polynomial of degree 3 in x. (b) depends only on n
(c) is a polynomial of degree 2 in x. (c) depends both on a and n
(d) does not depend on x. (d) is independent of both a and n.
38. If 42. The set of all values of  for which the system of linear
equations: (2015)
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
a   2 b   2 c   2  k a b c ,    Then k is
a   2 b    2 c    2 1 1 1 2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
–x1 + 2x2 = x3
equal to (2014/Online Set–3)
has a non-trivial solution,
(a) 4abc (b) 4abc
(a) contains two elements
(c) 4 2 (d) 4 2 (b) contains more than two elements.
(c) is an empty set.
 y
1 2 x  x  6 (d) is a singleton.
39. If A    and B    be such that AB    ,
3 1 2   1  8  0 1
43. If A=   , then which one of the following
then: (2014/Online Set–3) 1 0 
(a) y = 2x (b) y = - 2x statements is not correct ? (2015/Online Set–1)

3
(c) y = x (d) y = -x (a) A – I = A(A – I) (b) A + I = A(A3 – I)
3
40. Let A and B be any two 3 × 3 matrices. If A is symmetric (c) A2 + I = A(A2 – I) (d) A4 – I = A2 + I
and B is skew symmetric, then the matrix AB - BA is: 44. The least value of the product xyz for which the
(2014/Online Set–4) x 1 1
(a) skew symmetric 1 y 1
determinant is non-negative is:
(b) symmetric 1 1 z
(c) neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
(d) I or - I, where I is an identity matrix.
(a) – 8 (b) –1
(c) –2 2 (d) –16 2

45. If A is a 3 × 3 matrix such that |5. Adj A| = 5, then |A| is equal 49. The number of distinct real roots of the equation,
to : (2015/Online Set–2)
cos x sin x sin x
  
1 1 sin x cos x sin x  0 in the intervals   4 , 4  is
(a)  (b)   
5 25 sin x sin x cos x
(c) ±1 (d) ±5
: (2016/Online Set–1)
46. The system of linear equations (2016)
(a) 4 (b) 3
x  y – z  0 (c) 2 (d) 1
x – y – z  0 50. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that A2  5A  7I  O.
x  y – z  0
1 1
Statement – I : A  (5I  A).
has a non-trivial solution for : 7
(a) exactly one value of . Statement – II : The Polynomial
(b) exactly two values of . A3  2A 2  3A  I can be
(c) exactly three values of . reduced to 5 (A – 4I).
(d) infinitely many values of . Then : (2016/Online Set–2)
(a) Statement-I is true, but Statement-II is false.
5a b  T
47. If A  and A adj A = AA , then 5a + b is equal to:
3 2 (b) Statement-I is false, but Statement-II is true.
(2016) (c) Both the statements are true.
(a) 5 (b) 4 (d) Both the statements are false.
(c) 13 (d) –1  4 4 
51. If A    , then the determinant of the matrix
3 1
 3 1 
  1 1 (A2016  2A 2015  A 2014 ) is :
2 2 
48. If P   ,A T
 and Q = PAP , then P
T
 1 3 0 1 (2016/Online Set–2)
 
 2 2  (a) 2014 (b) –175
Q 2015
P is (2016/Online Set–1) (c) 2016 (d) –25
52. If S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following
0 2015  2015 1 
system of linear equations (2017)
(a) 0 0  (b)  0 2015 
  x+y+z=1
x + ay + z = 1
2015 0  1 2015 
(c)  1 2015  (d) 0 1  ax + by + z = 0
 
has no solution, then S is :
(a) an empty set
(b) an infinite set
(c) a finite set containing two or more elements
(d) a single ton
53. Let  be a complex number such that 2 + 1= z where 57. For two 3 × 3 matrices A and B, let A + B = 2B and
z  3. If (2017) 3A + 2B = I3, where B is the transpose of B and I3 is
3 × 3 identity matrix. Then : (2017)
1 1 1 (a) 5A + 10B = 2I3
1   1 2  3k, then k is equal to:
2
(b) 10A + 5B = 3I3
1 2 7
(c) B + 2A = I3
(a) –z (b) z (d) 3A + 6B = 2I3
(c) –1 (d) 1 58. Let A be any 3×3 invertible matrix. Then which one of the
following is not always true ? (2017/Online Set–1)
54. Let A be any 3×3 invertible matrix. Then which one of the
following is not always true ? (2017) (a) adj A) = |A|. A–1
(a) adj A) = |A|. A–1 (b) adj (adjA))= |A|. A
(b) adj (adjA))= |A|. A (c) adj (adjA)) = |A|2. (adj(A))–1
(c) adj (adjA)) = |A|2. (adj(A))–1 (d) adj (adj(A)) = |A|. (adj(A))–1
(d) adj (adj(A)) = |A|. (adj(A))–1
 0 cos x  sin x 
59. If S   x   0, 2: sin x 0

cos x  0  , then
 0 cos x  sin x 
   cos x sin x 0 
55. If S   x   0, 2: sin x 0 cos x  0 , then  
 cos x sin x 0 
 
 
 tan  3  x  is equal to :
xS
 

xS
tan   x  is equal to :
 3 
(2017)
(a) 4  2 3 (b) 2  3
(a) 4  2 3 (b) 2  3 (c) 2  3 (d) 4  2 3
(c) 2  3 (d) 4  2 3 60. The sum of all the real values of x satisfying the equation
2  5x  50)
2(x 1) ( x  1 is : (2017/Online Set–2)
 2 3
56. If A   2
 , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to: (a) 16 (b) 14
 4 1 
(c) –4 (d) –5
(2017) 61. For two 3 × 3 matrices A and B, let A + B 2B = and 3A +
 72 84   51 63 2B = I3, where is the transpose of B and I3 is 3 × 3 identity
(a)  63 51  (b) 84 72  matrix. Then : (2017/Online Set–2)
   
(a) 5A + 10B = 2I3 (b) 10A + 5B = 3I3
 51 84   72 63 (c) B + 2A = I3 (d) 3A + 6B = 2I3
(c) 63 72  (d)  84 51  62. The number of real values of  for which the system of
   
linear equations
2x + 4y – z = 0
4x + y + 2z = 0
x + 2y + 2z = 0
has infinitely many solutions, is (2017/Online Set–1)
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
63. If the system of linear equations 67. Let S be the set of all real values of k for which the system
of linear equations
x  ky  3z  0
x+y+z=2
3x  ky  2z  0 2x + y – z = 3
2x  4y  3z  0 3x + 2 y + k z = 4
has a unique solution. Then S is :
xz (2018/Online Set–1)
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z), then is equal to :
y2
(a) an empty set (b) equal to {0}
(2018) (c) equal to R (d) equal to R -{0}
(a) 30 (b) -10
68. Suppose A is any 3 × 3 non-singular matrix and
(c) 10 (d) -30
(A - 3I) (A -5I) = O, where I = I3 and O = O3. If A +  A -1 = 4I,
x  4 2x 2x
2 then  +  is equal to : (2018/Online Set–2)
64. If 2x x  4 2x   A  Bx  x  A  , then the
2x 2x x4 (a) 8 (b) 7
(c) 13 (d) 12
ordered pair (A, B) is equal to : (2018)
69. If the system of linear equations
(a) (4, 5) (b) (-4, -5)
x + ay + z = 3
(c) (-4, 3) (d) (-4, 5)
x + 2y + 2z = 6
1 2 x + 5y + 3z = b
65. Let A be matrix such that A   is a scalar matrix and
 0 3 has no solution, then : (2018/Online Set–2)
|3A| = 108. Then A2 equals : (2018/Online Set–1) (a) a = -1, b = 9 (b) a =- 1, b  9
 4 32  36 0  (c) a  - 1, b  9 (d) a =1, b  9

(a)   (b)  
 0 36   32 4 
1 0 0 
 
 4 0 36 32 A = 1 1 0 
70. Let and B = A20. Then the sum of the
(c)   (d)   1 1 1 
 32 36  0 4 
elements of the first column of B is :
cos x x1 (2018/Online Set–3)
2
f ' x 
66. If f  x  = 2sinx x 2x , then lim (a) 210 (b) 211
x 0 x
tanx x 1 (c) 231 (d) 251
71. The number of values of k for which the system of linear
(2018/Online Set–1) equations,
(a) does not exist (k+2) x + 10 y = k
(b) exists and is equal to 2 kx + (k+3) y = k–1
(c) exists and is equal to 0 has no solution, is : (2018/Online Set–3)
(d) exists and is equal to -2 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) infinitely many
EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. If n is not a multiple of 3 and 1, , are the cube roots of 5. If f(x), g (x) and h (x) are three polynomials of degree 2,
unity, then then
1 n 2n
2n f (x) g( x ) h (x )
=  1 n is equal to
n 2 n 1 (x) = f ' ( x ) g' ( x ) h ' ( x ) is a polynomial of degree
f " ( x ) g" ( x ) h" ( x )
(a) 0 (b) 
(c)  (d) 1 (a) 2 (b) 3
2. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z R then the determinant (c) 4 (d) none of these
6. If m is a positive integer and
x 2 x 2
a x
a  a x
a  1
m
2 2 2r  1 Cr 1
b y
 b y  b y
 b y  1 2
r = m  1 2 m
m 1
2 2
c z
 c z  c z
 cz  1 sin (m ) sin (m) sin 2 (m  1)
2 2 2
x y z –x –y –z 2x 2y 2z
(a) a b c (b) a b c (c) a b c (d) zero m
Then the value of  r is
p qy rz r 0
p q r
3. If p  x q r  z = 0, then the value of   is
x y z
px qy r (a) 0 (b) m2 – 1
(c) 2m (d) 2m sin2 (2m)
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4qpr
a 2r 216  1
n 1 5 7. Let Dr = b 3(4 r ) 2(416  1) , then the value of
N
4. If Un = n
2
2 N  1 2 N  1 , then  Un is equal to c 7(8r ) 4(816  1)
n1
n3 3N 2 3N  1
16
(a) 2
N
n (b) 2
N
n 2 D
k 1
k is
n 1 n 1
(a) 0 (b) a + b + c
N
1 2
(c)
2 n
n 1
(d) 0 (c) ab + bc + ca (d) none of these
a1 b1 c1 x 2  2x  3 7x  2 x4
a2 b2 c2 12. If 2x  7
2
x x2 3x =
8. Suppose D = and
a3 b3 c3 3 2x  1 x 2  4x  7
ax6 + bx5 + cx4 + dx3 + ex2 + fx + g the value of g is

a1  pb1 b1  qc1 c1  ra1
(a) 2
D’ = a 2  pb 2 b 2  qc 2 c 2  ra 2 . Then
a 3  pb 3 b 3  qc 3 c 3  ra 3 (b)1
(c) –2
(a) D’ = D (b) D’ = D (1 – pqr)
(d) none of these
(c) D’ = D (1 + p + q + r) (d) D’ = D (1 + pqr)
13. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and
9. The value of the determinant
1  a 2 x (1  b 2 ) x (1  c 2 ) x
1 cos(  ) cos(  ) 2 2 2
f (x) = (1  a ) x 1  b x (1  c ) x
cos(  ) 1 cos(  )
(1  a 2 ) x (1  b 2 ) x 1  c 2 x
cos(   ) cos(   ) 1
Then f (x) is a polynomial of degree :

(a) 4 cos  cos  cos  (b) 2 cos  cos  cos 
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 sin  sin  sin  (d) none of these
(c) 0 (d) 1
a 1 1 14. If A = diag (d1, d2, d3, ........ dn), then An is equal to
1 b 1 1 1 1
10. D= = 0, then the value of   is : (a) diag (d1n 1 , d n2 1 , d 3n 1 ,.....d nn 1 )
1 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c
(b) diag (d1n , d n2 , d 3n ,...d nn )

(a) – 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) none of these (c) A
(d) none of these
xk x k2 x k 3
k 1 1 1  4 x  2
11. If y y k 2 y k  3 = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)     , 15. If A = 2 x  3 x  1  is symmetric, then x =
x y z  
zk z k 2 z k 3
(a) 3 (b) 5
then
(c) 2 (d) 4
(a) k = – 3 (b) k = – 1
(c) k = 1 (d) k = 3  cos2  cos sin 
16. If E() =  2  and  and  differ by an
cos sin  sin  
odd multiple of 2, then E(). E() is a
(a) Null matrix
(b) Unit matrix
(c) Diagonal matrix
(d) none of these.
cos x  sin x 0 x 3 6 2 x 7
4 5 x
17. If F (x) =  sin x cos x 0 and 22. If 3 6 x = x 7 2 = 5 x 4 = 0 then x is equal to
 
 0 0 1 6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5
(a) 9 (b) –9
 cos y 0 sin y 
(c) 0 (d) None of these
G (y) =  0 1 0  then [F (x) G (y)]–1 is equal to

 siny 0 cos y 1 1 1
i
23. If f() = 1 e 1 then
(a) F (–x) G (– y) (b) F (x–1) G (y–1)
1  1  e i
(c) G (–y) F (–x) (d) G (y–1) F (x–1)
18. Which one of the following is correct ? If A is non-singular
/ 2 / 2
matrix, then, :
(a)  f ()d  2  f ()d
 / 2 0
1
(a) det (A–1) = det (A) (b) det (A–1) =
det(A ) (b) f() is purely real
(c) det (A–1) = 1 (d) none of these (c) f(/2) = 2
19. If the system of linear equations (d) None of these
x + 2ay + az = 0 24. If a, b, & c are sides of a ABC and
x + 3by + bz = 0
a2 b2 c2
x + 4cy + cz = 0
(a  1) 2 (b  1) 2 (c  1) 2
has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c : = 0, then
(a  1) 2 (b  1) 2 (c  1) 2
(a) are in AP (b) are in GP
(c) are in HP (d) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0 (a) ABC is an equilateral triangle
20. The system of equations (b) ABC is a right angled triangle
x + y + z =  – 1 (c) ABC is an lsosceles triangle
x + y + z =  – 1 (d) None of these
x + y + z =  –1 25. Let ax7 + bx6 + cx5 + dx4 + ex3 + fx2 + gx + h
has no solution, if  is :
(a) 1 (b) not – 2 ( x  1) ( x 2  2) ( x 2  x )
2 2
= ( x  x ) ( x  1) ( x  2) . Then
(c) either –2 or 1 (d) –2
( x 2  2) ( x 2  x ) x 1
21. The system of equation –2x + y + z = 1,
x –2y + z = –2, x + y + z = 4 will have no solution if (a) g = 3 and h = – 5 (b) g = –3 and h = – 5
(a) = – 2 (b)  = – 1 (c) g = – 3 and h – 9 (d) None of these
(c)  = 3 (d) none of these
More than one correct answer type

p 2  i i 1
31. If f(x) and g(x) are functions such that
26.  = 2i q 3  i is always
f (x + y) = f(x) g(y) + g(x) f (y), then
1 i 3  i r
f( ) g( ) f(   )

(a) real (b) imaginary
f( ) g( ) f(   )
(c) zero (d) none of these is independent of
f(  ) g(  ) f(   )
1 a bc 1 a a 2
(a)  (b) 
27. If  = 1 b ca = 1 b b 2 . then
(c)  (d) 
1 c ab 1 c c 2
1 a a2
(a)  = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
32. cos( xz  yz) cos xz cos( xz  yz) depends on
(b) a, b, c are in G.P.
sin( xz  yz) sin xz sin( xz  yz)
(c) b, c, a are in G.P.
(d) a, c, b are in G.P. (a) x (b) y
28. The system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, 2x + 3y + 4z = 5,
(c) z (d) a
3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has
2
(a) Infinitely many solutions If x  N and x Ci , x Ci and x3
33. Ci , (i = 1, 2, 3) are binomial
(b) No solution coefficients, then
(c) A unique solution
(d) None of these x
C1 x
C2 x
C3
29. For what value of x, the matrix x2 x2 x2
12 C1 C2 C 3 is divisible by
x3 x3 x3
C1 C2 C3
3  x 2 2 
 2 4x 1  is singular..
 (a) x3 (b) x6
  2  4  1  x 
(c) x9 (d) x12
(a) x = 1, 2 (b) x = 0, 2 34. The digits A, B, C are such that the three digit numbers A
(c) x = 0, 1 (d) x = 0, 3. 88, 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72, then the determinant
 1 tan x  A 6 8
If A =  tan x T –1
30.
 1  , then the value of |A A | is 8 B 6 is divisible by
8 8 C
(a) cos 4x (b) sec2 x
(c) – cos4x (d) 1 (a) 72 (b) 144
(c) 288 (d) 216
39. Let f1 (x) = x + a, f2 (x) = x2 + bx + c and

a a2 0
35. Let f (a, b) = 1 (2a  b) (a  b) 2 , then 1 1 1
0 1 (2a  3b)  = f1 ( x1 ) f1 ( x 2 ) f1 ( x 3 ) , then
f 2 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x 2 ) f 2 ( x 3 )
(a) (a + b) is a factor of f (a, b)

(a)  is independent of a
(b) (a + 2b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(b)  is independent of b and c
(c) (2a + b) is a factor of f (a, b)
(c)  is independent of x1, x2, x3
(d) a is a factor of f (a, b)
(d) none of the above
1 / x In x xn 40. a, b, c are non-zero real numbers. Then

dn
36. Let f (x) = 1  1 / n (1) n , then f (x) at x = 1 is
2
dx n
1 a a bc ca ab
ca ab bc = 0, if
ab bc ca
(a) independent of a (b) independent of n
(c) independent of a and n (d) zero
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a)   2 0 (b)  2
 0
x2  x x 1 x2 a b c a b c
2
37. If 2x  3x  1 3x 3x  3 = Ax + B, where A and B
2
x  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1 1 1 1
(c)  2
 0 (d) none of these
a b c
are constants, then 41. Let A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entries from the set of
(a) A + B = 12 (b) A – B = 36 real numbers. Define * as follows :
(c) A2 + B2 = 720 (d) A + 2B = 0 1

A*B (AB  AB)
38. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then 2
(a) A * B = B * A
a 2  (b 2  c 2 ) cos  ab(1  cos ) ac(1  cos )
ba (1  cos ) b  (c 2  a 2 ) cos 
2
bc(1  cos ) (b) A * A = A2
ca (1  cos ) cb(1  cos ) c 2  (a 2  b 2 ) cos  (c) A * (B + C) = A * B + A * C
(d) A * I = A + A’
is independent of
42. Let A be a symmetric matrix such that A5 = O and
(a) a (b) b B = I + A + A2 + A3 + A4, then B is
(c) c (d)  (a) symmetric (b) singular
(c) non-singular (d) skew symmetric
43. Let 0 <  < /2 and

1  sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 sin 2x
x tan  cot  2 2
47. If f (x) = sin x 1  cos x 4 sin 2x ,
 (x, )   tan   x 1 sin 2 x cos 2 x 1  4 sin 2 x
cot  1 x
f (a) and f (b) be the least and greatest value of f (x), then
then
(a) f (a) = 2, f (b) = 6 (b) f (a) = – 2, f (b) = 6
(a) (0, ) = 0
(c) f (a) = 2, f (b) = – 6 (d) period of f (x) is 
(b)  (x, /4) = x2 + 1
Min  (1, )  2
(c) 0  a b c
/ 2 48. Eliminating a, b, c from x  ,y ,z ,
bc ca ab
(d) (x, ) is independent of x
we get
44. Let A and B be two matrices different from I such that AB
= BA and An – Bn is invertible for some positive integer n.
1 x x 1 x x
If An – Bn = An + 1 – Bn + 1 = An + 2 – Bn + 2, then
(a) y 1 y = 0
 (b) 1 1 y =0
(a) I – A is singular
1 z z 1 z 1
(b) I – B is singular
(c) A + B = AB + I
(d) (I – A) (I – B) is non-singular 1 x x
(c) y 1 y =0 (d) none of these
z z 1
a2  x2 ab ac
45. The determinant  = ab b  x2
2
bc is
2 2
ac bc c x 49. If a > b > c and the system of equations ax + by + cz = 0,
bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0 has a non trivial solution,
divisible by then both the roots of the quadratic equation at2 + bt + c = 0
(a) x (b) x2 are
(c) x3 (d) x4 (a) real (b) of opposite sign
46. The value of the determinant (c) positive (d) complex
6 2i 3 6 ex sin x 1
12 3  8i 3 2  6i 50. If   cos x log e (1  x ) 1  a  bx  cx 2 then
2
, where i =  1 , is
18 2  12i 27  2i x x2 1
(a) complex number (b) real number (a) a = 0 (b) a = 1
(c) irrational number (d) rational number (c) b = –1 (d) b = –2

Use the following passage, solve Q. 51 to Q. 55 53. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0,
PASSAGE then the value of
Let  = 0 and c denotes the determinant of cofactors, then

c = n – 1, where n (> 0) is the order of . 2bc  a 2 c2 b2
c2 2ac  b 2 a2 is
On the basis of above information, answer the following
b2 a2 2ab  c 2
questions :
51. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + r = 0, then

(a) 9 (b) 27
the value of
(c) 81 (d) 0
54. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 2, then the value of

bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2
ca  b 2 ab  c 2 bc  a 2 is
ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2
a 2  2 ab  c ca  b  c b
2 2
ab  c b   bc  a  c  a
× is
ac  b bc  a c 2  2 b a 
(a) p2 (b) p4
(c) p6 (d) p9
(a) 86 (b) 279
52. If l1, m1, n1 ; l2, m2, n2 ; l3, m3, n3 are real quantities
satisfying the six relations : (c) 89 (d) 27
55. Suppose a, b, c  R, a + b + c > 0, A = bc – a2, B = ca – b2

 12  m12  n12 =  22  m22  n 22 =  23  m 32  n 32 = 1
and C = ab – c2 and
l2 l3 + m2 m3 + n2 n3 = l3 l1 + m3 m1 + n3 n1 =
l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0, then the value of A B C a b c

B C A = 49, then b c a equals
C A B c a b
1 m1 n1
2 m2 n 2 is
3 m3 n3 (a) –7 (b) 7
(c) –2401 (d) 2401

(a) 0 (b) ± 1
(c) ± 2 (d) ± 3
Use the following passage, solve Q. 56 to Q. 59 56. The system AX = U has infinitely many solution if
PASSAGE
(a) c = d, ab = 1 (b) c = d, h = g
Consider a system of linear equations in three variables x, y, z
(c) ab = 1, h = g (d) c = d, h = g, ab = 1
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ;
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ; 57. If AX = U has infinitely many solutions then the equation
BX = V has
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
The system can be expressed by matrix equation (a) unique solution
(b) infinitely many solution

 a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
a b2 c 2   y    d 2  or AX  B
 2 (c) no solution
 a 3 b3 c3   z   d 3 
(d) either infinitely many solutions or no solution
If A is non-singular matrix then the solution of above system can 58. If AX = U has infinitely many solutions then the equation
be found by X = A–1B. The solution in this case is unique. BX = V is consistent if
 If A is a singular matrix i.e. |A| = 0, then the system will

(a) a = 0 (b) d = 0
have
(c) f = 0 (d) adf  0
– no unique solution if (Adj A) B = 0
– no solution (i.e. it is inconsistent) if (Adj A) B 0 59. Consider the following statements :
where Adj A is the adjoint of the matrix A, which is obtained by

A : If AX = U; has infinite solutions and cf  0, then one
taking transpose of the matrix obtained by replacing each element
solution of BX = V is (0, 0, 0)
of matrix A with corresponding cofactors.
Now consider the following matrix. R : If a system has infinite solutions then one solution
must be trivial. Then
a 1 0 a 1 1 (a) A and R are both correct and R is correct explanation of A

A   1 b d  , B   0 d
 c  ,
 1 b c   f g h  (b) A and R both are correct but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct R is wrong
(d) A and R are both wrong

f  a 2  x 
 
U   g  , V   0  , X   y 
 
 h  0  z 
 
Use the following passage, solve Q. 60 to Q. 62

 1 2 3
PASSAGE
(i) R2  R2 – 2R1 and R3  R3 – 3 R1 0 0 1
Elementary Transformation of a matrix :  
0 0 1
The following operation on a matrix are called elementary
operations (transformations)
1. The interchange of any two rows (or columns) 1 2 3 
(ii) R2  R2 – 2 R1 0 0 1 
2. The multiplication of the elements of any row (or  
column) by any non zero number 0 0 0
The addition to the elements of any row (or column)
This is the echelon form of matrix A
the corresponding elements of any other row (or
column) the corresponding elements of any other row Number of non zero rows in the echelon form = 2
(or column) multiplied by any number  Rank of the matrix A is 2
Echelon from of matrix :
1 1 1 
A matrix A is said to be in echelon from if
60. Rank of the matrix 1 1 1 is
(i) every row of A which has all its elements 0, occurs  
3 1 1 
below row, which has a non-zero elements
(ii) The first non zero element in each non-zero row is 1. (a) 1 (b) 2
(iii) the number of zeros before the first non zero elements (c) 3 (d) 0
in a row is less than the number of such zeros in the
next row. 1 1 1 1
[A row of matrix is said to be a zero row if all its elements 61. Rank of the matrix 1 2 4 4  is
 
are zero] 3 4 5 2 
Note : Rank of a matrix does not change by application of any
elementary operations. (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
1 1 3   1 1 3 6 
   
For example 0 1 2  ,  0 1 2 2  are echelon forms 1 3 4 3
0 0 0   0 0 0 0  62. The echelon form of the matrix 3 9 12 9  is
 
1 3 4 1 
The number of non-zero rows in the echelon form of a
matrix is defined as its RANK.
1 3 4 3  1 2 4 3 
   
1 2 3  (a) 0 0 0 1  (b) 0 0 0 0 
For example we can reduce the matrix A   2 4 7  into 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 2 
 3 6 10 
echelon form using following elementary row  3

transformation. 1 3 4 3  1 3 4  2 
   
(c) 0 0 0 2  (d) 0 0 0 1 
0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 
 
 
Match the Column

63. Observe the following columns :
Column–I Column–II
(A) If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 and (P) a
a 2  (b2  c 2 ) cos  ab(1  cos ) ac(1  cos )

2 2 2
= ba(1  cos ) b  (c  a ) cos  bc(1  cos )
ca(1  cos ) cb(1  cos ) c  (a 2  b 2 ) cos 
2
then  is independent of
sin a cos a sin(a  )

(B) If  = sin b cos b sin( b  ) , (Q) b
sin c cos c sin(c  )
then  is independent of
1/c 1/c (a  b)/c 2

2
(C) If  = (b  c)/ a 1/a 1/a , (R) c
b(b  c) (a  2b  c) (a  b)b

a 2c ac ac 2
then  is Independent of (S) 

(T) = 0
64. Observe the following columns :
Column–I Column–II
(A) If (P) 3a + 4b + 5c + d = 141
x 2  5x  3 2x  5 3
2
 (x) = 3x  x  4 6x  1 9 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then (Q) a + 2b + 3c + 5d = 156
2
7x  6x  9 14x  6 21
(R) c – d = 119
x  1 5x 7
2
(B) If  (x) = x  1 x  1 8 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then (S) b – c = 25
2x 3x 0
2 x 3  3x 2 5x  7 2
(C) (x) = 4x 3  7 x 3x  2 1 = a + bx + cx2 + dx3 + ex4, then (T) 3a + 2b + 5c + 5d = 187
7 x 3  8x 2 x 1 3
Assertion Reason
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x )
(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the 69. Assertion : If (x) = , then
g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x )
correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not f1 ' ( x ) f 2 ' ( x )
the correct explanation of assertion. ’ (x)  g ' ( x ) g ' ( x )
1 2
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
d d d
(D) If assertion is false but reason is true. Reason : {f ( x )g ( x )}  f ( x ) g( x )
dx dx dx
2 (a) A (b) B
a2  x2 ab  cx ac  bx x c b
65. Assertion : ab  cx b2  x 2 bc  ax =  c x a (c) C (d) D
ac  bx bc  ax c2  x 2 b a x  cos   sin  2 sin  
70. Let A ()   
  2 sin  cos   sin  
Reason : c = n–1 where n is order of determinant, and c  
is the determinant of cofactors of .
Assertion : A (/3)3 = –I
(a) A (b) B
Reason : A () A () = A (+ )
(c) C (d) D
a b
66. Assertion : The system of equations possess a non 71. Suppose X   satisfies the equation
trivial solution over the set of rationals x + ky + 3z = 0, c d
3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0, then the value of k is 31/2, X2 – 4X + 3I = O.
Reason : For non trivial solution  = 0. Assertion : If a + d  4, then there are just two such matrix
X.
(a) A (b) B
Reason : There are infinite number of matrices X, satisfying
(c) C (d) D
X2 – 4X + 3I = O.
cos(  ) cos(  ) cos(   ) 72. Suppose a, b, c are distinct real numbers.

67. Assertion : sin(  ) sin(  ) sin(   ) is x3  a 3 x2  a2 xa
sin(   ) sin(   ) sin(  ) Let f (x)  x 3  b3 x 2  b2 xb
independent of . x 3  c3 x 2  c2 xc
Reason : If f () = c, then f () is independent of . Assertion : f (x) is a polynomial of degree 3.

(a) A (b) B Reason : a, b, c are zeros of f(x).
(c) C (d) D 73. Let ai, bi, ci N for i = 1, 2, 3 and let
(1  x ) 21 (1  x ) 22 (1  c) 23 1  a13 b13 1  a13 b 32 1  a13 b33

31
68. Assertion : f (x) = (1  x ) (1  x ) 32 (1  x ) 33 , then 1  a1b1 1  a1b 2 1  a1b3
(1  x ) 41 (1  x ) 42 (1  x ) 43 1  a 32 b13 1  a 32 b32 1  a 32 b 33

1  a 2 b1 1  a 2 b2 1  a 2 b3
coefficient of x in f (x) is zero.
1  a 33 b13 1  a 33 b 32 1  a 33 b33
Reason : If F (x) = A0 + A1x + A2x2 + ....... + Anxn, then A1 =
F’ (0), when dash denotes the differential coefficient. 1  a 3 b1 1  a 3b2 1  a 3 b3
(a) A (b) B
Assertion : = 0
(c) C (d) D
Reason : can be written as product of two determinants.
Integer Answer Type
1
f (x) f    f (x)
1 a a 2  bc x
2
78. If   0
74. The value of the determinant 1 b b  ca is .............. 1
2
1 f 
1 c c  ab x
where it is given, f(x) = a + bxn and f(2) = 17, then f(5) is

x sin x cos x equal to.
2 3 f '(x)
75. If f (x) = x tan x x , then lim  is ..............
x 0 x
2x sin 2x 5x
x sin x cos x
2 f (x)
79. If f (x)  x  tan x  x 3 then lim is equal to
x 0 x
2x sin 2x 5x
x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
3 6 x x 7 2 5 x 4
76. If = = = 0,
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5
1 2 2
80. If 3A  2 1 2 and A is an orthogonal matrix then the
then x2 is equal to ................. a 2 b
1 x 1 1 product of a and b is equal to

77. If x 0, y  0, z  0 and 1  y 1  2y 1  0, then
1  z 1  z 1  3z
–(x–1 + y–1 + z–1) is equal to

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
xp  y x y
1. Consider the set A of all determinants of order 3 with entries
0 or 1. Let B be the subset of A consisting of all determinants 6. The determinant yp  z y z  0, if (1997)
with value 1. Let C be the subset A consisting of all 0 xp  y yp  z
determinants with value–1 then (1981)
(a) x, y, z are in AP (b) x, y, z are in GP
(a) C is empty
(c) x, y, z are in HP (d) xy, yz, zx are in AP
(b) B has as many elements as C
(c) A = B  C 6i  3i 1
(d) B has twice as many elements as C. 7. If 4 3i  1 = x + iy, then (1998)
2. If  ( 1) is a cube root of unity, then 20 3 i
1 1  i  2 2 (a) x = 3, y = 1 (b) x= 1, y = 3
1 i 1 2  1  (1995) (c) x = 0, y = 3 (d) x = 0, y = 0
 i  i   1 1
1 x x 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 8. If f(x) = 2x x ( x  1) ( x  1) x the
(c) i (d)  3x ( x  1) x ( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1) x ( x  1)
3. Let a, b, c be the real numbers. Then following system of f(100) equals (1999)
x 2
y 2
z 2 (a) 0 (b) 1
equations in x, y and z    1,
a 2
b 2
c2 (c) 100 (d) – 100
9. If the system of equations x – ky – z = 0, kx – y – z = 0, x +
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 y – z = 0 has a non–zero solutions, then possible value of
   1,  2  2  2  1 has (1995)
a 2 b2 c2 a b c k are (2000)
(a) no solution (a) –1, 2 (b) 1, 2
(b) unique solution (c) 0, 1 (d) –1, 1
(c) finitely many solutions 10. The number of distinct real roots of
(d) infinitely many solutions. sin x cos x cos x
4. If A and B are square matrices of equal degree, then which  
cos x sin x cos x  0 in the interval   x  is
one is correct among the following ? (1995) 4 4
cos x cos x sin x
(a) A + B = B + A (b) A + B = A – B
(c) A – B = B – A (d) AB = BA (2001)
5. The parameter, on which the value of the determinant (a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 3
1 a a2
11. The number of values of k for which the system of
cos(p  d)x cospx cos(p  d)x
does not depend equations
sin(p  d)x sinpx sin(p  d)x
(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k
upon (1997) kx + (k + 3) y = 3k – 1
(a) a (b) p has infinitely many solution, is (2002)
(c) d (d) x
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) infinite
18. The number of 3×3 matrices A whose entries are either

 0  1 0
12. If A =  1 1  and B = 5 1, then value of  for which  x  1 
   
A2 = B, is (2003) 0 or 1 and for which the system A  y   0  has exactly
   
(a) 1 (b) –1  z  0 
(c) 4 (d) no real values two distinct solutions, is (2010)
9
13. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and (a) 0 (b) 2 –1
ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a is (c) 168 (d) 2
(2003)
19. Let  1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-
(a) –1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) no real values 1 a b
14. Given 2x – y – 1z = 2, x – 2y + z = – 4, x + y + z = 4 then the singular matrices of the form   1 c  , where each of
2
vaue of  such that the given system of equation has no   1 
solution, is (2004) a, b and c is either  or 2. Then, the number of distinct
(a) 3 (b) – 2 matrices in the set S is (2011)
(c) 0 (d) – 3 (a) 2 (b) 6
 2  (c) 4 (d) 8
15. If A =  2   and |A3| = 125 then the value of  is 20. How many 3  3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are
 
there, for which the sum of the diagonal entries of MTM is
(2004) 5? (2017)
(a) ± 1 (b) ± 2 (a) 126 (b) 198
(c) ± 3 (d) ± 5 (c) 162 (d) 135
1 0 0 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
 
16. If A = 0 1 1, 6A–1 = A2 + c A + d I, then (c, d) is a b a  b
0  2 4 b c b  c
21. The determinant is equal to
(2005) a  b b  c 0
(a) (–11, 6) (b) (–6, 11) zero, if (1986)
(c) (6, 11) (d) (11, 6) (a) a, b, c are in AP
(b) a, b, c are in GP
 3 1 
  (c) (x – ) is factor of ax2 + 2bx + c
2 2 , A  1 1
17. If P =  1 3
0 1 and Q = PAPT, then PT (Q2005) P (d)  is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
 
 2 2  
22. The value of  lying between  = 0 and  = and
is equal to (2005) 2
satisfying the equation
 3 
1  1 2005 1  sin 2  cos 2  4 sin 4
(a)  2  (b) 
0 1  2
sin  1  cos  2
4 sin 4  0 are (1988)
0 2005
2 2
sin  cos  1  4 sin 4
 3   1 2005
 2005  
(c)  2  (d)  3 1  (a)
7
(b)
5
 1 0   2  24 24
11 
(c) (d)
24 24
23. Let M and N be two 3×3 non-singular skew-symmetric 29. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-
matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the transpose symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3, non zero,
of P, then M2N2 (MT N)–1 (MN–1)T is equal to (2011) symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is
(a) M2 (b) –N2 (are) skew symmetric ? (2015)
(c) – M2 (d) MN (a) Y3Z4  Z4Y3 (b) X44  Y44
(c) X4Z3  Z3X4 (d) X23  Y23
1 4 4 
24.
 
If the adjoint of a 3×3 matrix P is  2 1 7  , then the  3 1 2 
30. Let P =  2 0   , where    . Suppose Q = [qij]
1 1 3   
possible value(s) of the determinant of P is/are (2012)  3 5 0 
(a) –2 (b) –1 is a matrix such that PQ = kI, where k  , k  0 and I
(c) 1 (d) 2 k
25. For 3×3 matrices M and N, which of the following is the identity matrix of order 3. If q23 =  and det (Q)
statement(s) is (are) not correct ? (2013) 8
T
(a) N M N is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as k2
M is symmetric or skew-symmetric = , then (2016)
2
(b) MN – NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices
M and N (a)  = 0, k = 8 (b) 4 k + 8 = 0
9
(c) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N (c) det (P adj (Q)) = 2 (d) det (Q adj (P)) = 213
31. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3×3
(d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (MN) for all invertible matrices M matrix with real entries? (2017)
and N
26. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. 1 0 0  -1 0 0 
 
Further, if M  N2 and M2 = N4, then (2014) (a) 0 1 0  (b)  0 -1 0 
2 2
 
(a) determinant of (M + MN ) is 0  0 0 -1
0 0 -1
(b) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)
U is the zero matrix 1 0 0 
1 0 0 
(c) determinant of (M2 + MN2)  1    
(c) 0 1 0  (d) 0 -1 0 
(d) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero 0 0 -1
0 0 1 
matrix then U is the zero matrix
27. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.  b1 
Then M is invertible if (2014)  
32. Let S be the set of all column matrices  b 2  such that
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second
row of M  b3 
(b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column b 1, b 2, b 3  R and the system of equations (in real
of M variables)
(c) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main –x + 2y + 5z = b1
diagonal 2x – 4y + 3z = b2
(d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not x – 2y + 2z = b3
the square of an integer has at least one solution. Then, which of the following
28. Which of the following values of  satisfy the equation system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least one
    b1 
    2   3 
   solution for each  b 2   S? (2018)
 2     2  2   2  3    648  ?  
  
(2015)  b3 
 3     3  2   3  3 
(a) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(a)  (b)  (b) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
(c)  (d)  (c) –x + 2y – 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(d) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
Passage Q. No. 33 to 35 ASSERTION & REASON

(A) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is a
1 0 0 correct explanation for ASSERTION.
A  2 1 0, If U 1, U2 are U3 are columns matrices (B) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is true, REASON is
3 2 1 not a correct explanation for ASSERTION.
(C) If ASSERTION is true, REASON is false
1 2  2
(D) If ASSERTION is false, REASON is true
satisfying AU1  0 , AU 2  3 and AU3  3 and U is
   
      39. Consider the system of equations
0 0 1
x – 2y + 3z = – 1, –x + y – 2z = k, x– 3y + 4z = 1(1997)
3 × 3 matrix when columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the
Assertion : The system of equations has no solution for
following questions.
k  3.
33. The value of |U| is (2006) 1 3 1

(a) 3 (b) – 3 Reason : The determinant.  1  2 k  0, for k  3
(c) 3/2 (d) 2 1 4 1
34. The sum of the elements of U–1 is (2006) (a) A (b) B
(a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) C (d) D
(c) 1 (d) 3 40. Consider the system of equations
3 x – 2y + 3z = –1,
  x – 3y + 4z = 1 and – x + y – 2z = k
35. The value of [3 2 0] U 2 is (2006)
0 Assertion : The system of equations has no solution for
k  3.
(a) 5 (b) 5/2
1 3 1
(c) 4 (d) 3/2
Reason : The determinant 1 2 k  0, for k  3
Passage Q. 36 to 38
1 4 1
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set
of 2×2 matrices (2008)
(a) A (b) B
 a b  
Tp  A    ; a, b, c{0, 1, 2,... p  1} (2010) (c) C (d) D
  c a   SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
36. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or 41. Given x = cy + bx, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay where x, y, z are not
skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) is divisible by p is all zero, prove that a2 + b2 +c2 + 2abc = 1 (1978)
(a) (p – 1)2 (b) 2(p –1) 42. For what value of k does the following system of equations
(c) (p – 1)2 + 1 (d) 2 p – 1 possess a non–trivial solution over the set of rationals.
37. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not Find all the solutions (1979)
divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is x + y – 2z = 0
[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal 2x – 3y + z = 0
entries] x – 5y + 4z = k
(a) (p–1) (p2– p + 1) (b) p3 – (p – 1)2 43. For what values of m does the system of equations
(c) (p – 1) 2
(d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2) 3x + my = m and 2x – 5y = 20 has a solution satisfying the
38. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by conditions x > 0, y > 0. (1979)
p, is 44. Let a, b, c be positive and not a equal. Show that the value
(a) 2p2 (b) p3 – 5p a b c
3
(c) p – 3p (d) p3 – p2
of the determinant b c a is negative. (1981)
c a b
45. Without expanding a determinant at any stage show that 51. Let the three digit numbers A28, 3B9, and 62C, and where
A, B and C are integers between 0 and 9, be divisible by a
x2  x x 1 x  2
2 A 3 6
2 x  3x  1 3x 3x  3
2
= xA + B fixed integer k. Show that determinant 8 9 C is
x  2x  3 2 x  1 2x  1
2 B 2
where A and B are determinants of order 3 not involving x. divisible by k. (1990)
(1982)
46. Show that the system of equations p b c
3x – y + 4z = 3 52. If a  p, b  q, c  r and a q c  0 Then find the value
x + 2y – 3z = – 2 a b r
6x + 5y + z = – 3
p q r
has at least one solution for any real number   – 5. Find of   . (1991)
pa qb r c
the set of solution if  = – 5. (1983)
53. For all A, B, C, P, Q, R show that
 4  5k 13k  9 
( x , y)   , , k (for  5)
 7 7  cos(A  P) cos(A  Q) cos(A  R )
47. Let  be a repeated root of a quadratic equation f(x) = 0 cos(B  P) cos(B  Q) cos(B  R )  0 (1994)
and A(x), B(x), C(x) be polynomials of degree 3, 4 and 5 cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R )
A( x ) B( x ) C( x ) 54. For a > 0, d > 0 find the value of the determinant
respectively, Then show that A() B() C() is
1 1 1
A' () B' () C' ()
a a(a  d) (a  d)(a  2d)
divisible by f(x) where prime denotes the derivatives
1 1 1
(1984) ad (a  d)(a  2d) (a  2d)(a  3d) (1996)
Cr x x
C r 1 x
Cr2 1 1 1
a  2d (a  2d)(a  3d) (a  3d)(a  4d)
48. Show that C r
y y
C r 1 y
Cr2
z z z
Cr C r 1 Cr2 bc ca ab
x x 1 x 2
55. Find the value of the determinant p q r where a, b
Cr Cr 1 Cr  2 1 1 1
= y y 1 y 2 (1985)
Cr Cr 1 Cr  2 th th th
and c are respectively the p , q and r terms of a harmonic
z
Cr z 1
Cr 1 z 2
Cr  2 progression. (1997)
56. Prove that for all values of 
49. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z
(sin 3 ) x – y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0 sin  cos  sin 
 2   2   4  (2000)
2x + 7y + 7z = 0 sin     cos    sin     0
 3   3   3 
Find the values of for which this system has non-trivial  2   2   4 
solutions. (1986) sin     cos    sin    
 3   3   3 
a 1 n 6
57. Let a, b, c are real numbers with a2 + b2 +c2 = 1. Show that
50. Let a = ( a  1) 2 2n 2 4n  2 . the equation represents a straight line. (2001)
(a  1) 3 3n 3 3n 2  3n
ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
n bx  ay ax  by  c cy  b 0
Show that 
a 1
a  c, a constant. (1989) cx  a cy  b ax  by  c
63. Let M be a 3×3 matrix satisfying

a b c 
b c a   0  1 1 1 1  0 
58. If matrix A =   where a, b, c are real positive
 c a b  M 1    2  , M  1   1  , and M 1   0 
       
numbers, abc = 1 and AT A = I, then find value of  0  3   0   1 1 12 
a3 + b 3 + c3 . (2003) Then, the sum of the diagonal entries of M is..... (2011)
T
59. If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where det (M) = 1 and MM = I, then
prove that det (M – I) = 0 (2004) 1  3i
64. Let z  , where i  1, and r, s  {1, 2, 3}.
60. Let k be a positive real number and let 2
 2k  1 2 k 2 k  0 2k  1 k  ( z) r z 2s 
   
Let P   2s  and I be the identity matrix of
A  2 k 1 2k  and B  1  2k 0 2 k  z zr 
    order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for
 2 k 2k 1    k 2 k 0 
which P2 = –I is (2016)
If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then [k] is equal to.... 65. The total number of distinct x  R for which
(2010)
x x2 1  x3
61. The number of all possible values of , where 0 < < , for
2x 4x 2 1  8x 3  10
which the system of equations is (2016)
(y + z) cos 3= (xyz) sin 3
3x 9x 2 1  27x 3
66. For a real number , if the system
2cos 3 2sin 3
x sin 3  
y z 1  2   x   1 
 
 1    y  =  -1 of linear equations, has
and (xyz) sin 3 = (y + 2z) cos 3y sin 3have a solution
 2  1  -z   1 
(x0, y0, z0) with y0z0 0, is ..... (2010) 
infinitely many solutions, then 1 + + 2 = (2017)
2 2
62. Let be the complex number cos  i sin . Then the
3 3
number of distinct complex number z satisfying
z 1  2
 z  2 1  0 is equal to..... (2010)
2 1 z
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b)

8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d)
15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (a)
22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b)
29. (a) 30. (d) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (a)
36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (a)
43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (c)
50. (c) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (a)
57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (b)
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c)

9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (c)
17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (a)
25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (b)
33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (d)
49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (d) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (d) 56. (b)
57. (b) 58. (d) 59. (d) 60. (c) 61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (d)
65. (d) 66. (d) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (c) 71. (a)
EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d)
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a)
17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a,b,c) 24. (c)
25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d) 31. (a,b,c,d) 32. (b,c,d)
33. (a,b,c) 34. (a,b,c) 35. (a,b,d) 36. (a,b,c,d) 37. (a,b,c,d) 38. (a,b,c) 39. (a,b) 40. (a,b,c)
41. (c) 42. (a,c) 43. (a) 44. (a,b,c) 45. (a,b,c,d) 46. (a,b,d) 47. (b,d) 48. (b,c)
49. (a,b,d) 50. (a,c) 51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (b,d)
57. (c) 58. (a, c) 59. (d) 60. (b) 61. (c) 62. (a)
63. A–P,Q,R; B–P,Q,R,S,T; C–P,Q,R,S,T 64. A–P; B–Q,S; C–R,T 65. (a) 66. (d) 67. (b)
68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (c) 73. (d) 74. 0000 75. 0004
76. 0081 77. 0003 78. 0626 79. 0004 80. 0002
EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a)
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b)
17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (b,c) 22. (a,c) 23. (c) 24. (a,d)
25. (c,d) 26. (a,b) 27. (c,d) 28. (b, c) 29. (c, d) 30. (b,c) 31. (a,b) 32. (a,c,d)
33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (a)
 15  
42. (0) 43.   ,   (30,  ) 49.   n or n  (1) n   52. (2)
 2 6
4d 4
54. 55. (0) 58. (4) 60. (4) 61. (0003) 62. (1)
a (a  d) 2 (a  2d) 3 (a  3d) 2 (a  4d)
63. (9) 64. (1) 65. (2) 66. (1)
Dream on !!


CH 1. Matrices &amp; Determinants (Math +2)

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CH 1. Matrices &amp; Determinants (Math +2)

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Table of Contents

Matrices & Determinants

 Solved examples ............................................................................................................................. 14

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ....................................................................................... 33

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE MAINS Questions ........................................................................ 39

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ............................................................................... 47

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ................................................................... 59

 Answer Key ..................................................................................................................................... 65

Cofactor of aij (Cij) = (–1)i + j Minor of aij

Value of any determinant can be obtain by adding product

2. MINORS AND COFACTORS

a11 a12 a13 = a21 C21 + a22 C22 + a23 C23

0 0 0 R1  R1 + mR2 (change R1 as sum of R1 and m (R2).

5. CRAMER’S RULE (NOT IN CBSE SYLLABUS)

(i) Two Variables

If a1x + b1y = c1 ... (i)

a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1 (i) If D  0 then the given system of equations are

the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.

Homogenous system of equations.

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 (v) Solution of Homogenous Equations is always

(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D  0. Then

6. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANT 7. SOME MORE PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

(i) Area of triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr) ; r = 1, 2, 3, is:

If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.

Where Ai’s are co-factors of ai’s

(vi) The sum of the products of the elements of the i th

(i) Circulant Determinants :

10. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANT

then  (x) dx = a f (x) dx a g(x) dx .

Hence (a) is correct answer.

A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are

Identity or Unit Matrix

A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix 1 0 0

Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n.

A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called lower triangular PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

if aij = 0 i < j. (i) Matrix addition is commutative

3. EQUALITY OF MATRICES If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or

(ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the 2 3 1 

(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.

Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar 7. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix

(iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'.

(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'. If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made

a h g  (iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A

skew symmetric if AT = –A. 2

11. INVERSE OF MATRIX (A) Method to Find Inverse by Elementary Transformations :

(ii) To find A–1 by row transformation, then we write

(iii) (A–1)–1 = A matrix.

(iv) Now R.H.S. becomes I A–1 = B A–1 = B

(b) BA = CA  B = C (right cancellation law) a21 x1 + a22x2 + ....................... a2n xn = b2

an1 x1 + an2x2 + ....................... ann xn = bn

Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called

If l, m, n are p th, q th and r th terms of an arithmetic

Sol. In arithmetic progression

(Using C3  C2 and then C1  C2)

Without expanding the determinants, show that Show that

using xR1, yR2 and zR3, we get

Show that Show that

= (b + c) (c + a) × [–(a+b) (–1 –1)]  1 1 1

Prove that  2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0

We know, when two rows are identical then the determinant

 1(18 – 24) – x (9 – 16) + x2 (6 – 8) = 0 1

CH 1. Matrices & Determinants (Math +2)

CH 1. Matrices & Determinants (Math +2)