Chapter 3 Geometry and Measurements 1. Basic Gromerey Lines and Angles If two angles placed adjacently make a straight angle, these two angles are supplementary angles. The sum of two supplementary angles is 180°. Example: In the figures below, mz1 + m22 = 180° and mzA + mzB = 180" 4 Aland 22 are supplementary angles. 2 st 8 are supelementay angie, If two angles placed adjacently make a tight angle, these two angles are complementary angles. The sum of two complementary angles is 90°, Example: In the figures below, mzi+mz2 = 90° and mzA + m2B = 90° If two angles have the same measure, they ate congruent. ‘Vertical Angles Are Congruent In the figure below, 21 and 23 are vertical angles, and 22 and £4 are vertical angles. Thus, m21 = mz3 and mz2 = mz4.{lines Land mare parallel anc! line 1 crosses both lines ine 1 18 a transversal of lines / and m., Then the Following hols: - Corresponding angles are congruent fairs of corresponding angles include £1 and 25, £2 and 26, 24 and 28, and 23 and 27. Alternate interior angles are congruent: pairs of alternate interior angles include £3 and 25, and £4 and 26, Consecutive interior angles are supplementary: paits of consecutive interior angles include 23 and 26, and 24 and 25. - Alternate exterior angles are congruen: pairs of alternate exterior angles include £1 and £7, and 22 and 28. - Pairs of vertical angles are always congruent, such as 21 and 23, and 26and 28. Example: From the graph below, if Iris parallel to fzand x = 50, what are the values of a, 6,6, and @ ole % Solution: b = 50 (Corresponding angles x and b are congruent) d= 50 (Altemate exterior angles d and x are congruent.) a = 130 (Consecutive interior angles a and b are supplementary.) ¢ = 130 (Alternate interior angles a and e are congruent.) ‘Triangles Sum of Interior Angles Theorem: The sum of the three interior angles of a triangle is 180° Exterior Angle Theorem: The measure of an exterior angle ofa triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two non-adjacent interior angles of that triangle.mel +mé2 +mz3 = 180° (Sum of Interior Angles Theorem) met = mzi+mé2 (Exterior Angle Theorem) Example: Find the value of x. 4 Solution: 80 When two triangles are similar, their corresponding angles are congruent and their corresponding sides are proportional. AABC ~ AEFG méA = mzE,mzB = meF, m2 = mG AB BC EF Fe Similarity Theorems ~ SSS (Side-Side-Side) Similarity Theorem: Ifthe ratios of all three pairs of corresponding sides are equal, then the triangles are similar. - AA (Angle-Angle) Similarity Theorem: If two angles of the first triangle are congruent to two angles of the second triangle, then the triangles are similar. ~ SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Similarity Theorem: If the ratios of two pairs of corresponding sides are equal, and their included angles are congruent, then the triangles are similar.Example: Find the length of WS. p R 6 ghar Solution; ARTS ~ APTQ. by the AA (Angle-Angle) Similarity Theorem. as 3 ‘TheretoreF5 = Fy 3 eS “44 Polygons Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon Since an n-sided polygon can be divided into (n — 2) triangles without overlapping and the sunt of the interior angles of each triangle is 180°, the sum of the interior angles of a polygon is equal to (n~ 2) x 180°. i D A regular polygon is polygon where all sides are equal in length and all angles have the same degree measure. oo a 180, £18050 Bach interior angle of a regular polygon is C2. Sum of Exterior Angles of a Polygon For an r-sided polygon, the sim of its exterior angles is equal to mx 180° ~ (n— 2) x 180° = 360° “The 5 exterior angles of a pentagon sum to 360" Example; Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular heptagon shown below and find the measure of x.Solution: When n= 7, the measure of each interior angle is x= 180-1286 = 514 Parallelogram A parallelogram is a special type of quadrilateral where both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. Parallelograms have the following properties: 1. Opposite sides are equal in length and parallel i Z + i ‘4B WDC and AD 0 BE AB = BC and AD = BC 2. Opposite angles are congruent, 3. Consecutive angles are supplementary. ef 4A Gand 2B = 2D mzA+mzB = 180° mzé+mzD meD mel = 180° mek + mee 180° 4. The diagonals of any parallelogram bisect each other. HE = CE and DE = BE Special Parallelograms ‘A rhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides, Rhombuses have the following properties in addition to the properties of parallelograms:Diagonals are perpendicular. t oleh \/ CD and AD AC LBB A rectangle is a parallelogram with four rightangles, Rectangles have the following properties in addition to the properties of parallelograms: ~ Diagonals are equal in length. 4 b NN D © aC = BB A square is a regular quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles. Squares have all the properties of parallelograms, rhombuses, and rectangles, since they are a special case of all three. + Diagonals are equal, Diagonals are perpendicular. AC = BD and AC 1. DB ‘Area of a Parallelogram: Base * Height A=bxhArea of a Rectangle: Length * Width Azle Area of a Square: Side * Side=s? ~ 3x @iagonal)? = 2d? Ly ‘Area ofa Rhombus: 2x Diagonal 1» Diagonal = 2x d; xd 4 ‘Area of a Trapezoid: 1» (Base 1 | Base 2) * Height = (by +b) R Circles Circumference of a Circle The circumference of a circleis equal to 2nr, where ris the radius of the circle,Example: find the circumference of the circle below. Length of an Are A whole circle has 360°. An arc with a central angle of # is of a whole circle, so the length of the ave i gual to <2 2mr Solution: r = 3, so the length ofarc AB ==. x 2nr x 2n(3) = ‘Area of a Circle ‘The area of a circle is wr®, where ris the raclius of the circle, Example: Find the area of the circle below. Solution:Area of a Sector A sector with a central angle of @ is 2 of a whole circle, so the area ofthe sector P) Example: Find the area of sector with the central angle 60° in the figure below. jo 2m is oar Solution: som? = Saat Inscribed Angles and Central Angles ‘An inscribed angle is formed from two chords of a circle meeting at a point on the circle. Ifan inscribed angle and a central angiecarve the same arc on the circle, then Inseribed Angle = 2x Central Angle When a chord is a diameter, the inscribed angle is 90°. _ Orca The inscribed angle that carves the same arc as a diameter has degree 90 while the central angle of the diameter is 180° =)‘Two Tangents to a Circle Given any point outside a circle, there are two unique lines that intersect this point and also lie tangent to the circle. These two lines will each contain a line segment created by the point outsice the circle andi the point of tangency. The two fine segments will have equal Length. A line tangent to the circle is always perpendicular to the radius that touches the point of tangency. PRO = PP; CPoA PP) CP) i PPL Example: Find the area of ABO if line AB is tangent to the circle below. Solution: 2BAO is a right angle since radius 04 is perpendicular to the tangent tine Given that 2AOB = 60°, then ABO = 30° andl AABO is 30-60-90 right triangle. The ratio of the sides must be :v3 : 2. OA: 4B OB ~1:NG 2 OB=6 and AB 3VF The area of AABO is + (OA)(AB) $@)GV5) =F = avs. Problem Solving Skills Easy 1. If the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 16and the Auster: (A) altitude to the base is 4, find the area of the triangle. (aye @u Cis (oye (B) It cannot be determined,Find the area of the regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of radius 2, (aye (B) V3 On (DyavZ (5) V3 If P represents the set of rhombi and Q theset of rectangles, then the set P 9 Q represents the set of (A)parallelograms (B) squares (trapezoids (D)rectangles (B) quadrilateral Ina circle, a central angle of 30° intercepts an arc of 10 ches. What isthe radius ofthe circle, in inches? we oF OF Ox ©} ‘An isosceles triangle with base 8 and legs of 5 is inscribed in a circle, Find the radius. we o# (D)4 () lecannot be determined, Bytes Sat foray 5 andy =3 Arca 4 3% 4) = 12 Ansiver: (8) (NAN \ (area of equllaterat triangle) =6x8x2 = 65 Answer: (@) A square bota rectangle and rhombus. Answer: (A) #4G-yeF 164 r?—6r49=72 ora25 sraZ9. In the triangle ABC, the three interior angles A, B, and C have the following conditions: the measure of angle A exceeds the measure of angle B by 20° and is twice the measure of angle C. Respectively, the measures of angle A, B, and Care: (A)mzA = 80", mZB = 50°,and mzC = 50° (B)mzA = 80",mzB = 60°,and meC = 40° (Qhmza = 70%,meB = 70°,and mzC = 40° (D)mza = 70°,mzB = 90°,and mzC = 20° (E)mzA = 70°, meB = 50°,and mec = 60° Im the parallelogram above, if mzA = 120°, chen the measures of anglesB, Cand D are (A)120°, 60°, and 60” (8) 60°, 120°, and 120° (©)120°, 120°, and 60° (D)60", 60°, and 120° (©) 60°, 120", and 60° In the figure above, ais parallel to band cis parallel tod find the angle measure of angle 2. (a)sor (B)55° (Cos (D)70° (&) 80° If a square lot is completely enclosed by 2x feet of fencing, then the area ofthe field in terms of x equals we oy Answer: (8) eA = nme x ~ 20a mel = reQ 2+ ded 200 x80" cA w 80 eB = 60% und met 80 Anser () isthe property of iaternat angles ofa paralelogrom, med = mec mes = meD 120° 190-120 = 60° Anster:(D) anor = 23-60" 22-= 180-60 5D~ 70" Ase: (A) “The ar ofthe square tot = (22)10. n 2 (x (D)2x? (E) 4x? ct) Circle A has a radius of 6 units and circle Bhas a radius of 4 units. There is an overlapping area between circles A and Bas shown in the figure above. What is the difference in area between the two non-overlapping areas of the two circles? (A)10x square units (B) 120 square units (©)20n square units (D)24r square units (E)307 square units A swimming pool is 35 feet long and 3 feet deep at cone end. If tis 7 feet deep at the other end, find the total distance along the bottom in feet. (ajz2a5 (B) 23.56 (C3468 (0)35.22 (838.20 ‘The volume of the region between two concentric spheres of radii3 and 5 is, (ayas2 (B)390 om (Dyas (BE) 453, Answer: (©) 1 to overlapping avons he difoence in are beeen te 0 non-overlapping areas of cles it (exo ~ (rx 2) = 360 —¥~ 16 + x= 200 Answer: (0) a= FFF aF = 3522 Answer: (C) ‘The Volume ofa Sphere = Se 6x05)" = nG)") = $982 = 4105Medium 13, U4. 15, Answer: (O} Anon 3c) $1 1) 029 What is the area of the shaced region in the figure above? (ajo (B)o21 (025 (D)0.29 (E032 A boy walks diagonally acrosea square lot. What sie: (A) percent distance could he save by not walking 7 along the edyes? et. (aya (B)30.2 ° (305 esos ~ Vx stance. coma Percent Soe = EE 1095 Ens Fx 100% = (2~ VB) 50% = 293% A regular octagon is formed by cutting off each. Anstoer: (A) corner ofa square whose side is 2 + 2V2, Find the length of one side of the actagon. fi (a @ve (22 (y3v2 ®yv2~116, The radius of a sphere with volume 28 is how much, ‘greater than the radius of a sphere with volume 20? (A)0.5036 (B) 0.4432 (902254 (0.2037 (&)0.1998 ew eLa 476 + n= 1.6939 ni-n = 01998 v. : Answer: (D) : ‘Ths applies toon ofthe propetos of circles any point othe crctnfrenceof a ‘cic frms argh igi tha iamstr ofthe ice uch thatthe What is the area of circle passing through all the ir es ot vertices of the right triangle ABC in the figure ‘mangle. above? Since med = 90°C wb the (Ajor ameter ofthe circuses cic. (B) 10x H=VeTe (O)l6r area= (2) (25% ; (©) 100% 18. Aas: Meta ‘ABC~AADE~AAPG The ratio of ares AABC~AADE~AARG = 1:22-3° ‘Area of AFG Inthe figure above, a triangle is cut into three ‘Aven of ABC regions of equal height by two lines that are parallel Aree of ADE = ¢ to the base. Ifthe height of the triangle is FG = Arena BCDE: 3,DE = 2, and BC = 1, what is the area of the (Aron of AADE ~ Aven of ABC ‘middle region BCDE? sho gh jh= ash (josh Method 2 meh Easier) (B) 06% (Cosh (D)09% ht19, Whatis the perimeter of the parallelogram ACDE in, 2. the figure below? Note: Figut (ays (B16 (O18 (D)20 2 we not drawn to scale Suis So | ie In the figure above, point O in the square of side- length 10 is equally distant from two consecutive vertices and from the opposite sicle 7B. What is the length of BO? (ay3.75 (B)6.25 (7A5 (0)7.95 (E)8.45 ‘One side of a given triangle is 12 inches. Inside the teiangle a line segme: cutting off a triangle of the given triangle segment in inches. (Aye (Bovt (63 (0/8 9 is drawn parallel to this side whose area is four-ninths that ‘nd the length of this Ansoer:(4} meBac = 60 cosioo) = f= 2 ac Berincterof ACDE = (43) x2 = 16 Answer: 8) Ste (0-0? 254100 = 20% +x 20x = 125 x= 625 Answers) A ZX A ine segments dao parle 0 he seit form uo sila triangles. The ratio of the areas of to sila triangles is gua to the sq ofthe ratio of tr side lengths Let te He length ofthis segment, thenIf triangles ABC and CDE are similar and other dimensions are as shown above, what is tke length. of segment AE? (ay (B14 (165 (wyi75 18 23, In the quadbilateral ABCD,mzA = 80" m3 = 70%,meC = x? ~ 4x4 120 and mzD = x +20. What could be the value of 3? (A)7 and -10 (B)-7 and 10 (©)-7 and -10 )-7 @10 m4, In the figure above, BD is the altitude to the hypotenuse AC. If BD ~ 4 and BC ~ 5, what is the area of ABC? (ANIA (B)1521 (1667 (p)1787 (&)1815 Ansier: ‘The sum ofall guadeatrat interior alesis 360°. 804704 (2 4x-+120) + (+20) = 360 v-3x-1=0 = 1%4+7)=0 Jor i0 Ansier: (Cb be = VTE =3 The Area of ABC = =1667 (30T In the figure above, if the radius ofthe semicircle is 10, what is the perimeter ofthe inseribed square? (ayto (B)36 (OHVs (yey 168 %, : A set of triangles is formed by joining the midpoints of the larger triangles. If the area of ABC is 256, then, the area of DEF, the soullest triangle forme, is Ore (Bye oO; or 4 Hard 27. ‘Two circles of radi 5 inches and 3 inches have thie centers 10 inches apart. Find the length of the ‘common internal tangent. (A)6 inches. (B)8 inches, (C)11 inches (D)13 inches (8) 16 inches Answer: PH Qx*= 10" r=25 Perimeter = 2x 4 = x = 168 Anse: (D} Te segment sommcting the mpi of to eof rigs nf sega the hd site. Consequntly, 2 (= 116. The tif he ars ite sue ofthe ‘ati of eorresponting sides Aroxof BEDE x Arewof MABE = Answer: (8) ZN B= 10 Ho=543=0 AB = AC? + BC 1 4 HC? R28. 30, Given the figure above, find x+y +z (ay? (B)9 qu (p13 @)15 Note: Figure not drawn to scale In the isosceles ABC above, BC = 6 and DE 1 BC. It ‘Ais 8 cm from the base BC and AD = 0.3 x AB, the area of ABDE is (ays (B32 (39 (06.7 ©)78 In the figure above, tangent DB and secant DCA are drawn to citcleO. If DC = 8 and CA = 10, find the area of the circle, (A)4Sr (B)40n (C)36n (D)32 (25 Aner: (B) Tivo tangent Hin segments toa dre from same point ce the equal length 7 xeze7 0224 xty=5 4 y=2 xty2a34442=9 Ansver:(C) dren of ABC = 4(6 8) = 24 Let AP bee hight of AB, th the rv of ABAF ABDE~ABAF Since AD = 03x AB, 8D 24-12 7xAB ‘ronan = (=) =12«049=59 Aner: (A) pexoa x18= 144 1p? — Bp? = 168 ~ 22 ws Radius = 35 Area of Circle = x(3V3)* = 45x31 32 In the figure above, the isosceles trapezoid ABCD, AB BXY [DC, maBAD = 120%, and mBAB = 30° XY passes through point £, the intersection of the diagonals If the length of AB is3, what is the length of XY? (at (B)2 ©3 (4 @s Isosceles SABC has dimensions AB= AC =10and BC = 16, The centroid af AABC is located at point O. What is the distance from © to BC? (A)2, ee 3 Oy 4 Anse (8) meBAD = 120° and meBAE = 30° maaBE = maBA ~ 20° = mzBbe = meADB AB = 3, thew AD = BC = 3. Since ebb = 90% 50 = 6 (Use te 360 50 etaonsp) BE =x =3 (Aner is030.60.0 tring) Anus (4) ‘ict is the nteriton of te mens the tangle Te men rom ‘Asay the alia o BC ad he enti sf te wry long is matin, AD is atta of SABC West aD {7 the cent, ten DA = 1D) =4xoe4 oDTl. LINES IN COORDINATE SYSTEMS "The Distance between Two Points To find the distance between two points A ané B on a Cartesian plane, draw a right triangle with a line connecting the two points as the hypotenuse, Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance between two points. The distance between the points (x,y) and (r,,)4) is given by the distance formula, Distance = V(x_— x4)’ + 2-1? Alin) Example: Find the distance between the points (2,2) and (~2,5). Solution: Plug the coordinates into the distance formula: d= {GaP Fa = VCR OF FCB? ‘The distance between the two pointsis 5. ‘The Midpoint between Two Points ‘The midpoint of a line segmentis the average of the two end points, (x,y) and (%z,Y2). The midpoint formula is: M(x) = CS 2) Example: Find the midpoint between (3, ~2) and (~3, 4). Solution: Plug, the two points into the midpoint formula: exy) = (25,228) The midpoint between these two points is (0,1). The distance between two points (x3,91,71) and (x2,Y2,22) is given as: a= V@— mt Or FA ‘The midpoint between two points (x1,91,21) and (x, ¥2,22) is given as: MGxy,2) Angle of Inclination of a Line ‘The angle between a line and the x-axis in coordinate geometry is called the angle of inclination ofa lineIfa line has a stope m andl an angle of inclination 6, then tan(@) = m. ane)-tan(B)__ msm bane = B) = sTeoncapeanGy ~ Cmms Problem Solving Skills Easy 1. The vertices ofa triangle are the intersections of the Answer (4) lines whose equations are y = 0,1. Sy, ane Sx + This triangle is a(n) (A}right triangle, 8) equilateral triangle (Cisosceles triangle (D)acute triangle, ®)obtuse triangle. Theslope of = Sy a thes of Sety-=7s-5, Since the sopesone negate rips, sto ie ae erotica, 2. Inthe figure below, the cube has sides of length 10, Arse (6) The distance berweepibaibis A and B is "The stance bees tuo points (eyo) and (eu¥nz) ts gion: pod a 7 EET TO WT : Fin he ditnce en points | 11) and 8(82, 11,20 a é STD E (ayy = 103 @10 (C108 ()15v3 (&)303. Consider point P(,2,3).IFweare allowed to Ans (8) travel only peal othe three coordinate axes, yay plot nem what distance do we cover to get to point P from ow ie mandrel astanee the origin? 34241 ~ Gunite, (aw 6 Ove Oa eva 4. What is the sum of the three coordinates of the Answer: (C} Iidpoint between the points 2 4,6) 304 (3,8)? a. inet en pis (ie Geum.2i) and (xe.92-22) fs glen by (3)? taut) ies (6 (5s 2 A) (D5 ©4 What is the distance between two points of (2, 2,3) Auseer (©) and (—1, -2, -3)? (A)5.125 (8)5385 (7.483 (D)9.211 (8) 11.567 Distance Medium 6. IF the vertices of a triangle are (10,4), (0, (0.0), then the area of the triangle is yand Amster (2) ‘Aron of Triangle = eats (A)10| 5 @)5|a| ‘Ta tingle ath vores (102 (0,9 ()2labl and (0) has bse {| a hgit 10. (D)5I6| oD G0) = 516} 7, Aline Fis parallel toa plane X and is 10 em from X,_ Avswer: (8) ‘The set of points that are 10.cm from [ and 2 em. “Two lines pratt fo tne Lave firmed from X form ong Bot sides of ine (A)a line parallel to 1 {B) two lines parallel to 1(©) four lines parallet tot (D)infinite lines parallel to L (B) no line parallel to 8. Inthree dimensions, what is the set ofall points for (2) which The set ofall posts te = pone yao? for solich the cordate of ys 0. (A)the origin (Bya line parallel to the y-axis (Othe y-z plane (D)the x-z plane (B) the x-axis 9 Asoo: (0) aoa 5x12 =60 4x 20-= 80 HE = JOFFE 100 teach of the steps in the figure above is up 12 centimeters vertically and the tread is 20 centimeters wide, what is the value of | AB|? (A)60 centimeters (8) 75 centimeters (©)80 centimeters (D)100 centimeters (©)120 centimeters Hard 10, Whatis the distance from the plane 2x +y~3z= Answer (E) aes sce fom pt a plane: (ays.as6 Disa fo apt a (83782 ee 217 azesc acon (1.0% Saar (ori1 2 13, t wan ‘ In the figure above, point Pis on the x-axis, What is the minimum length of AP + PB? (ays (B)9 jw (Dy @r ts, ‘The vertices of AABC shown above have coordinates A(-4, 5), BG, 8), and C(2, -8) Write the equation of the altitude to BC. (A)x+l1y-51=0 (yrs ry +31 =o (x4 ly-91=0 (O)itx+y+31=0 @)i+y-s1=0 A parallelogram has vertices at (0,0), (3, 0), and (1, 2). What are the coordinates of the fourth vertex? (AG, 4) ®)(- O@3 (D)(-4, 3) (E) Cannot be determined. 3) ‘Aasier: (©) Inthe AAP shou save ‘WP +PA> ag 2B + wl hace nina ahr Pit Pst ein A There te ‘inion of AB + PB = ABP BF = GCSE = Viti =10 “ie minima ego FP + PBs 10, Ansar: (A) Lat the slope of BC be a, then the slope of the altitude to BC is ee tear for, the alte as on equation x + Vy = e Phin the coontinates of A(—4,5) to get = St. Therefore, + ty —51 = 0 Ansser: 2) ‘The fourth verter could be atop locations as he pture shoe aboveHIT CONIC SECTIONS: PARABOLAS, CIRCLES, ELLIPSES, AND HYPERBOLAS ‘Conic Sections ‘A conic section is the intersection of a plane ancl a cone. By changing the angle and location ofthe intersection, four basic types of conic sections hyperbolas, and parabolas ~ will be generated. circles, ellipses, Standard Forms of Equations and Properties of Conic Sections (Memorize them!) Ellipse Hyperbola “| | Minor | 2 iis je Relation = ab P+ b to Focus a a pee : — aa Distance to the Sum of i focus equals the’ | Distance tothe | distancesto | eve Definition | ance tthe |orgin sonst | each focus is | SAME [siete constent | ch Notes: a= major radius = x (length ofthe major axis) b= minor radius x (length of the minor axis) distance from the center to the focus p= distance from the vertex to the focus (or directrix) Example: The ellipse in the standard x-y coordinate plane below has its center at the origin. What is the equation of theellipse?Solution: Example Solution: Example: Solution: Apply the standard lips equation with cantar (0,0), =2 and b= 310 ‘get the equation of the ellipse: + F A suspension bridge is built with its cable hanging between two vertical towers that form a parabola, ‘The towers are 400 feet apart and rise 100 feet above the horizontal roadway, while the center point of the cable is 10 feet above the roadway. Find the equations of the parabola, If the roadway is the x-axis, and left tower is the y-axis, then parabola’s| center at (200, 10) and p = 10 (the distance to the directrix). The standard equation of this parabola: (x ~ 200)? = 40(y - 10) A whispering gallery has an elliptically-arched ceiling, with an accessible point at each focus. If someone stands at one focus of the ellipse and ‘whispers, the line of sound is reflected by the ceiling directly to the focus at the other end of the gellery, which allows people across the gallery to hear the whispering. If the ceiling is 20 feet above the five-foot vertical ‘wall and the foci of the ellipse are 30 feet apart, what is the equation of the elliptical ceiling of the gallery? Set the center (it, ) = (0,5).’The foci are 30 feet apart, so they are 15 feet to either side of the center, that is ¢ = 15. The elliptical arch is 20 feet high above the center, so the semi-minor axis b = 20. Since b? = a? ~ 2, 400 = a? ~ 225 @ = 625 Therefore, the equation of the elliptical ceiling i General conic equations can be rewritten into standard forms by using the perfect square formula, (a +b)? = a + 2ab + 5* Examples: Find the name, center, focus, and vertices for the following equations of conic sections, 1. y?—2y440x+ 281 =0 Use the completing the square method. ye 2y+ i= -40x~ 28141 (= 1? = 400 +7) So it is a parabola with vertex at (~7, 1), and focus (—17, 1). 2. xt +y?—Oxt4y +12 =0 Use the completing the square method. < 6x43 4 yh dye 22?Easy ‘What is the equation of a circle whose diameter has Answer (4) 1 endpoints (1,2) ancl (3,—4)? (A)O-2)8+ ODF (8) -2)? + G =) OG +28 +040) 3 GHP SP eI? @-3P +42 2d So it is a circle with the center at (3, ~2) andl radius equal to 1 yx? 4 dy l4y—57 =0 Use the completing the square method yt dy tm (x? + 4 74) 47? = 57 +t - +7) =57+1-49 OFDP-GsN=¥ OE wet Soit is a hyperbola with the center at ( Problem Solving Skills to conerivat 222%) «2-0, 40 Rati {OTE CT OF 10 =vit9=vit (Oe —-2?4+ G4 He = NTO GD +y HIF =10 © @-2% +0 =o) vo ‘What is the length of the major axis of an ellipse Avs: (D) given by the equation S24 = 1? Length of jor ais (A)4 WIS = 10 @)5 ©8 {D)10 {E) 16 Find the coordinates ofthe center of circle whose Answer: (6) equation is x7 + y? + 2x— By = 10. Use the competing the sguare method. (B) ¢ aP by? 42x By 10 Wa 2e+ 1 ty? By 16 = 10+ Tie Grey —a err 1,4) Conteris at(1,4)Find the radius of a circle whose equation is x+y? —6x+8y=0 (A)L @2 3 (Dt ©5 Which of the following coordinate pairs represents the center of the citcle x? + y? - 6x-+ 4y-12=0? (Ay 3) Which of the following are coordinate pairs for the vertices of the major axis of the ellipse 4x? + 9y? = 36? (A) (2,3) and (-2,-3) 8) 2,0) and (2.0) (© (0.3) and (,-3) (D) (3,0) and (-3,0) © 0,0) and 9.0) If the equation z represented if a < 0? (A) Acitcle (8) Anellipse (© Ahyperbola (D) A parabola (®) Aline = 1, what type of curve is If the graph of x? + y? - 2x + 4y + a= 0 isa point then a=? (ays (B)-5 (©o (p10 (®)-10 Ansver: (E) wit yt Ort ey a0 G4 9+y?+8y+16=94 16 3 Otay =25 Radius = V25 = 5 Aner: (©) a Gee Oey tay tea 12494 3 @~ 3 +0 427 =25 Genter ist @,—2) Answer: D) ‘Te vertices re (3, 0) ant (-3,0). Answer: 8) vat Pe = dali wa = Ansser:(A} Sf circle hae a rns 0 comes pint Phy? 2etdy4e=0 G@=1P +042 sats Savivaed ans9, 10. u cy If the equation of a circle is x ~ 2x +y?— 4y = 4, then what is the area of the circle? (Ayan (8) 62 (C8 (D) 120 (B) ton What is the length of the major axis of the ellipse whose equation is 182? + By? ~ 144 = 0? (A) 23 (B) 3vz_ (©) 6v2 Os (E18 What is the radius of thé sphere whose equation is xP by? +2? + 6x ~ Ay 12z = 0? (as 4 ©O5 (D) 6 ©)7 Find the ei 2920. (a) 487 (B) 503 © 29 (6) 543 (©) 558 cumference of circle x? x+y? + By The ellipse 4x? + 9y? = 36 and the cite x? + y? 4 intersect at points where the y-coordinate is, (A) v2 (B) #2 Os (D) £4 (B) 45 Aner: (8) BaDeayingy Paes ihy? =6 G+ y-7e reve = arta Ve) = 1 yedeitie Auer: (©) an Vio Lng of Moor Axis = 20 = 2V78 = 2 Aso (E) st byl be box ~ay4 Ide =0 bbe Ob syed [22 +36 29h 4 +365 49 O43 FO -DE GO Ansiver B) io ortysay-39=0 neh Ob ye By 416 SL94 16 = 64 en kG aay =e Chreunferece = 2nr =» 2(8) = 503 Anse (B) 4x2 soy? = 36 eyiaa = AG8 sy!) = 16 Bet Bye AGE yA) = 36 1614, Find the length of the minor axis of the ellipse Anseer:(D) ee 32 6e 4 2y? +8y=1 we 308 = 2+ 1) +2" + 444) = 12 ©2 tis joelh 4 a Daas engi of Morais 262.64 15. Ifthe center of the circle x? +y? tax+by+2= —— Ausver (8) Gis (—2, 3), thena +b =? Pipealeweteo a J estens = @1 +4) = 246) o (D)5 @s 16. Which of the following is the complete solution set Avs" (C) of the system: A= (Gay):x?+y?=4i}andB= ay (eyy= nay bigeye (A) (4.4) Basgret ®) (5-4) ay 2 (©) (4,5) (5-4) (D) (G4, =), (5,3) (E) 14,5), (5,—4)} 17. Circle Os centered at (=2, 5) and has a radius of 6. Answer: (A) Gircle Pis centered at (1, ~3) and has a radius of . aeeee Ii citcle Ois externally tangent to circle P, then what Bric etemnly tment arte is the value of 7? entries of th a (ay 4 () 42 (47 (D) 54 (6 Medium 18, Whats the area bounded by the closed curve Anu (8) wi 2 yen ty = it? an ist dx ty? dy 11 Use Me completing He square method om By 2x49? Ay = IT (8) 16r Pade Lyi aty +4 (O25n fetes (D)36n (408 + 9-28 16-4 facie aus = 4 (&) lt cannot be determined. pabt Ay 2 6819, Ifthe horizontal line y = kis tangent to the cicle —_Avsew: (©) (x~2)? + (y+ 1)? = 4, then the point of tangency +. © (A 20) or, Nd (8) O—1 or Ti ee iat 1) a ris? O@Vor@, “The tangent ines sould pass the end (©) Gd or@3) tien ot) or 2,3 ot © C2-DorG yrs 42 sys tor-3 Jef he po gnc anwes. 0G Answer (4 wwf ) Genter at (42) ead : Length of Major Axis [er Length of Minor Anis = 4 ‘he standard equation of en ip : eet wae Which of the following equations could be the graph shown in the figure above? (yet +on 2 21, What is the slope of the line tangent to the circle Answer: {DP (r= 1) + (y= 1? = 25 at the point (4, 5)? ve w-t pe @1 ‘ oF, siete o-? Te stp ote = = 8 ®t Terr, the slo line mis —2 22. the circle (x 1)? + (y~ 2)? = 17 istangentto swe: ) Moline Se 4 2h thevalur otra Distance fom a pitt ne Oe Distaneelax + By +6 = O,(¥u)) 8 : “The stance from center (1,2) to he fine ‘seq othe eg te ais 4 here =24, 26. For what value of m is 9x? + 6xy + my? = 1 the equation of a pair of straight lines? (Ay=1 (By. OF () -} @0 Find the number of points of intersection for the graphs of x? — 2y? = Band x? +y? =9 (A)0 points (B)1 point (©)2 points (D)3 points (©)4 points The hyperbola = -* = 1 intersects the yaxis at which of the following points? @) 0.3) 8) (0.4) (C) (0,5) (©) (0,7) (E) (0,8) ‘The formula for the area enclosed by an ellipse is A= nab, where a and b are one-half the lengths of the major and minor axes, respectively. The ‘equation of the ellipse is 9x? + 4y? = 36, tien what is the area enclosed by this ellipse? (Ajor (B)8r (10r (Djize ©)24n Which of the following equations describes a parabola with focus (1, 2) and directrix y = 0? (A) =P = Ay (B) @ +18 = 407+) (G+ = 40-1) (B) 1)? = 4G +1) &) @=- 1 =4G-1) Answer: (8) If 9x2 + 6xy + my? sa poet square, then this equation represents apa of sinaih lines. To Fee perfot square, mat 9x? + bry + Tas ines: 3 y Answers) Crap io sh four pinto treton. Answer: 8) ‘The hyperbola interests the y-axis en x Eats yous ‘Therein, (0,4) and (0,8) Answer: (A) 98 + 4y? = 36 Eatet a=3and b=? Area = 1(3)(2) = Gr Answer) Yererest (2229) = 03) its fom fo rei 0 theca forte prt Gat eaeix9-1)=49-02B. 30 iC ‘The square ABCD has a point D at (1,2). The area of ABCD is 16 square units. If points A,B, Cand D all lie ona circle, what is an equation ofthat eicle? (A) = 1)? + BF = 16 (B) = 28 +3) = 12 OG-32+G-H=8 (D) &~ 4)? + ~5)? = 16 HE-5Fk+ 0-6 =8 If the equation of a parabola is y Alirectix ofthe grap is “Ay @y=-4 Oy-t My ®y 4x2 then the What is the length of the major axis of an ellipse whose equation is 42% = 16x +’ (aya Be O4 (D) 3 (8) 2 Which of the following is a ve 2—4y+16=0? al tangent 20 the Answer: (©) "There of ABCD fs 1650 He ent of these is Te coordinates ofp G+1442) = 6.0. Center of te sete: (22.228) = 84, Diamotar fhe sil: We = WE “Therefore, te equation ofthe eres (-38 40-0 = (I) Asien: ‘Te standart form of te partons vaig~1)=47Q~1) =430-0 so? ‘Since vertex ts a8 (0,1), te direc is potent Anscer (0) AO Ae $4) £0 —Ay 4A) 1e 16 64 4@ 5a ty 24 “Therefore, th lenge of the major axis is 2a Chater is at, 2). yeh? “Te suo vertical tangent ies x=@andx=-632 36. ‘The asymptotes of a hyperbola have equations y + 1 = £3 (2 1), Ifa focus of the hyperbola has 5,1), the equation of the hyperbola is Find all the values of k if the graph of S22 — 20 “ay 0 1 ©-1 (0) tand -1 {E) Novalue ofk passes through the origin, How many points of intersection do the graphs of x? 4 4y?— 2x4 8y—5 =O and (x— 1)? = 4(y + 1) have when drawn on the same coordinate system? (aya (B) 2 ©3 (0 (B) Infinite number ‘The intersection of a plane with a right circular cylinder could be which of the following? LAcircle I Parallel lines I, Intersecting, fines (A) Lonly, (B) Wonly (©) Wonly (D) Land Il only (&) Leth and mt Ansiver: (©) Center is at 1,1), Focal Longh = 6—1=5 ‘ben Evo =S + a=3 ond bad “heron, he ouation ofthe erklas cee" Gone ne Answer: (D) Pass through the org» x= 0,y = 0 er Gee Cee Con Answer) Use grophing cleuaor to deaw and fi t00 iersectin pins betwen these "oe grapes ‘Answer: () A plane cating shrug a righ elrcular cinder con make e rele a parallel Tins.37. Uf the graphs of x? = 4(y ~2) and x ky = ‘intersect on the y-axis, then k =? al @2 O~ (0) Nowalue of k (6) Any real number find the length of the latas rectum of the hyperbola whose equation is 9x* — ay? = 36. (a) 4 (B) 6 © v2 (D9 © aI If the length ofthe diameter ofa circle is equal to the length of the major axis ofthe ellipse with an equation is 4x? + 9y? ~ Bx + 18y ~ 23 = 0, to the nearest whole number, what isthe area of the circle? (a) 28 (B) 4 © (0) 96 © 13 If the circle x? + y* te t2y theliney = 2, the value of is (ay (2 3 (Da 5 5 is tangent to Hard 40, For what positive value of m will the line y = mx + 5 be tangent to the circle x? + y? = 20? (ay (82 wo (Dy ©} Aner: (8) Wien x = Othe grapieintosts on they O= 4-2) ya? Xekyae 02a 4 + k Answer: (D) ‘The eg f ate rectam: 22 Asie (8) 424 9y? By + 18-23 =0 aoe 2+ $908 +29 +1) =36 SP tants) ‘The gt of the majoras: 2a 3-6 Theannef te cle ne (2) =283 Aaa: (Ch th yroaxeayerias acter yee year G@=2P HO FDP TF facirle wit aeanterat 2.~1)) ‘The dst from (2,1) tothe ney = 2is3 amity Berfore the edi of cine ia 3 Answer: Distance from o point tale Distance ax + dy +6 = 0.C%096)) ‘Tre listonce rom center to he lne is ea ote rns (Center is at (0, 0) Radius = VB y-mr-5=041, 42, Ifthe graph of 4x? + 9y? + 8x + 36y +4 =0is inscribed inside a rectangle, the area of the rectangle is (a2 (16 (Q1svz (4 © 15 + is tangent to the ellipse = + In the figure above, an ellipse and a line have two intersections. Ifthe equation of the line lis 3x — 4y = 12 and the line I passes through the focus of the ellipse, what are the coordinates of point P? (A) G,0) (B) (4,0) © 69) (D) Gv2,0) (&) (4V2,0) Answrr: (2) Wow an lips scr inaiea rectangle, He aren of te rectangle is gulf the pact of he nes of Sie ati fai 9y? 481436) 44=0 aor det tI +) Sao Length of aor A Length of Mizor Anis ‘Are of Rectangle 64 = 24 Answer: (A) Substitvey arth = 24S = 1 Se $4604 =36 tae wala 4 Hk? 26 = 0 Sines tli is dicrnnant ule tae = 0 (5 ACG 36) =0 Ansver:(C) and 3x ay 2 y |pinlereph is—3 when == 0 <0 b= is lalfof minor ais) The pint Eis x-intercept when y = 0 Bx 400) = 12 4 x= 4 = cfacus) Boba G3? = 48 + a= 25 Thersfore, th coordinate of point P50)4, 45. 46. I the line y = 2x + k is tangent to the hyperbola whose equation is 2x* ~ y? = 1, which of the following could be the value of k? (A) -2 (8) -1 2 ® wi Find the poinsof intersection of the hyperbola {E202 29% 6 an! the etpse 2222+ 22" ee 4), (3,-2),(-5,4),and é 2) (B) (3,4), (3, -2)6S;4)yand (5,2) (C)G, 4), (3,2), (5,4), and (—5, 2) (D)(~3,4), (~3, 2), (©, 4),and (5,~-2) (E) G,~4), G,2),C5,-4), and (-5,2) 4 (a,b) is called a lattice point if a and b are both integers. How many lattice points lie in the area between the two curves? x? + y? = 9andx? + y? = +150? (ayo (B) 2 (3 (D) 4 (BE) 6 Asoc: (8) york 2xt = Qe +1) 1 Bx8 et = ak it Mae ashe = Ste! xk i? 1 20 2x? bee + E+ Since the lei tongent bo te hyperbola its serioninant should 0 Dee Gain? — 8@ EE +) 16k? aK 8=0 BEB > k= Anscer (4) Aad thse to ution og: eon? go? HH x= 30r When = 3, when (uF wy ya gore “Teer, rr intersection points (3,932). 5,4) coud (-5,~2) Asie: ~D Das the graphs bya graphing caeuletor "There ae only sx lattice points in he sntrsction aro: 2,0),,0),(1,1), 29.6, and 2,1)IV. SYMMETRY AND TRANSFORMATIONS Graphical Transformations of the function f(x): Let c be a positive real number. Vertical shift c units upwards: g(x) = f(x) +e Vertical shift c units downwards: g(x) = f(x) - ¢ Horizontal shift c units to the right g(x) = f(r ¢) Horizontal shift c units to the left: g(x) = f(x + €) FQ) = x? + g(x) = (@— 3-4 FG) = bel g@) = [x +3] Reflections across the coordinate axes of the graph of y = f(x) are represented as follows: Reflection across the a-axis: g(x) = — f(x) Reflection across the y-axis: g(x) = f(-1) VE aun yy fe Vertical stretch: 9(x) = ef(x) where c > 4 Vertical shrink: g(x) = of (x) where 0 <¢<1 Horizontal stretch: g(x) = f(cx) where <¢ <1 Horizontal shrink: g(x) = f(cx) where ¢ > 4‘The Vertex of a Parabola ‘The standard form of a parabola is /(x) = ax? + bx +c, this parabola has its vertex at(= Problem Solving Skills Easy 1. Triangle ABC has coordinates A(1.2), 83,1, and, (2,1), Which of the following provides the coordinates of triangle A’B°C’, respectively, for the image of triangle ABC aftera reflection in the liney = —2? (A) 2,1), (1, -8) and (~1,-2) (B) (1.2), DJand 2-1) (©) 1,-2),3,=1),and (-2,1) (D) (2,1), 4,3)and 1,2) 2) 2. Af the vertex ofthe graph of (2) is at (2,9), where is the vertex of the graph of f(x + 1) ~ 2? (A) C44) (8) (U2) 9 B.D ©) Gt) © (48) 3. Which of the following is symmetric with respect to the x-axis? (A) y= @e— 0? (@®) x=Q-1" © xe aytty ad (D) Paxty= ® y=le- 4] Answer (8) A flection i He fie y == x it sail te coordinates of te point AGx9) ACI —¥). AG.2) C21) 8G.) = 81-3) Qt) > C2) Anse} ‘he grap of + 1) ~ 2s she grap of {S469 supe it one anit nad pte devon 2 its Thefore, (2.3) > (0.1) Anscer: O} fa graph (4.9) = 0s metric wid spelt texas, ten fx) = sey}Ansver: (©) Rectangle Qi formed by stretching Inrizontaly ty 3 tiesond slang up by 2 units. Thongore, th rea of Qis 3 fines te area of R In the figure above, rectangle R contains all points (x,y). What is the area of another rectangleQ 34x that contains all points (3x, + 2)? ayia @18 Ou (0)36 8 Which of the following graphs of functions is Answer: (©) symmetric with respect to the line y = x? (ay =x on the gps nly © the raph sme th eet the Bey = ‘The graph of y = f(2) is shown above. Which of the “”™"(?? following is the graph of y = |f(x)|? ‘The gap oy = (2) flipping the (a) ®) oO nego part oy = (2 nto peste,Medien IF ((&) = 2x2 + Be +1, what must the value of k equal so that the graph of f(x ~ k) will be symmetric to the y-axis? 7 ay (B) 2 (yt {D) ~2 (4 ‘The graph of y graph of g(x) “@ ‘(x) is shown above. Which is the 2fe=2) 41? Anne: B) SG) = 2x8 841 (2 Fae ea) $18 2242-7 foe~2)= 20 =7 Fle ~2) lesymonetric toy avi Theefore, kw 2 Anco (8) ron the grap the grapitof (2) = 2p G2) +L owes the grap of FO) 2 os igh, sth erty by factor of, aa hts the graph up 1 wit10, + In the figure above, the graph of y = f(2) will perform two transformations. First it rotates 180° about the origin, and then it has a reflection in the raxis, Which of the following is the equation of the resulting curve? (A) ® Oy @) ®y Suppose the graph of f(x) = ~x? + dis translated 1 units right and 2 units down. If the result is the graph of y = g(x), whatis the value of g(-1)? (ay 2 1 @o @)-1 © -3 Asser: (0) Rotating y= f() 180" about the origin becomes the graph of y = ~f(-n). Refcting the graph y = ~F(2) inthe y= ani, the nao graph comes the graph of y=-f(-(-2)) = -f@. Answers (= +3-2 noe ~D+1=-3 9)1. The graph of y = f(x) is shown in the figure above, Anse: (4) Which of the following could be the graph of y = The gap ofy = Fx) isthe graph “fom a) ® o Lanangaie nen (0) (e) Hrd 12, Ina coordinate system in which the y-axis aso inclined 60° to the positive x-axis, find the distance AB between the points A(-3, 8) and B(7, ~4), (ays 2 (BS ° (Oa se taf cos (D)3V ate vid oT 13. Ifa coordinate system is devised so that the positive Amsoer(E) yraxis makes an angle of 60° with the positive x- axis, what isthe distance between the points with coordinates (1, 2) and (4, 6)? (a) 13 @s rt grap ste aoe, O5 ao MP On = © 2044 = 8G =) X c08(120°) (0) vB SP ya pax axaxte a7 (5) V37 DaviV.__THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLIDS, SURFACE AREA, AND VOLUME ‘Volume and Surface Area Formulas Figure ‘Formulas for Volume (V) and Surface Area (SA) Rectangular Prism v f= hw + 2hw +h = length with 9 I Right Cirealar Cone sphovs Pa afy | = ong ity + 20h» wed) + Ananth high ‘General V = Bit = area ofbave % height Prism SA = sum ofthe awas ofthe faces Right Cicfar V = Bit = nea of hase % height Cylincer | SA = 20+ area of base) + (eecumtewence height) = $atr= ¥ x aon of awe » height saps anes abase + Uf perimeter of tae > sla gh ¥ = Si cma bane tai SA = n+ $4~ notte > icf lath 25 * oube of rdivs SA x sapareof rains g Coordinates in Three Dimensions Distance formula in 3-D: d Find the distance between a aaa)? + O21)? + Ga)? point and a plane: Given a plane, ax + by + ez + d= 0, anda point (5, ¥o,%6)2. Use distance formula: d= 224 memorize it) © Use the normal vector of the plane < a,6,¢> ‘The fine that is perpendicular to the plane, ax + by + cz +d = 0, and xeatt x, passes the point (x, ¥or%9): | = BE + Ye pact x We can find the point of intersection of the perpendicular fine and plane, and then use the distance formal to find the distance between two points, Examples: What is the distance between the origin and plane: x + 2y + 2z = 6? Solution: Solve with a) distance formula or b) normal vector, 2) Use distance formula: d = 2*S220=S1 8 Distance +O +¢ This method needs to take some more steps instead of memorizing the formula, Example: Prove that the nornaal veetor of the plane, ax + by ber +d = Oise a,b,c >? Solution: Normal vector of the plane is perpendicular to any lines on the plane, If given any point (x,y,z) on the plane andl a fixed point(xy, 5,20), then < 2, >= 0 (The dot product of two pe aC Xo) + bY ~ Yo) + eC@ 9) ax + by + ez ~ (ax, + by, +z) =0 Let (ary + Byp + 0%) = axthytor+d=0 Problem Solving SkillsEasy If the line segment shown is rotated about the y- axis, it generates a solid with a volume of (ay1050 (B) 1880 (C)20.10 (0)253n (6) 2670 2. Ifa sphere has a volume of 367, what is its surface (A) 18 (B) 24x (© 320 (D) 36% (B) 450 3. What is the largest rod that can just fit into a box 12x 4.x 3 (in inches)? (ay (B)125 OB (BS @u 4, Inthe coordinate plane, the graph of which of the following lines is perpendicular to the graph of line ysdx-1? wy (B)y Oy Dy @®y=r-1 5. Acylindrical tank has a height of 10 and a diameter of 6. How many cans of height 5 and diameter 4 of Answer: (6) Rotation about the yas fora slid of come wi a ras (r) and a eight) 5. Volume of coe =faitV5) jerk 1678 ‘Anson: (D) Volume =tnr3 = 36n = 1=3 Surface Area = énr3 = 36 Answer: (C) Te Largest vod can bef nt the bos ang Me diagonal in the box MEV EEE = Vi65 = 13 Arsivers @) ‘The produc of the Sopesof tw erpendicuar lines isi “The slope ofy = 2x ~ 11s 2, so the slope ofits perpendicular fine is, Answer)6 2 water are needed to fully fill the cylindrical tank? (a3 4 os (D) 6 €)7 In triangle OAB, JA = AB, and the height of the triangle is 9, Find the slope of segment OA. i 5 (2 3 (E) Itcannot be determined. A cone shares its base with a cylinder and is inscribed inside the eylincler. IF the volume of the cone is 10 cubic units, what is the volume of the, cylinder? (ayto (15 O18 (D)24 30 Ifthe volume of a cube is 6°, then what is the of the cube? (8) 66") © 68") (D) 68 Men Ia regular square pyramid has x pairs of perallel edges, then x equals Volume ofa cinder V = ar? Vou = (8) (20) = 908 Mean = (2) (8) = 200 S05 cans of water nace Arse (0) Sloe m <2 =? Answer: (8) Tie alms ofa con: xBasexbeght = Liveune fhe Coie) = 10 So the volume of he cylinder is 30 cubic Answer: (D} Let hese ofthe cube bes thee Volume = 5) = 6 ons = 6° Surface Area = 63" = 6{6")? = 6271 Answer: B) “The hos of x pyr sa sqae10. 1, (ai @)2 oO (8 (12 Which of the following is the ratio of the surface area of the sphere with radius rto its volume? (A) (B) © or @®é A cylindrical bar of metal has a base radius of 3 and a height of 10, ts melted dawn and reformed into a cube, What would be the side length of the cube? (A) 3.28 (B) 424 (©) 656 (0) 732 ©) 872 Medium 2 ‘Two spheres, of radius 8 and 2, are resting on a plane table top so that they touch each ‘ther. How far apart are their points oF contact with the plane table top? (aye BE 8 @)avz © A right circular cylinder is circumscribed about a sphere. If S represents the surface area of the sphere Ansoer: 8) The fcc seep Aa? Thecolime ofa sper Sar® Ratio = a Answer (C) Find the volone ofthe ence! tar Voge = 102 <= (VLD) = 90 ‘Therefore, th volume ofthe cubes 90m Let the side ofthe cube be x, Hen 39 = 90m = 282.7 x= VIRDT = 656 Answer: (C}and C represents the total area ofthe cylinder, then (as @sic (ys sic (@szic uy Abboxis formed by cutting squares of side x rom all four comers of the rectangular cardboard and folding along the dotted iine, as shown above. Find the volume of the box. (A) (05 ~22)(10= 2x) @) U5 ~x)(0 = 2x (© (5 ~x)G0 = 2x)2x (0) G5~2(00-2)x (E) (15)(10)2x, 16. Find the volume of the prism above? (A) 350 cubed centimeters (B) 450 cubed centimeters (©) 600 cubed centimeters. (D) 750 cubed centimeters (E) 900 cubed centimeters 16. Each side of the base of a square pyramid is Sa anrt C= dar 4 Der(2r) = Boe + der C= brs Anster:(A} Volume = Base Area x Height = 45-20 ~ 20169) Answer: 8) Volun ofPrism = Base Area Fight V=}(6x 10) x15 = 450 Anse (8)v7, 18. 19, reduced by 10%, What percent must the height be increased so that the volume of the new pycamid is the same as the volume of the original pyramid? (A) 20 @) 2B OB (0) 30 ©) 8 A right circular cone whese base radius is 4 is inscribed in a sphere of radius 5. What isthe ratio of the volume of the cone to the volume of the sphere? (A) 1:2 (8) 0.256:1 © 1:0.256 (D) 3903: 1 @) 1:3 ‘What is the volume of the solid created by rotating, the rectangle shown in the figure above around the xeaxis? (A) 151 (B) 192 © 126 () 120 &) 113 ‘he stance pyri ExBesextagit 9) = $00) 1231, hy ‘So the height neds to be ncresed 23%, Volume ofthe Spe 166.78 Volume of te Cone = 2x(423(8) = BO an sae Kat Ta Answer: ‘The rectangle ABCD rotates arcu the svaxis to become a eginder The volume ofa cylinder is nr? far? = 4n(34) = 36n= 113‘The figure above shows a hemisphere with a radius of 3. What is the surface area of that Figure? (A) 180 (B) 240 (27 (D) 300 sen Ne The figure above isa graph of which of the following? (Aye sy? =9 @)xt-yt= (Ox = 3 and [yi Dix + yi =3 ® r+ 1 21, The graph of y = x ~ [xl isequtivalent to the graph of (Aly =0 (B)y = 2x (Oy =2x ford sx 51 (D)y = 2x for $0. = 0 forx > 0 (B)y = 2x forx 2 0,y=0forx <0 2. ‘The graph of Ix 2] +2 consists of (A)the siles of square. (B) one straight line. (Ca pair of straight rays. (D)a semicircle. (6) to perpendicular lines, Answer: (CP Surface Area ofa Hehe Hear) 90% = 2n(9) +9 = 27 Aner: 2) A)Adirie (4) 4 hypertate {© Venton tines and torizoatal ines (D) Two tines (6) Four lines He graph a sn Answer: (O} len x 5 Othe bel = x, y= De When x > 0, thea Isl =x, = 0, Answers (©) Wen x & 2 then 9 =| — 214 242 > y= x, astmight line When x < 2,thon y= |a~ 2] 62 =2 242 9 y = $—x,anotherstnight Tine So the graph ofy = fx~ 2] + 2s Forming 2 "°V" with pair ofsoaight mys2. 4, ‘The diameter and the height of aright circalar cylinder ate equal. Ifthe volume of the cylinder is, 50, what is the approximate height of the cylinder? (a7 (B)20 (93.6 (p40 (©)58 ‘The region bounded by the x-axis, the y-axis, x = 1, and y = 4 is revolved about the x-axis. What is the volume ofthe solid generated? (A).6r (B) Be (Oar (yer @jr A sphere is cut through its center vertically and half the sphere is discarded. The remaining hemisphere is then cut horizontally through its original center and the bottom half is discarded, The remaining piece is then placed on a table and is cut vertically through the original center so that one of the pieces has a comer whose angle measures 45°, What is the ratio of the volume of the piece with the 45° angle to the volume of the original sphere? as Os oO; me ®s sso bln Asser: (D) ‘The volo of the eyinder: nx?h, hore h= 2 nh = m8 (@r) = Ber? = 50 Ps Ba7958 + r= 1996 Answer: (A) Ica right circa cylinder thy = ¢ and h= 1 Volume = ar®h = w(4)%(2) = 16 Anson: (A) ‘The rato f the volume ofthe power 445° fo the eriginal sere com be fond by GS)‘The lateral surface area of the the figure above is 40m. If the height of the cylinder is 10, what is the volume of the cylinder? (A) 20 (8) 40m (©) 458 (0) 59% (8) 60x Note: Figure not drawn to scale ircular cylinder in fn the figure shown above, the volume of the right citcular cone is 167 and the radius of the base is 4 What is the lateral surface area of the cone? (A) 20% (@) 19% © 150 (D) 12% (6) 10% A sphere with diameter 20 cm intersects a plane 6 cm from the center of t the circle formed? (A) 36m (B) 48 (©) 64% (D) 81 (E) 1007 sph re, WI area of Anse: (8) ‘Theater ave: ark 2erh = 2er(40) = 40% Volume ser*h = m(22)(00) = 400 Aner (8) “Teta suc rote coe rt “Teele ofthe cones bath = 16 ‘ax [avEFR. 5 Lateral Avea = rl =x 4x5-= 208 Answers Rass ofthe Sphere» 10 con {at the rains ofthe formed circle be x thee x VIPS E = ‘Arex of the Ciel Formed = 132 = 64a29. 31, sh ds A sector of a circle, AOB, with a central angle of 288° ancl a radius of 5 is bent to form a cone with vertex at O, as shown above. What is the volume of the cone that is formed? (a) tam (B) asi (© 168 (©) 162 ©) 207 If the region bounded by the lines¥—2 = 1 and y = Dis rotated about the yoxis, what is the volume of the figure formed? (A) 26 (B) 134 (©) 162 (©) 181 (®) 202 In the figure above, the bases, AABC and ADEF, of the right prism are equilateral triangles with side length x, The altitude of the prism BE ish. If plane cuts the figare through points A, C, and E, two solids, EABC and EACFD, are formed. What is the ratio of the volume of EABC to the volume of EACED? wae (On Ansar: (Cb Voluane ofa Cone = tr, ‘Arc lengtvof the sector is equal to the circumference of the base circle ofits cone are engeh = 20 x5 2B = Barone AnWFaFa3 Value fhe Cone = $n(42)3) = 16 Answer: (A) “The figure ford «cone as sno soc. Vote of the Cone = 277 (PYQ) = tn = 126 Aner: (D) Let thearenof ABC be . Volume ofa Prism Volume ofthe Pyramid EAB Volume ratio of EABC to EACFD: 232, OF Oe oe A sphere is circumscribed about a cube, Whats the ratio of the volume of the sphere to the volu;ne of the cube? wie @) 2:1 (© 27221 (1272 ®11 If the greatest possible distance between two points within a certain rectangular solid is 13, then which of the following could be the dimensions of this solid? (A) 3x3 x8 (B) 3x45 (©) 3x6x7 (D) 3x8x8 (B) 3x4x12 Ifa triangle is formed by the x-axis, the y-ax's, and the line y = ~m?x + 2m?, what is the volume of the cone formed by rotating this triangle around the y- axis? (a) fr Sn Or (0) 2x {E) It cannot be determined. Answer: (CP Dianelr= Ding he Cate Tete see et en tage be ten wetava tae te a V8e The Volume Rati Answer: 8) Lf (Ck acl ansorr oie using He Jonata d= ETO Ee aaVORT TIE = 13 So the dimensions ofthis solid are3 x aa Answer (A) Rotation abou the y-axis forms cone uit adi of s-indercep an eg of y intercept satrcapt == y winter = 2? = he Volume ofthe Cone = 3 x (2m?)35. Cl (A) 9m (CQ 180 (D) 270 {E) 36n 36. The geaph of [x] + ly] = 6 consists of (B) a pair of straight lines, (Othe sides ofa square. 37, A plane cuts through a rectangular prism to form twvo fragments as shown above, what isthe surface area of the smaller fragment of the rectangular prism? (ay209 (24 (©)256 (D)28 (37 Aasier: (©) “Te ation fhe ge ors omg aif 3 ome of Hemisphere = 2 (Vets of Sphere) = afar? 2300) = 100 Anew: (C) When x 2 O and y 2 0, ther at + yl = xty=6 When x = O and y < 0, her ol [yl = x-y=6, Whore s arty 26. When'x Dandy = 0, then el + lyf = w-y =6, So the graph of al + Iyl = 6 is forming a square as shown ober ind y 2 0 Arsen) ‘As shown in the figure ebove, te cutting ace a scl rangle with es legs ofS ae onto of AVE. Use te ioscles Iriangle proporty to determine its lttude and fin the aren of te triangle: FAT), “Te smaller fragment has four sides, including ove cutting fee, tuo right ‘angles wath oo fogs of 3 and wd ‘one isosceles igh trong th legs29, In the figure above, the graph of plane 2 + 4y + 32 = 24-in three dimensions forms a pyramid with base is AOC, Whatis the volume of the cone? (A) 96 (6) 84 On (0) 48 ® 2 ‘A.cone with its vertex downward has a height of 10 inches ancl radius 5 inches on its base. It is then filled with water. What is the height of the water when the cone is half filled? (A) 5 (B) SYT Os (D) 10¥4 (&) 106 of Teor he sfc arco the nln rent of hr rectangur pion LOYD Axo +04) + taxa) Aner: (A) Find, y, and 2 interes. intercept 2 the Vine fhe Pyrat }Gase Areo}(Heigeh) =}GG2 1) = 96 Answer: (8) ohn ofthe Cone = Eh = Enh? eh ti find high onto 2 2 = 1000 hea Pa tm BYE41 ‘A cylinder whose base radius is 3 is inscribed in a sphere of radius 5. What isthe ratio of the volume of the sphere to the volume ofthe cylinder? (a) 20 @) 23 (©) 80 (D) 35 © 40 A right circular cone has height it and radius r. If the cone is cut into two pieces by a plane that passes through the midpoint of the height and is parallel to the base, then the volume of the larger of the two resulting solids is (A) mh = o= (p) =e oe Ansoer: (@) wee = Volume afte Spere= Sr = $n(5") Volume of the Cylinder = m2 = m4) x8 Ratio = 22 Answer: (E) Volume ofthe Orga Cine =r? Volume ofthe Upper ConVi, TRIGONOMETRIC Gromerry Law of Cosines and Law of Sines ‘To solve for parts of an oblique triangle when certain other parts are known, us the law of cosines and the law of sines formulas that relates to the sides with the angles of a triangle. Law of Cosines The law of cosines is used to find the remaining parts ofa triangle when both the lengths of two sides andjthe measure of the included angle are known or the lengths of the three sides are known, a = b? +0? ~ 2be costa) c* +a? — 2cacos(B) a? +b? = 2ab cos(C) Law of Sines The law of sines is usee when both lwvo sides and one angie in a triangle are known or two angles and one side are known, inca) since) Note: When solving angles by using the law of sines, you have to recheck whether both ofthe answers are reasonable, that is, check ifthe sum of interior angles is less than 180°. sen Area of a Triangle 2a xb x-sin(C) = 1b xe x sin(A) = ex a x sin(B) Heron’s Area Formula Area of a Triangle = (= OE> DEO) , where s = 2H Example: Find that is shown below. w two solutions of the unknown angles and sides of the triangleSolution: Use the law of sines. sina) _ since) sin(B) = 0.803 ‘mB = $3.4” oF 126.6° (The measures ofthe two angles are reasonable because the angles, 42° plus the other two interior angles, measure less than 180°) mal = 84.69 or 11.4" Example: Solve the following triangle for x. Solution: Use the law of cosines. x? = 122 + 1082 12 x 10 x cos(130%) x= 19.96 Example: Solve the following triangle for the length of BE. Solution: Use the lao of sines. sin(100-c0-50}° _ insu) TE 2 DE = 25.76 Example: An observer on the ground measures an angle of inclination of 30° to an approaching airplane, and 10 seconds later the angle of inclination becomes55°, If the airplane is flying at a constant speed and ata steady altitucle cof 6,000 feet in a straight line directly over the observer, find the speed of the airplane, in miles per hour. (Note: 1 mile = 5,280 feet) see Solution: The clistance between airplane to observer after 10 see pas: 7,325 feet Fines Use the law of sines. FRao5 * Tae xm 6491 feet “The speed ofthe airplane: 6191 x 222 22 miles/hour (1 mile 5,280 feet) Problem Solving Skills Easy Note: Figure not drawn to scale Im the figure above, find the length of c Answer (8) (2 Use he tw of cosine: (8) 25 c= ab +B 2abcos(e) 3 SA 2HS x4 x cost) (D) 35 636 4 c= WI =25Asiver:(C) se the ew of ene HE? = 108 +B —2(10)(8) cos(30") 234 i Hw5o4 What is the measure to the nearest degree of angle fy gy 5.042 -2(6)(504)eas(©) ‘C shown in the figure above? 102 - (+508) (A) 110° STO ©) 108" meen © 976 (D) 93° ©) 975° A triangle has sides of length 2, 3, and 4. What is the | Amswer:() approximate measure of the largest angle? (ayaa" (B) 96° (C104 (ye (&) 120° ‘The largest angle isthe one against the longest side, Use the tw of cosines. Let the largest angle te X, a BEF 229) cost) cos(X) x= 100° Aossver: (A) = 9= 9082 BO TEP = 3411 Note: Figure not drawn to scale Inthe figure above, the radius of the circleis 7 units. If the area of the shaded sector is 11 square units, what is the length of ACB? (ayn (B) 38.43 (Ca1.22 (D)43.98 (24551 Anson: (A) se the aw of ses Ae \e In the triangle above, if m2 = 30°, = 5,and b =10, then AABC is a(n) ston) _ sn) (A) right triangle (B) acute triangle. (©) obtuse triangle. (D) equilateral triangie, (B) isosceles triangle. sin(B) eB = 90° 6 Inaright triangle ABC, AB= 10, BC=8, AC Answer: () What isthe value of sin(A)? ne we sin(A) Bad Be ©@t (D2 @)$ 2 s Aver (A) zg Us fies In the figure above, 24 sinta0e) oe bial oe sin(B) x sin(100°) = 0.6565 (a) 39 =. Oe smal = 100 ~100~ 41 = 39° (0) 48° ©) 50° 8 In XYZ, YZ = 3%; 4,and 22 = 60°, What is the Auswr (8) length of X¥2 (a) 39 L (8) 36 Lok (© 34 WW? — Ya? + NZ? ~ 2(V2)(K2): (0) 27 PA 2094) xe0s(60") ® 21 WY = VIS =361 9. ImAABC, 28 = 45*,20 = 30¢,and AB= 10, Whatis Auswr (8) the length of BC? (A) 156 ® 193 maa = 180 45 ~30 = 105° (O21 2) (D) 24 w= 193 ® 110. 1, 12 13. ‘The length of the radius of a circle is one-half the arc length of a sector of the circle, What is the measure of the central angle of the sector? (A) 90° (B) 110° (ous: (D) 120° (B) 150° “The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 50 inches and 60 inches. The angle opposite the 60-inch side is 60", What is the measure of the largest angle of the triangle? (A) 55° (@) 68 © (0) 102" © 134° How many radians does the hour hand of a clock move in 45 minutes? (A) 039 (B) 047 © 12 (D) 147 (&) 205 _ aN A wheel chair ramp must rise at an angle between 5° and 7° from the horizontal. fa wheelchair ramp rises exactly 2 feet, as shown in the figure cbove, which of the following could be the length of the ramp, in feet? (a) 19 @2B Answer: (©) Are Length= 79 O)=r = 0=2 (radians) a2 100" = 115* essibie) mcd = 190 ~ 60 — 46 = 74° he Tavgest ange) Asner (A) “The hour hand moves one ciclen 12 hours Lat the none of raion the ur had moves 5 mimeo be + ¥=039radions Answer: (A} ba tthe lng ofthe romp be sin) aoe72 <* 01219 6412229Os (D) 29 (&) 32 14, A right triangle has sides in the ratio of 8:12:13, What is the measure angle in the teiangle, in degrees? (A) 14.78 (8) 18.45 © 262 (0) 3271 ©) 57.68 the smatle In the triangle above, what is the value of @ in degrees? (A) 56.22 (B) 58,04 (Q e212 (D) 6687 () 70.59 Medium 16 ar) ‘The diagram above represents thive ships at sea, A, B, andl C, Ship A is 20 miles from ship Bané ship B is 20 miles from ship C and the measure of the angle from B to A to C is 30°. What is the measure of the angle C, to the nearest degeoe? iss? Asien: (C) ‘The smut gl a te tingle ste one against these of Use te aw of cosines. Sm 12 419 2x 42% 19x cast) cos(0) = 0923» 6 2262 Anse: (2) ise te ta of cosines, (JT = wt st ~ 2x 12x5% cos(8) cas(@) = 0.333 9=7053 a aver (A) Use the aw sie17. 18. 19. (213° (251° (D)27.2" (B)315° ‘Two ships are due east of a lighthouse. The angles of elevation of the top ofthe lighthouse and the two ships are a and b, with a > b. If the distance from the lighthouse to the neater ship is D, what is the distance between the two ships? (Ngaeeea) E ®), ext sta) ©: sintreosca) (D)Dcot(a)sin(b) () Dsec(a)cos(b} Find the approximate measure of the angle between {evo forces of 8 pounds and 10 pounds if the magnitude of their resultant is 18 pounds. (A) 55° 63° © 6 (©) as ® 12 hs Inthe figure above, AD = CD and AB=5. What is the value of tan(C)? (A) 0414 (8) 0397 (© 0.375 (D) 0.289 (©) 0277 sin") = 19.5" c=195° Anseer: (A) p iN 7G sete aw fe Fates * Fath Pe= ip = BE Fe * Sa =D xsin(a—b) So e0) Aasver: (©) Use the laure cosines, ZABC and 0 ae supplementary angles. 0? + 8 — 2(8)(10) cos(@) Answer: (A)20. In ABC, sin(A) = 4, sin(B) = 3 and AB = VB Anse (4) inches. What is the length of BC, in inches? J (a) 09 v 12 + mea = 1 or 1s = me = 37 or 4 18019 37 = 424" or (©) 23 180-19 M3 = 30° Use ti of ines MD = 2 sue Be =09 OF ane 2 Btw on 21. A central angle of two concentric circles is 1 rackian, Arse (8) ‘The area of the large sector is three times of the area ofthe small sector. What is the ratio of the lengths of the radii ofthe tw0 circles? (A) 025:1 (B) 058-1 (©) 06:1 (©) 075:1 (&) 09521 22. Points A and B lie on the edge ofa circle with center If the circle has a tadius oF 4, and if the measure of ZAOBis 80°, what is the length of chord AB? at he ret ofthe small an the forge circles her, andr, especialy. (a) 379 wa (© 482 @> (54 2 Anse ©) L> Use thoes ort fi. Loe SN anise) Inthe figure above, what is the approximate longth 75 = 7.6 ofsegment 7B? se. sn (a) 284 a © 382 (47 (D) 674(B) 7.66 24 In the figure above, a triangle s inscribed in a semicircle. If BC = 10, what isthe area of ABC in terms of 6? (A) soran(@) 0 ean (©) 50sin@ 0 ©) nw ©) 50sin(@)cos(e) 25. If two forces of 10 pounds and 20 pounds act on a body with an angle of 60° between them, what is the magnitude ofthe resaltant? (a) 10 @ (© 25 (©) (© 265 ° Ge) The figure above shows a triangle in a circle with center O. Ifthe radius of the circle is 3, what is the area of the triangle in terms of 8? (A) 3sin(@) (B) 3sin(26) © 45sin20) (D) 45cos(20) Arse 8) smeaac = 90° tan) = = Arevof aaee = (BC 7B) tox c= Aner: (E) ‘As shou he igure above, ts ‘consecutive angles are supplementary it 4 poallogran. Use the aw of cosines. RE 102 4202-2 x 10 20 cos(120") R= 265 Aner: (C} Aronof BA0C sin(180 ~ 28} 9X sin(28) = 455sin(20)20. 29, 30. (©) 45cos(@) Note: Figure not drawn to scale Inthe figure above, AD = 10 and BD perpendicular to AC. What is the length of TB? (A) 14.5, (B) 19 © 69 (D) 57 © 35 If 2A is formed by the line 3y = 6x ~ 2 and the x- axis, then the approximate m4 = (a) 63° (8) 67° © (0) 76 (&) 83° If the longer diagonal of a shombus is 8 and the large angle of the rhombus is 120°, whatis the area of the rhombus? (A) 152 8) 166 (© 185 (0) 8 (E) 84 A regular octagon is inscribe in a circle witha radius 1. What isthe se length of the octagon? (aye @e (Ova Oy2-% Anse) Bo sun(30°) + HD = 10tan(30% Bango I. 20). 5 Answer (A) yam-t Siopef he Line= tanta mea 6 Ansar: (0) ‘Anse: (0) Use te aw of snes, Bagge = mec 2 aa? +p? 2abcostc)32 33. (B) None of the above In the figure above, ABCD is a rectangle and tan(£CBE) = 2 and tan( y= 146 do 90 tae 18445"(8) 50° © 48° (0) 38° (© 30° 34, If two sides of a parallelogram are 0 and 8 and one diagonal is 12, what isthe length of the other diagonal? (alo (B)8 (vse Onis (E65 DOS Kel yrelts=yh Aner) seteey Px fORY on NE Ue te of ess Ine gontoxOx coe cone) =~ a6 48 2x6 xaxcmt80-) e0s(180" ~ 8) = ~c0s(0) 3 Pasha 2x6xBe fost t60"=0) 00 963 x=VIL POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS ‘The polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system where each. point (7,8) is represented by the radical distance r from the origin and its polar angle 8 ‘To convert from Polar Coordinates (r, @) fo Cartesian Coordinates (x,): x= reos(@) y= rsin(@) To convert from Cartesian Coordinates (x,y) to Polar Coordinates (6) @ = tan ® Note that calculator may give the negative angles of tan when Zi negative ‘The value of tan“1@) can be adjusted as follows * Quadrant I: Use the calculator value * Quadrant II: Add 180° * Quadrant IH: Add 180° © Quadrant IV: Add 360° A complex number 2 = x +)! can be represented by its polar form: Zaxtiy=r(cos(d) + isin(@)) x= reos(0) Example: Convert the complex number Solution: r = VEER = 5 @ = tan1@) = 0.644 (in radians) z= 1(cos(G) +i sin(@)) = 5(cos(0.644) + i sin( 0.644) Example: Convert the complex number 2 = 4(cos(®) + isin) into its rectangular 4 31 into its polar form. form. Solution: x = 4.c0s@) = 25 y=4sin@) =2“The rectangular form x + yl = 23 4 21 Euler's Formula Using Euler's formula can rewrite the polar form of a complex number into its exponential form as follows, 2 = r(cos(8) + isin(6)) = re? Polar Form in Multiplication and Division Let 2x = r(c0s(0,) +i sin(®y)) an za = r4(cosC®,) + ésin(@,)), then, 242 = M9 (COSCO, + 8) + isin (0, + 84) FE (cost, ~ 02) +1 sin (0, ~ 02) De Moivre’s Theorern 28 = (el) = eb? = 1 (cos(nd) + isin(nd)) Example: Find the value of (+ 02", Solution: (1+) = VERT (ce pg) = VE +1) = viccos (2) + isin) = (W3leos (8) +t sin (Sp) = 227 (eos 222 i sin 5) #00 eos) + isin) = -2" 1 2) Sotution: (—2 cos(120°) + i sin(120*) rads yea (-54 9)" = Ceosca209 + esincaz04y9 4 sin(1200°)) = cos(1200°) + {sin(1200°) = cos(120") +f sin(120% = (— ene Exanple: Find ( 9(cos(1200°) + Example: Find“ Solution: (~4+ 32) = cos(120°) + isin(1209(c05(120°) + sin(120°))* 4 +e c0s(30°) + ésin(30" Roots of Complex Numbers Let 2" = r(cos@ + sin8) be a nonzero complex number and n be any positive integer. Then z has exactly » distinct nth roots given by: wi cage (Ot 2H 0+ 2m 2a = VF (608 (A) — sin where k=0,1,2,-.,0—1 Example: Solve the equation 2° = 32. Solution: 32 = 25(cos(0) +i sin(0)) 2° = 25(cos(0) + ésin(0)) 24 = 2(cos (22) + isin (M24), here k= 0,1,2,3.4 Ifk = 0,2 = 2(¢03(0) + isin(O)) = 2. (14 wot) fk 2¢0s() + isin) (2100!) Ifk = 2,2 = 2c0s(Z) + isin@)) 3 r00t) Ifk = 3,z = 2(c0s(%) + (sin) (4% root) Ife =4,2 = 2c0s(%) + (sin) wet) V2 Problem Solving Skills Fasy 1. Convert v2(cos(45*) + 1 sin(45*)) into the form a+ be Answer: (8) V8(cos(45") + i sin(459) ite (a= tc si =Va(aed (1-3 a Ons va (DvE+ Ve 2. Convert 2(cos(30°) +f sin(30°)) into the format — Answer (B) bi na-i ¥Alcos(30*) + sin309) Owrt =2(B4h) =e (1 -V3i (Dis V3i v3 + V3IF the polar coordinates of point A are (10,2) which “#57: (4) of the following are the rectangular coordinates of point A? (asv3.5) (6) (5v3,~5) ((-5V3,5) (D)(5,5V3) (} (-5,5v3) x= reos(o) = 10> eos) = y =r sin(@) = 10 x sing (ea) = Gv) What is the polar form of the rectangular equation A¥swer-(2) aie ele pe Since? +y? = 7 anrsin(0) = y set yt dy =F Brsin(O) = 0 P= ~2rsin(@) ~2sin(®) A point has rectangular coordinates (1,1) and polar “ster: (0) coordinates (r,). Whatis the value of 8? . (ayaor ant (8) = cant = 45° (B)4s° ()60° (78° (B) 90° In the diagram above, ifthe point A represents a Answers (©) complex number, 4+ bi, which of the other points could represent the conjugate of A? (AA (B)B oc (D)D @)E Conjugate of A = a ~ B paintMedium 7 10. ‘The point whose polar coordinates are (2,~60°) is, the same as the point whose polar coordinates are (A) (2,60 {B) (2,120°) (B) (2,210°) Which of the following is a cube root of i? (Ae (B) e0s(30") + sin(30°) (Cheos(90°) +i sin(90°) (D)cos(126°) + 1 sin(120° ) c0s(60") + £sin(60") eon asin) east aca) Agtzt (@)-s2 + V2 (Q2~v2i OZ-FE (v2+V2i 2 ‘The polar equation r(sin(@) + cos(@)) = 1 defines the graph of a(an) (Alline. (B) parabola, (Qhyperbola, (D)circle (Bpellipse. Hard cu Find the cube root of 8(cos(60°) + £ sin(6C°)) that lies in the third quadrant, (A)x = (cos(140°) + i sin(140°) (B)x = 2(cos(140") + i sin(140")) (hx = (cos(260") + 1 sin(2607)) (D)x = ~2(cas(260%) + (sin(260%)) (B)x = 2(cos(260") + £ sin(260")) Anse: (C) Answers @) (90°) + sin") 20) 4 in AH nolo: £ sin(1809) n= 2 ~+ 2m cos(270") +0 sin(70") Answer: (2) eos (2 = 2eos( 24) = 2cos($) +zisin(2) =VE4 VEE Ansar: (A) P{sin(@) + c08(0)) yer=1 yotne ‘The grap itn Aas: (6) 2 x leo + sty con (SCE) can (AEE) 2(0s(208) + sin(20)) 2(cos(140) + 4 sin(240°)12, Allof the following solve the equation 2° = 321 EXCEPT (A) z= 2(cos(4) +isin(S)) (8) x= 2¢c0s(8) +15in(8)) (© 2=2{cos() +isin(*)) (Wye = 2(cos(!8) +esin(%)) @) z= 2(cos (2) +isin (2) n= 2-4 = 2(608(260") + 1 sin(260")) len n = 2 the roti in guadra Hoes, x = 2(c0s(260°) 1 sin(260")) Aser:(C)