Chapter 1 Numbers and Operations L, Ratios, RATES, AND PROPORTIONS Setting up a Ratio - A ratiois a comparison between two numbers or two measures with the same unit. ~ Ratios can be expressed as a fraction. For example, 1 : 2 can be written as 3. ~ Ratios can be reduced like a fraction. For example, 6 : 9 can be reduced to 2:3. Setting up a Proportion - A proportion is an equation relating two fractions or ratios. ~ The phrase “a to bis equal to c to d” can be converted into an equation using =c:d) or fractions ($ = 5), both of which can be solved by ratios (4: cross-multiplication. Example 1: The proportion of xin 2 is equal to 2, What is the value of x? Answer: % =* (apply cross-multiplication) i 23 ‘Two variables are directly proportional if an increase in one is directly correlated. with an increase in another. For example, in the following a = coefficient of proportionality (direct) - x, and y, are directly proportional, and their ratio is called the coefficient of proportionality. If we do not change the coefficient of proportionality, then ifwe increase or decrease x1, we increase or clecrease y, respectively by the same factor. ‘Two variables are inversely proportional if an increase in one is directly correlated with a decrease in another. For example, in the following, 2% yz * coefficient of proportionality (inverse) = x, and y, are inversely proportional. This can also be written as k met Nn where I is the coefficient of inverse proportionality. Solve a Proportion ‘To solve a problem invoiying ratios, you can often write as @ proportion and solve it by cross multiplieation For example, what proportion to10 is equal to the proportion of 3 out of 5? This problem can be written as x: 10 = 3:5. Changing the ratios to a fraction gives you == 2, Applying cross-multiplication gives you 5 30, Solving for x gives you ¥= 6, To solve conversions between arits or scales, you can use ratios. Write the conversion’s ratios so thal you can cross out the unwanted unit, Example: How many feet is 18 inches? fou 2 feet Winches "Ta ches hinahes x Fou Tinehos ” 1youe x= 1.5 (IB inches * 1 foot/12 inches = 15 feet) Anstwer: Rate and Work A rate isa ratio that compares two different kinds of numbers, such as miles per hour or dollar per pound Rate Formula: Rave = "stance Example t: Bob walks up and clown a hill to get to school, He watks at 3 miles per hour wpa hilf and 4 miles per hour down a hill. The hill is 1 mile upwards and 1 mile downwards, What is his average cate?Hint If you geta question about the average rate traveled over several trips at different rates, you need to find the total distance and divide by the total time. Most people will think that they can average the two rates, 3.5 in this case ~ this does not work because you spend less time walking downhill and so you spend more than 50% of the time walking up the hill at the slower tate. Anstoer: The total distance traveled is obviously 2 miles (1 mile up and 1 mile own). The total time spent traveling is a hour 1 our T mile x + x amites * 1 Mile Ses 2 =F hours @ If we traveled 2 miles in 3 hours, then we have traveled an average rate of amites 24 RIS = 2 niles per hour = 3.43 miles per hour “Rate = Busta) (Apply rate formula: Rate = “FO*) So the average rate is less than the arithmetic average between the two rates 3.43 < 3.9), This is because we spend more time traveling at the slower rate. Example 2: A plane travels from New York to San Francisco at 500 miles per hour. However, there is a headwind (a wind blowing against the direction of motion) of 100 miles per hour. When the plane flies back from San Francisco to New York, the same wind is now a tailwind (a wind blowing in the direction of motion) of 100 miles per hour. Each trip is 3,000 miles. What speed does the plane actually travel at for both trips? What is the combined rate of travel for the entire trip? Hint: If there ere currents or winds involved, add the speed of the cusrent ox wind when it is moving along the direction of motion and subtract the speed of the current or wind when it is moving against the direction of motion. Answer: The speed of the plane flying from New York to San Francisco is 500 mph-100 mph = 400 mph. The speed of the plane flying from San Francisco to New York is 500 mph + 100 mph = 600 mphApply the lechnique we used in the previous example to calculate the average rate. First, we findl the total distance traveled, which is 3,000 x 2 1,000 miles. Then, we find the time traveled: 3060 miles x2 {00 3000 waites x 22 * 3000 mites » = So the average rate is, 5900 mites formula: Rate = Bistamee speomules = 480 mph (Applying rate formula: Rate = “Settee 1 , ‘Total Time Worked = 5 Fagarz- If there is more than one person working, then the total rate is equal to the sum of each person's rate. Example t: It took Joe 5 hours to paint a house. What is his rate of painting? Anstcer: Rate of painting = Use = Aes x~ houses per hour , apply cross-multiplication to find x. Example 2: Once again, Joe takes 5 hours to paint a house. How much of a house can he paint in Thour? Hint: Set up a fractional equation and then cross multiply. show houses v= hous 1 * houses per hour Ansewer: _ apply cross-multiptication to find x. Example 3: Joe's friend Bob joins him in painting a house. Bob takes 3 hours to painta house. What is their total rate of painting? Hint: If there is more than one person painting, then the total rate is equal to the sum of each person’s rate. Answer: We calculate the total rate by adding two persons’ rates Joe: t houses per hour Bob: + houses per hour ; Lyte ov howe Total rate: 2 +4 = Z houses per hourIf some objects must be counted as whole numbers, then their total should be the multiple of the sum of the ratios, For example, if the ratio is 1:2: 3 for different colors of marbles in the bag, then the total number of marbles in the bag must be a multiple of (i + 2 +3). Example: The ratio of boys to girls in Ms. Johnson's class is 5 to 6. Which of the following CANNOT be the number of students in her class? (A) 11 (B) 22 © 33 (D) 6 (E) 55 Answer: Since the ratio of boys to girls is 5:6, the total number of students must bea multiple of 11, ( + 6). Only choice (D) is not the multiple of 11 Answer is (D). More examples: 1) Four employees can wash 20 service vehicles in 5 hours, How long would it take 5 employees to wash the same number of vehicles? 2) Inone day you earn $75 for 8 hours of work. If you work 37.5 hours for the week, what will your weekly pay be? 3) The cost of a dinner ciuise is $105.00 per person if 6 people attend and split the cost. How any people would be needed to get the cost down to $21.00 per person? 4) If x? is inversely proportional to y* and directly proportional to z*. fy =1 and z = 2 then x = 80. What is the x value when y = 2 and z = 3? Answers: 1) 2 = 4 (hours) 2) 2x 375 = 352 3) SE =30 4) SP = SO. 90 = BE = 4050Problem Solving Skills Easy L Carter and Sadie travel in opposite directions. Carter travels to the east at 35 miles per hour and Sadie travels to the west at 18 iniles per hour. What would be the distance between them in x hours? (A) x miles (B) 20x niles () Wmiiles {D) 50xmiles {E) 50 miles If 26.7% of a number is 108, what is the number? (A) 404.49 (B) 347.12 (©) 260 (D) 123 (&) 56.87 ‘A pyramid and a box have the same base and the same volume. What isthe ratio of the height of the box to the height of the pyramid? (A)s Bs ci 2 ©3 y varies directly as the square of x when y = 22.5 and x = 15. If y = 40, then x would equal (A) -3 (By ~2 @3 @)4 ®t Car A travels j miles every minute, Car B travels & miles every 10 minutes. In one hour, car A travels how much farther than car B, in miles? (A) 60/- i (B) j ~ 60k (© 6- 60k (D) 6(j~ 1) {F) 60G — 10k)Medium 6. Whatis the ratio of the surface area to the volume of a sphere whose diameter is 18 meters? (a) 3 (B) 25 ©2 (©); ()s 7. During the last 4 hours of a 355-mile trip, Kim drove at an average speed of nt miles per hour. If she spent 7 hours for the entire trip, at what speed, in miles per hour, did she drive during the first 3 hours? (D)355 — 4m 22 8 If Steven can paint a room in 6 hours, and Sean can paint the same room in’Z-hours, how many hours will it take them to paint the room if they work together? (a) 15 (B) 2 (© 275 (D) 3.23 @a4 Hard 9. _ If the radivs of a sphere is doubled, what is the percent increase in volume? (A)30 @)70 (C)80 (D)700 {E) 80010. x varies directly as the cube of y and inversely as the square of z, ff y is tripted and 2 is doubled, what will be the new value of x? (A) Mukiplied by & (B) Muliplied by 27 (© Muttiplied by 2 (D} Multiplied by 4 (&) Doubled IL. If the population of a city is increasing by 4 percent every year during thepast15 years, and the current population is 230,000, what was the population five years ago? (a) 121.912 (B) 134,290 (L714 (D) 178.236 (B) 189,043 12, ii In the figure above, A, B, andi C, the vertices of the ‘Squares, are collinear, What is the value of [? we 2 os 5 OF ©714, Machine A can make x screws in m: minutes, while machine B can make y screws in n hours. If the two machines work together, how many screws can be made in t minutes? (A) Gere (B) 6 +) © GtZ)xt (D) 60e (2 +2) ® G+D0 A spherical balloon has its volume increased from 523.599 cubic centimeters to 4,188,790 cubic centimeters in 30 seconds. What is the average rate at which the balloon’s surface was increased? (A) 942.478 cm per second (B) 674.703 cm? per second (©) 580.861 cm? per second (D) 109.906 cm per second (B) 31.416 cm? persecond