I. NUMBER THEORY Counting Consecutive Integers The total number of consecutive integers between integers x and y (where x = y) ist - xy + Lif we want to include both x and y + x y= Lif we want to include neither x or y ~ x yif we want io include only one of x or y Counting the Number of Integers between x And y That Is Divisible by an Integer z: The total number of integers between x and y (where x 2 y) that is divisible by 2 is“ +L, where A is the biggest integer divisible by = that is li s than or equal to x, and B is the smallest integer divisible by z but greater than or equal to y, Examp! Soltition: low many integers between 1 and 1000 are divisible by 3? the biggest inieger divisible by 3 and less than or equal to 1000 is 999; the smallest intege! ¢livisible by 3 ancl greater than or equal to 1 is 3. So that the number of integers between 1 and 1000 divisible by 3 is equal to: ous Pode 1 333, Feat eye 333 Exanple: How many fourdight integers are divisible by 5? Answer: The number of positive four-tigit integers divisible by 5 is equal to: 2995-1000 4 1 = 1800: Even and Odd Integers Given that any integer 1, ~ nis an even integer. + 2y+ Lis an edd integer. = 2n, 2n+ 2, 2n +4, .., are consecutive even integers. - In#1,2n+5,2n +5, .., are consecutive odd integers ~ Even number # Even number ~ Even number + Odd numbers: Odd number -> ven numberSum of Consecutive Integers Sum of consecutive integers = 3 (smallest term + largest term) x (number of terms) Example: What is the sum of all consecutive integers from 1 to 1000 inclusive? Hint: Smallest Term = 1 Largest Tem = 1000 Number of Terms = 1000 — 1+ 1 = 1000 Answer: Sum = 1(1 + 1000) x (1000) = 500500 Example: What is the sum of all integers divisible by 3 from 1 to 1000 inclusive? Hint: Smallest Term = 3 Largest Term = 999 Number of Terms = 333 Answer: Sum = 3(1 + 1000) x (333) = 166833 Union and Intersection - The union of two sets, denoted by AUB, is the set of elements which are in either set. It is similar to the “OR” logic among the sets. Example: Let set A = (1, 2, 3} and set B = {3, 4, 5], the union of sets A and B is the set of elements that are included in A or B, i.e, AUB = {1, 2, 3, 4 5h - The intersection of two'sets, denoted by AMB, is the set of elements which are in both sets. It is similar to the “AND” logic among the sets, Example: The intersection of set A and set B, as the example above, is the set of elements that are included in A and B, i.e. ANB = {3} (s08\ ‘ 7 Nee, {AUB} = {A+B} {AB} {AU BUC} = (4) + (B)+{C}-LANB)-[BNC} {COA HAN BAC} Venn DiagramExample: In a class of 80 students, 18 students take chemistry, 26 stucients take biology, and 2 students fake both chemistry and biology a) How many stuclents in the class are enrolled in either chemistry or biology? Answer: {Enrolled in either chemistry or biology) ~ {Enrolled in chemistry} * {Enrolled in biology} ~ (Enrolted in both chemistry and biotogy} B+ 26-2 = 42 b) How many students in the class are not enrolled in either chemistry or biology? Answer: {Not enrolled in either chemistry or biology) * total students ~ (Enrolled in either clantist®y or biology} =50-42=8 Prime Number: An integer number greater than 1 that has only two positive divisors: 1 and itself. ~ Prime numbers up t050:2,3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 28, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47 Prime Factorization: The prime factorization of an integer x is to find all the prime numbers that multiply together equal to x Example: 36 is equal to 2* 2% 3% 3. GCF (Greatest Common Factor) of Two Integers: the largest integer that divides exactly into both integers. Example: GCF of 24 andl 30 is 6. LCM (Least Common Multiple) of Two Integers: the smailest integer that is divisible by both integers. For example, LCM of 24 and 30 is 120. We can use ladder method to figure out GCF and LCM of two integers. a 2m 30 3 )2 15 4 5GC? of 24 and 30 is 2 x 3 = 6 (numbers on the side) LCM of 24 and 30 is 2 « 3 x 4 x 5 = 120 (all the numbers on the side and bottom) Euclid’s Algorithm: The GCF of two numbers does not change when you replace either number with the difference between the two numbers (the larger number minus the smaller number) Example: The GCF of 168 and 189 is equal to the GCF of 168 and 21, (189 ~ 168), which is 21. ‘Total Number of Factors ‘To find the total number of unique factors of any integer, write that integer as the product of powers of the prime numbers in its prime factorization. For example, if an integer can be written as xy"z° where x,y,z are prime numbers and a, b,¢ are positive integers, then the total number of unique factors it has is (a + 1) x (b + 1) x (+1). Example: How many unique factors does the number 24 have? Answer: Since 24 equals 2.x 3 «4, ithas a total of (1+ 1) x (141) x(1+1)=8 factors, If you list them out, they are 1, 2,3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24. Example: How many unique factors does the number 1800 have? Answer: The number 1800 -has a total 36 factors because 1800 is equal to 23 x 3? x Stand (3 +1) X(241)x (241) = 36. Number = Quotient » Divisor+ Remainder, where the remainder is less than the divisor Example: A group of 25 people signed up for guitar lessons. Each instructor can. take a maximum of 3 students. What is the least number of instructors needed? Answer: Since 25 = 3 x7 + 2, there are 8 instructors needed because 7 instructors have 3 students and one instructor has 2 students. Example: When a positive integer x is divided by 3 and the remainder is 2, what is the remainder if 4 is divided by 6? Answer: “integer x is divided by 3 and the remainder is 2” can be represented by: x = 3q— 2, where g is an integerAxe AGq +2) 9 4x2 12g +8 If we rewrite x in the form above, 4x = (2q-+ 1) x 6 +2 So the remainder is 2 (note that you can’t write (2q) x 6 ++ 8 because 8 > 6) Example: Which of the following numbers could not be the remainder when a positive integer is clivided by 32 (wt 2 ©s wr © 5 Answer: The remainder must be less than the divisor 5, so remainder could not be 3, Answer is (B). If x is divided by y and remainder is r, then (x — r) is divisible by y. In other words, 38 one of the factors of (+ rand (x —r) is one of the multiples of y. Example; When the number L00is divicled by the positive integer y, the remainder is 4. For how many diferent values of y are possible? Answer Let the quotient of 100 divided by y be q, then 100 = qx y +4 From above concepts, y is one of the factors of (100 ~ 4) but greater than 4 (remainder < divisor). 96 is equal to 2° x 3, therefore 96 has 12 factors according to the presious concepts of Factors and Muttiples. However, we need to subtract aiyy factors that are less than or equal to 4, which are 1,23, 4.S0 the nuntber of possible values of y is equal to 12 ~ 4 Problem Solving Skills Easy 1. Two heavenly bodies are respectively 11.2 x 10%? miles and 1.3 x 10" miles away from the earth, What is the approximate distance between these two heavenly bodies? (A)LA x 10? (B) 1.1 x 10° (jaa x 10" (DL x 10 (B) Li x 10"2, Which is the negation of the statement: “Some numbers are even"? (A) All numbers are not even. (B) Some numbers are old. (© All numbers are not ofd. (D) Some numbers are not even. (B) Some numbers are even, 3. During the year 2013, the stock price of Company / increased by 120%, and during the year 2014 the stock price increased by 60%. By what percentage did the stock price of Company A rise throughout these two years? (A) 252% (B) 205% (©) 175% (D) 155% (B) 87% 4. Ifxand yare positive integers such that x divided by 9 leaves a remainder of 7, and y divided by 9 leaves a remainder of 5 then what is the remainder when xy is divided by 9? (Ayo (B)3 @s (D)8 (5)9 Medium 5. A certain wall clock marks every hour by chiming ¢ number of times equal to the hour and each chime takes 1 second, At 5:00 a.m, eleven seconds elapse between the first chime and the last chime. At 11 a.m., how many seconds elapse between the first chime and the iast chimes? (A) 155 (B) 18 (©) 205 (D) 26 (306. In five years, the population of Silk Lake City decreased steadily trom 110,000 to 95,000, Find the rate of decrease per year? (A) 1.8% (B) 22% C) 26% (D) 29% () 32% 7, Ina group of 48 students, 28 take Spanish, 20 take French, and 3 take neither language, How many students take both Spanisit and French? ayo @1 ©2 (3 5 8. What is the units’ digit of 9°77 At (8) 3 ©7 (D) 9 (6) 0 9, Two distinct lines can intersect one point at most and three distinct lines can intersect three points at most, What is the greatest number of points that four distinct lines can intersect? (3 (B) 410, 1 12. 18. os (D) 6 7 Sty s4endxt? xtoy? (A) 4:2 (B) 2:1 (3:2 (D)2:3 (B) 4:3 If Alex's current age is A years old. Five years ago, Bill's age was two-fifth of Alex’s age, What is Bill's current age? 24-5) (A) 423-5 2 @ 45 (© 4s (©) 42-5 nas © ‘The variable x varies inversely as the cube of y and directly as the square of 2, If both y and z are doubled, then what will be the new value x? (A) Multiplied by # (B) Multiplied by > ( Multiplied by} (D) Quacrupled (E) Doubled If x and y are positive integers and x? ~ y? = 15, then which of the following could be the value of x? (A) 15 (B) 13 O1 {D) 8 (E) 7Hard 74. Ika ioan is compounded continuously ata rate of 3% per year, approximately how many years will tt take for the loan amount to double? (ay20 (B)21 (2 (DB (4 Which of the labeled sections represent (AUC) 9 B? (AJL IL TH 1V, V, VE and VII (B)U IL Ly, V, Vand Vil (QULAY, ¥, VL ane VIL (D)IL V, and VI (©) A, V, and VE