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    Chemical Bonding Practice

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    114 views23 pages

    Chapter 4 - Chemical Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Kking Chung
    Chemical Bonding Practice

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding L. Introduction to Chemical Bonding A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms, forming a more stable chemical compound. Types of Chemical Bonding, i. Ionic Bonding 1 ‘Chemical bonding results from the electrical attraction between a large ‘number of cations and anions (opposite charges attract each other) 2. Inpure ionic bonding, electrons are transferred between a metal and a non-metal ii, Covalent Bonding 1 2 3 ‘Chemical bonding results from the sharing of electron pairs between two non-metal atoms A non-polar covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally results froma balanced distribution of charge. A polar covalent bond in which electrons are not shared evenly results from an unbalanced distribution of charge. iii, Multiple Covalent Bonds 1 ‘A double bond isa covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of clectrons between two atoms. It has higher bond energy and shorter bond. length than single bonds. 4, u N eed HT thene A triple bond is covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms, Ithas higher bond energy anda shorter bond length than single or double bonds Ethyne H-C=c—H ‘The first bond in the multiple covalent bond is a sigma bond and the rest of them are pi bonds, Characteristics of Bonds onic Bonds 1. Metals bond to nonmetats, 2 One atom gains electrons and becomes a positive ion, and the other loses electrons to make a negative ion. Both become stable. 3._ Since opposite charges attract each other, the negative ion is attracted to the positive ion 4. Tonic bonds create crystal structures that can be fractured easily into smaller crystals, 5. Ionic bonds conduct electricity easily ina liquid, Covalent Bonds 1, Non-metals bond to non-metals. 2. Some atoms, especially those with 4 valence electrons, do not give away their electrons, They prefer to share their electrons with other atoms, 3. Each atom gains a full outer shell of electrons by sharing the total number of electrons with others, 4. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. 5. Covalent bonds do not conduct electricity easily. Metallic Bonds ate the chemical bonds that form from the atiraction between, metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons. Metallic bonds ellow outer ‘electrons to move freely throughout the metal. Valence electrons de not belong toany particular atom. IO GAO AO AB gs Hag AB AO Ae Me Mg Ay Ae AD AD Ae Ae Me AIG AO y AO AO Ae A ee ‘Th Electron Seu Model of Metalic Bonds Metals bond to metals. The metal creates a pool of electrons that can be shared. ‘The more electrons that are shared in the pool, the stronger the bond is, Alkali metals can be cut with a knife ‘Transition metals are harder metals with more shared electrons, Metals are conductive, with lots of electrons available for electricity to flow. 7. Metals are malleable, which means they can be shaped with a hammer since their electrons are moveable. ogeeNn Section Practice 1. The type of bond between atoms of potassium and chloride in a potassium chloride crystal is a(n) a) hydrogen bondi b) ionic bond. ©) polar covalent bond, 4) pure covalent bond. €) metallic bond, 2. A triple bond may be best described as a) two sigma bonds and one pi bond, b) one sigma bond and two pi bonds. ©) bwo sigma bonds and two pi bonds. 4) thee sigma bonds, ¢) three pi bonds 3. Molecules of sodium chloride a) display ionic bonding. b) display polar covalent bonding. o) are polar. 4) dissociate in water solution. @) do not exist. 4, Which of the following is the weakest bond? a) Tonic b) Covalent 6) Polar covalent ) Metallic &) Hydrogen bonding Which of the following oxygen-containing ‘compounds is the most ionic? a) SiOz b) NO: ©) ALOs a) C20 8) Cho Answer) Alka metas ad hegens ‘ost comonly for onic fonds, Answer: ‘The frst ond is signa bond dnd the rest of them are pt ands Answer (0) Sodio chord i on omic compound soit desu’ have @ ‘mole form, Arsen (0) Hydrogen toning sony on inte molar fod Answer (C20 has the west ectronegatoty 6. Consider CoH: and CoH. Which ofthe following is/are true? ry 1¢ carbon to carbon bond energy in Cakly is greater than in C3 IL, The carbon atoms in Coth are sp" hybridized. UL, Both molecules have a net zero dipole moment. a) only b) only 6} Land Monly ) iland tlt only 6) HAL, ancl IMT 7. Which of the following, has the fewest pi (x) bonds and is non-polar? a) HOCH b)COz 8. The oxygen-oxygen bond length in Osis greater than the oxygen-oxygen bond length in Oz. Which of the following accounts for this phenomexon? 4) Blectron-electron repulsion is greater in Os than in On, by The oxygen atoms in Os carry a formal charge. ©) The oxygen-oxygen bonds in Os are: bonds, single 4) Os has a net dipole moment whereas C2 does, not, ¢) The bond order in In Onis 15, while the bond order Ansar (0) (CoHchas double boas: hereon, its boa energy is _gentr than Co thes only sngie bod (chs dub bont hail fre sp brie ot molecules ave wonepolar molecu, Answer: (0 1:2 pl bods, non-polar 0:2 bos, ow pole COs Tp bonds, now polar NN: 2 pi bonds, now polar $031 pi bonis polar Anse: fe Ov lisa remannce structs, meaning its ts double ‘ond shared amongst the Aree oygen atoms Il, Lewis Structures Steps to Construct Lewis Structures i, Calculate the total number of valence electrons from each atom in the molecule, 1. The number of valence electrons foratoms in groups I through VII is equal to the group number. 2. The number of valence electrons for transition metal atoms is equal to the oxidation state of the atom. 3. Deduct one electron for each positive charge of the positive ion, 4. Add one electron for each negative charge of the negative ion. ii, Amange the atoms appropriately 1. The central atom is usually the least electronegative, and the molecule is usually symmetrical 2. The molecular formula is usually drawn indicating the order of atoms, i.e. CHsCNO and CHsNCO have a different order of the carbon and nitrogen atoms only. Adal lone pairs of electrons to satisfy the octet rule for each atom. Atoms from Period 2 (C, N, 0, F) and higher take eight electrons. Hydrogen (H), an atom from Period 1, takes two electrons instead of eight, iv, The total number of electrons in the structure is equal to two times the sum of the number of bonds and the nember of lone pairs vv, The Octet Rule: Chemical compounds terd to form so that each atom by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, hasan octet of electrons in its highest occupied energy level. ‘vi. Formal charge is equal to Number of Valence Electrons — Number of Lone Pair Flectrons — Number of Bonds 1. The sum of formal charges of the Lewis structure of a molecule or ion must be equal fo the net charge of the molecule or ion, 2. The most electronegative atom usually has a negative formal charge, hile the least electronegative atom usually has a positive formal charge, 3. If there is more than one Lewis structure, a resonance structure can be drawn for a compound. The formal charge closest to zero is the most acceptable structure. Example: Consider the thiocyanate ( CNS") ion: ‘There are three resonance structures as follows: =n of =c=8)), Fe oo oo ‘The structure Il is the most stable resonance structure because it has the lowest formal charge and its most electronegative atom, N, has a negative formal charge. Section Practice 1. The number of bonels predicted for No is Auswer(d) a) 7000. b) one, ©) two. dl) three, ©) four. NENW 2. For which of the following isit possible to craw Answer: (4) both polar and non-polar Lewis steuctures? sss pgp he arranged wi a) CHCh ‘ier postions 0 Sth ate b)NHs 9 BF ad) SFaCle @) PCls Label formal charges and predict what is the Ansur () most likely resonance structure is for NzO. 0: N=N=O: violates octet rl NoO=Ne—1 +2 ot N=O=N' WeNeOt dO OF os 0 +t tk )) :NEN-O: in (the most electronegative atom, O, ©): N=NEO Io gee fra arg 4. Which of the following sets of molecules Asoc) contains only non-polar species? . . ning only non-polar sp Coes tatiana 8) NOs, CO2, ClO2 ©) HCI, HINO: HCIOs d) BH, HS, BCL ©) Beth, BH, CHs How many resonance structures are possible for SO? a) v2 3 da e) None How many electrons are available to construct the Lewis structure of the sulfite ion? a) 24 b) 18 ) 26 a2 ©) 20 ‘The number of bonds predicted for Hh is a) zero b) one ©) two d) three ) four Which molecule contains a triple bond? a) Cakia b) CH:Ch ©) Bs d) CHsCH.OH ©) HF Answer: ) I L BO ASS ee Answer (0) ‘5: 6 alee electrons (Os 6 lence electrons SOy- 643642" 26 Answer (6) Hew Hany has one actron Answer (a) HICSCH hs one triple bone UL. Molecular Geometry YVSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory The shape of a molecule ean be predicted by assuming, that the regions of electron clensity around an atom will be as far apart as possible. This assumption, when applied to the valence electrons of a molecule, is called VSEPR Theory. Rules are as follows: i, Draw the Lewis structure ii, Count the number of lone pairs and bonded pairs of the central atom, iii, Obtain the general shape from the table below. iv. Alter the shape for repulsion between fone pairs Summary of VSEPR Rules Namiber of Bonds | Numiberof [Angle | Molecule Shape | Hybridization (double or triple | Lone Pair | between bonds count ast) | Electrons | Tonds 2 - 180" iinear 3. _tigonal planar _ ‘bent tetrahedral <1 syramid E < 1095 | ‘bent 12 & 9" | Wigonal bepyramid| dsp! oP octahectral op Resonance Structures: Resonance refers to bonding in molecules or fens that cannot be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure. ~ Neither structure is correct + Electrons do not move beck and forth. = The two bonds are equal i oo Ozone (0 i ; c Nt ON NL oe oO o* “O° Nitrate ton (NOS) ~ Acovalent network solid is a compound or an element in which the atoms are bonded! by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the network. Examples are cliamonds ancl quartz. Many covalently bonded compounds do not form ine ules. Section Practice 1. Which of these molecules has all of its atorss lying onthe same plane? 1CBri IL PFs UL. NH 1V.SOs V.HICN a) Land Ill only b) ILonly ¢) and V only a) IV only @) IV and V only 2. ‘The geometry of ICli", as predicted by VSEPR, is best described by wihich of the following? a) Pyramidal b) Tetrabedral ©) Square planar 4) Cuboidal @) Trigonal 3. ‘The geometry of NHs is a) linear. ») bent. ©) tetrahedral. 4) pyramidal 6) equilateral triangle, 4, Which of the following species has sp? hybridized ‘orbitals? a) Be >) NH 3) CH d) CH:CHe 2) Ccly Answer: Span Sp have coplanar atoms. Anson (@) [NH sp tybrized uit one unshared pared of electrons. Ansaer(d) ah Canon’ dob bod is sp2 iyi, 5. The carbon atoms of acetic acid (CHsCOOK) exhibit what type(s) of hybridization? Lsp Usp? UL sp? @) Tonly b) only 9) Land Hl only A) and UI only e) [Ml and tt In which of the following pairs are the two items NO properly related? 4) spt and 109.5" by) Trigonal planar and 120° ©) Octahedral and sp'd 4d) sp and 180° ¢) Square planar and sp'd? ‘The SFx- ion has a square pyramid structure. The hybridization of the s orbitals in sulfur is a) spd, Bop. spi a) sp’ ©) sp? Sulfur forms the following compounds: SO: SFs, SCL, and SClz. Which form of hybridization is NOT represented by these mofecules? 2) sp. b) spt ©) sp* ) dsp* 6) spre Arse (8) Carton stems of cei ci (CHsCOOH) hve singe ud lb bo Aner) sp sa octaral shape. Answer (0) SE le5 $F fonds and one ‘otsharet pire of eecron. 1 is apit hridzed, Answer (a) SO: 9p" 1V. Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction between two molecules. ‘Summary of the Intermolecular Forces Type of Force Description ‘Strength Network Covalent | Directional covalent bonds, such as_ | Strongest Bondi ed SiOz, C diamond, graphite Tonic Bonding Bonds between ions, such as Natcl", Bat?50;? Metallic Bonding | Bonds between metal nuclei, such as Ci Ag Hydrogen Bonding __| Forces between molecules that occur when an H atom bonds to a highly electronegative atom like N, O, or F, such as H,O, NH, HF Dipole-dipole Foree | Forces between polar molecules, such as HBr, PHs London Dispersion | Forces between non-polar molecules, | Weakest Force such as CO2, Nz A substance’s boiling point gives a rough estimate of its intermolecular forces. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiting points, London dispersion forces are the intermolecular attractions resulting from the constant motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles. i, All molecules experience London forces. ji, London forces are the only forces of attraction among non-polar molecules, such as noble ges molecules iii, London forces increase with the number of electrons in an atom or molecule, iv, Greater mass = Greater London dispersion forces ‘Molecular polarity and dipole-dipole forces are the attractions between negative regions of one molecule and positive regions of another, Hydrogen bonding isthe type of intermolecular force that occurs when a hydrogen atom bonds toa highly electronegative atom that holds on to the electrons more tightly, Hydrogen is then attracted fo an unshared pai of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule. Hycirogen bonels form only when hydrogen binds with oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine Section Practice LACK g) is a(n) Asie (8) a) ionic substance, b) polar covalent substance. } non-polar covalent substance. ) amorphous substance, @) metallic network. CEs polar cooatent Bond, CHi(g) is a(n) “Answer fob £) poles covatene ADE. alan 6) hor: polar covalent stance, Oh ametproue ro ©) metalic neweork ent Answer te) 8. Which oft tones plains atonormally high boiling point? Pinger ou il a) Tonic increase the bong point of 1) Covalent ma ¢) Polar covalent «) Metalic ‘e) Hydrogen bonding. V. Naming Compounds Naming Rates 4, Tonic Compounds ii, Name the cation metal first, followed by the root name of the anion and the suffix “ide*. Ifthe anion is @ polyatomic ion, use the name of the polyatomic ion. For transition metals, name the metal with the Roman numeral corresponding to its oxidation state. Examples: Tonic Compounds Name ‘Als(COs)s ‘aluminum carbonate ‘ALOs ‘luainaum oxide NHI ‘ammonium chloride BesP2 ‘beryllium phosphide CaCOs calcium carbonate Cech, calcium choride thir sulfate ith sulfide magnesium acetate ruagnesiun hydroxide potassium iodide ‘sodium cyanide sodium phosphate ‘cobalt (HID nitrate Covalent Compounds Name the first element with a numerical prefix, unless its singular. Then ‘name the second element beginning with its prefix and end with "ide." Examples: ‘Compound Name CO__| carbon monoxide On| carbon dioxide SOs | sulfur trioxide ‘SFo | sulfurlexaftuoride NS:_| dinitrogen pentasulfde BiOs_| letraphosphorus hexoxide NiO __| dlnitrogen monoxide Muttipratic Acids i. For binary acids, remove the suffix "ine" from the name of the nonmetallic element and add "hydro" as a prefix andl ‘ie" as a suffix, For example, the name of HCl is hydrochloric acid. ii, Oxygen forms a common anion such as in ClO» (chlorate), NOx (nitvate), COe (carbonate, SO (sulfate), or POx* (phosphate). Use the suffix "ate" in the name of the anion. ‘ii. If nis the number of oxygens in common anions above, for ~ n+1 oxygens: Add the prefix "pee", such as in HCIOx (perchloric ). = n~ J oxygens: Use the suffix Yous!, such as in HPOs (phosphorous acid). - n=2 oxygens: Add the profix "hypo! andl use the suffix Yous", such as HCIO (hypochtorous acie) iv. Oxygen may form less common anions, such as ClO: (hypochlorite), ClOr (chiorite), ClOr (perchlorate), NOx (nitrite), or SO (sulfite) Examples: [Compound] Name HCO; [carbonic ac THSO, psf slic net osphoros act [phosphoric acd Tiydvobromic weit Traces acid [perchloric acid vious acid nitric acid Section Practice 1. Which ofthe following is the permanganate fon? a) ClOe b) PO? ) MnO 4) SO 2) MnO 2. What is the correct name for the compound NaxCri07? a) Sodium chromiumn(VII)-ate b) Sodium dichromate ©) Sodium dichromium heptaoxide ) Sodium heptaoxochromate ©) Sodium perchromate 3. What isthe correct formula for hydrochloric acid? a) HCO b) HCL ©) HCO. a) HCIOs ©) HCIOs 4, What is the name of H.S03? a) Sulfuric acid b) Sulfurous acid ©) Hydrosulfuric acid 4) Hyposulfurie acid ©) Hyposulfurous acia 5. Which of the following is a correctly paired formula and name of an acid? a) HCIOz chloric acid b) HINOz, hydronitrous acid ©) HaPOs, phosphoric acid 4) HL iodic acid ©) HCIO,, chloric acid Aner: 0) ‘Per’ mcons tat theres on ext exygen Aner (0) dichromate on. Answer (0) HClO: hypoddoroue aed HCE hydroltori acid HCiOg percioic acid GIO»: earous acid HCO»: chlorie acid Answer: HSOe sulfuric act H,SOs: sulferous acid HsSOr:hyposulfierous acid Aner (6) CIO» chorous act HINO nitrous acid HPO phosphonic act Hi bydriodie act HICIOg pero acid Chapter 4 Chemical Bonding SAT Questions KCIGs) is a(n) a) an ionic substance. ») a polar covalent substance 6} a non-polar covalent substance «an amorphous substance, ©) a metallic network, LiGs) is a(n) a) ionic substance. b) polar covalent substance. «) non-polar covalent substance.

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