Vv. PoynomiaLs Polynomial Factoring, Factoring out Common Factors A common factor isa non-negative nurnber other than 1 (or an expression) that can divide every term, For instance, the common factors of 225, 4x", 6x2, 2 are 2.x, and 2x, Factoring by Grouping When you have a polynomial that consists of four terms without common factors, one strategy of factoring is to factor "in pairs", To factor "in pairs," split the expression into two pairs of terms, and then factor the pairs separately. Example: Factor 2° ~ Tx? ~ 24-414 Solution: First, group in pairs. s3 Tat — 2x + Lhe (a — 728) ~ (2-18) ‘Then, factor out the common factor From each pair. x? — 7x4 — Ix + Wh x4(x — 7) — 2(x—7) = (x — 7)(x* ~ 2) Factoring by the Difference of Two Squares An expression which has one square subtracted by another square can be factored into the sum of the two variables multiplied by the difference of the two variables, tyne -y) Example: Factor x* Solutions x? Lax? 1 ats (e+ D-DD Example: Factor x* — 16. Solution: x4 — 16 « (x2)? ~ 4? ma (x? + 4) =A) © (A? + YOKE DOE=2) Factoring Trinomials To factor x? + bx + ewhere band c are integers: First by using FOIL we know that (x + m)(x-+m) Therefore, by using backwar ancl must be found to satisfy the equations m + n= b and mn = x (mt nxt mn. logic, in order to factorize x? + bx +c, numbers m To factor ax? + bx +c where a, b and care integers and a ¥ 1: 2) Set ax? + bx + equal to aCs +8} +85 where d and de are two numbers whose product is a x ¢ and whose sum is bb) Factor a into two numbers, a; and ap, so that a, x and a, x ® are two integers. Example: Factor 4x? — 4x — 3. Solution: First, find two numbers whose product is -12 and sum is -4. The two numbers are ~6 and 2. tat = t= 3-= 4042) (x8) Simplify into 44+ N00 a(x+2)(x— 3) = (2x42x3) (2-23) = @r4 N@x-3) Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials A trinomial is an expression with three unlike terms such as x? + 2x +3. A perfect square trinomial isa result of multiplying a binomial by itself. Perfect square formulas are some of the most important formulas in algebra and are worth remembering: xt dry ty? x 2day+y? Factoring the Sum and Difference of Cubes, ‘The sum or difference of two cubes can be factored into the product of a binomial snuttiplied by a trinomial, The formulas to memorize are: ety? = (e+ yOP~ ay ty?) xy = (x y(t tay ty) Factor Theorem If — 1 is a factor of P(x), then P(r) is equal to zero, Also, risa zero of PCa), Remainder Theorem 1f polynomial P(x) is divided by x ~ 1, its remainder is P(r), When polynomial P(x) divided byD (2), it can be expressed as: P(x) = QC) D(H) + REY where Q(2) is a quotient and R(x) is aremainder with the order of polynomial less than the order of D(x) Example: If P(x) = x! + 3x5 ~ 2x + 4s divided by (x ~ 1)(x + 1), whats the remainder? Solution: P(x) = (x + 1)(x = 1)Q(x) + ax +b (The remainder is 1 order)So the remainder of 22 isx 5. Example: If P(e) = 2? + kor + 1 has the factor of x + 1, what is the value of k? Solution: Since P(x) has the factor of x + 1, P(=1) = 0 CUT +k) 41=0 k Example: I P(x) = 239° 412s divided by x + 1, what is the remainder? Solution: The remainder of 22? is P(-1) = (~1)™® +2 = 3 Rational Zero Test TE PCY) = aye + ay 4X1 sag as all integer coefficients, the possible rational [actors i roots of P(x) are seers, Example: Find the possible rational roots of P(x Solution: Possible rational roots are: Sere of? Sum and Product of Roots of the Polynomial Ifa real polynomial P(x) = dx + y-.2"" + =ag has m roots, then PCR) = yx" $ dy pX"* oy = Gy (X ~My) (XT) ~ 1) By comparing two sides: Sum of all 10018; fn Finan Tica Met T= ane Product of all roots: Fy X yay % Fyn wT KH = (HIE Example: What is the sum and product of all roots of the polynomial P(x) = 2° + Ix? + 5x9 — 3x41 Solution: Sum of all roots: Product of all roots: (~1)"4Examples If F(x) 4a Solution: Sum of two roots: ry +12 = 3 Product of two roots: 7172 — 3 ~ 2 has two roots r, and rp, then what is the value of + Descartes! Rule of Signs - The number of positive roots of the polynomial is either equal to the number of sign changes between consecutive nonzero coefficients, or less than it by an even number, - The number of negative roots is the number of sign changes after multiplying, the coefficients of odd-power terms by —1, or less than it by an event number. Example: State the possible number of positive and negetive zeros of the polynomial: Pe) = 2x8 + 3x4 4+ S29 +x? — 12x - 70 Soltton: P(x) = 2x3 + 3x°+ 5x9 + x? = 12x — 70 ‘Number of sign changed: 1 Number of positive roots: 1 P(-x) = 2x5 43x ~ Sx? 4x2 + 12x—70 Number of sign changed: 4 Number of negative roots: 4, 2, or 0 Possible combination of roots as shown below: Positive Root | Negative Root [imaginary Raat i z 1 2 i a Problem Solving Skills Easy 1. Whatis the remainder when 2x — 3¢? + 4x? ~ Sx+ 6 isdivided by x- 3? (ayto8 (B) 9% (sr (075 ©) eWhat isthe remainder whon 72 4 dx? — 8x? — 3x 42 isclividedl by x + 12 (a2 1 ©o D) 2 © 2 ‘The graph of the equation y = x3 ~ 2x43 (A) does not intersect the s-axis, (B) intersects the x-axis at one and only one point. (© intersects the x-axis at exactly three points (©) intersects the a-axis at more than three points (E) intersects the axis at exactly two points Which of the following is the sum of the roots of 6x? + 4x* — 3x = 07 a) BS ©-3 we (2 Ufa) =x" = 2x9 4 6x8 + de = 11, P(x) = x54 18x ~ 30 has a zero in the interval (A) 0,05) (8) 5,1) (©) (1,15) (D) (1.5, 2) (B) (2,25)7. Ifx? — bx + 2b is divisible by x ~ b, what would be the values) of b? (a) #2 (®) #3 (©) Oonty (D) All real numbers (E) No value of b 8 When 3x? + 4x + 2N is divided by x +3, the remainder is 5. Which of the following is the vale of? (A)20 (8) 15 @Q7 ©) -5 ) -10 9, What is the reminder when 4x* — 3x3 — 5x? + 12x is divided by x +1? (ay-10 (B)-8 (Q-3 (Ds ®10 Medium 10, If two roots of the equation 2x? = mx? + nx — m= 0 are 3 and 5, what is the third root? -2 @)-+ or (wt 22 BB My, B. Abwwhat value of x, the function f(x) = x 4 4x +2 yhas a minimum value? (ayr75 (8225 (Co (D)-2 ®-4 If the roots of the equation x* ands, thent? +5? =? (ayamn (Bm? an? (Cmt=n? {O)m? = 2n (Em? + 20 mxtnsOarer lfx+ Lisa factor of 3x° + k2* ~ 4x° + 1, what is the value of &? (ays (B)6 (08 (D)3 ®t 131 +6 isa divisor of x? +52? ~ 44 +d witha remainder of 0, what is the value of d? (A) 16 @) 12 ©6 O) 4 © -8 Which ofthe following is NOT a possible raional zero of P(x) = 3x3 — x? tx—4 (Ay ®; os Oy-1 @-+16. Ww. 18. 19, Ifx—2 is a factor of x® — 3x4 + 2x4 ~ x 4d, whats the value of a? (a) -18 (B) -24 © -30 (D) 18 © 2 Ifthe polynomial f(x) = x5 + bx* tex? tax? + extk, F(-1) = Oand f(3) = 0, then /(x) is divisible by (A x-1 (B) x43 (©) x?+3 (D) x243r42 (B) x2-2x-3 If f(x) = 2x? + Sx 43 and f(a) = 3, whatis the value of a? (A) only (8) ~Sonly (©) Zonly {D) Dor ©) Oor-$ Ix? + 3x + 4m is divisible by x + m, what would be the value(s) of m? (A) =1only (8) Oonly (Q) Oor-1 (D) All real numbers (B) No value of m ‘Two roots of x? 4x? + Kx — 12 = O are equal numerically but opposite in sign. Find the value of x. (a)-12 (B12 O-82. (me () 3 A polynomial P(x) has a remainder of 2 when divided by (x ~ 1) and a remainder of ~2 when Givided by (x + 1). 1F PG) is divided by (« ~ 1) (+1), then the remainder is (ay2 (B) x42 (© 2x+4 (D) 2x (8) 2x1 Which of the following is an equation with roots 1 and14VB (A) 84322 be B) 2432? tae (3x8 bk (0) x8-3x7 +250 @ 43e-4= ‘The graphof 3y? x4 + 2x? —4= Ois syrametric with respect to which of the following? Lxaxis Th yraxis IL, Origin (A) Lonly (8) Wonly © Mlonly (0) Land Hlonly (6) LU and UL vicles x? — k?? + 3x —2, then ke =? (A) 173 (B) 150 © ue () 133 (B) 1.2025. If isa positive integer and f(x) = x3 + x4 — 2x? — x= k has at most n positive zeroes, what is the value of n? ayo (B) 1 (2 (D) 3 ®5 Hard 26. The graph of a polynomial function is shown below. Which of the following could be the ‘equation of the polynomial function? (A) P(x) = —x@+ D@- NE? -4) 8) P@) =x DE+D (© PO) = x= De + (x2 +5) (D) P(x) = -xe + 1)Gr— 1)(x? + 5x4 10) (©) P(e) =-@ =I + YA? +1) 27. Wi isa root of x44 2x3-3x? + 2v— 4 =0, the product of the real roots is (A) 4 (B) ~2 qo @) 2 «428. If risa positive integer, what is the nature ofthe roots ofthe equation 3x4 + 4x! +2 ~ke= 07 (A)Three positive reat roots and one negative real root (8) Three negative real roots ancl one positive real root (C)One negative real root and three complex roots (D)One positive real root, one negative real root and two complex roots (©) Two positive real roots, one negativereal root, anc one complex root 29, Ifthe equation x° ~ 9x7 + pre roots, then (Ajeach root =2 (B)each root = = Ohas3 equal (Qq=27 (Dp =8 @q=3VEIL RATIONAL FUNCTIONS, ASYMPTOTES, AND Lis ‘A rational funetion can be written in the form of f(a) = #2, where d(x) # 0as well as both n(x) and d(x) are polynomial functions. A vertical asymptote is v values when the denominator is equal to 0 without holes, ‘The line x = a isa vertical asymptote of the graph if dCa) Example: What is (aee) the vertical asymptote(s) of f(x tothen @) =3 x = Lis the vertical asymptote of /(x). Solttion: Ix Example: The graph of RC) = Solution: (e+ 1x ~ 2) =0 x=-Lor2 But when eg hes vertical asymptote(s) of what? R(x) = 2, therefore x 1 is a hole not an asymptote. x = 2is the asymptote of the graph of wen a} ac) © Plugin the value ofx with g then ifthe value of () +0, the limits equal to ne ae © I the value of d(c) = 0 but n(c) # 0, the limit does not exist. {ol — 2, which means both n(2) and d(x) have the same oH the value of 22 Both n(x) and d(x) should be divided by (x ~ e) first ‘The limit of a rational funetion fim S ‘common factor of x— © When m(x) has higher onder than a), lim M2 = vo, © When n() has lower order than a(x), tim 2 eading Cooffetent of nx) ‘© When n(x) has the same order as d(x), lim ME = feudins Goof ctent of ne) Example: m2 Solution: When x = tim® Essample: tinySolution: Example Solution: Ix = 0, then == the same common factor of x ORB VFTI) _ Bo: ORS) HORE MUTITD EONS 0 lass Example: Whats fim SEH = Solution: The denominator and numerator have the same degree of polynomial, so when x + 09, the value of SS approaches to the ratio oftheir leading coefficients. Therefore, tim Sate ve A horizontal asymptote is the horizontal line when the y value equals the limit as vote. y= lin Example If) = te, Solution: Horizontal asymptote of f(2): find its horizontal asymptote. denser So the horizontal asymptote of f(x) is? Slant asymptote: A perticular rational function, 32, where the degree of n(x) is cone more than the degree of d(x) so thatthe quotient isa linear function, a non- horizontal line in the plane, which is called a slant asymptote to the geaph of this particular rational function. Example: (() = 2%, find its slant asymptote Solution: Gx)Slant asymptote: y = lint(~3x ~3) + Problem Solving Skills Easy 1 In order for the inverse of f(x) = eas(3x) to be a function, the domain of f must be limited to (A) ~fsxs% @osxst ©sxsn (D) Fsxsn () Esxs@ value tn (ayo @1 coz (D)3 (E)o As (B)1 (C2 oy (e)10 Approximately, whats tg! (aye @)-1 (0 on ©)25. Evaluate tim E (A)Boes not exist @1 (O-1 yo @2 6 What is (are) the asymptote(s) of (x) = ==? (A) y=0 (B) y=Oand x=~2 ( y=-2andr= (D) x=-2 (B) Noasymptotes b, bis an integer, what is the value 34s for what value(s) of x does the graph of fx) have a vertical asymptote?(A) -10,andt (B) -tand Or (oo (+1 10. What is the equation of the horizontal asymptote of unc = ENG)» the function f(x) = GEOG" ite 2 1B. Find the vertical asymptote(s) of the graph of f@) = ay (A) x= Lonly (B) x= 2only (© x=-2only (D) x=1andx= (®) x=landxIf jk # 0, then’ ei sek ogy Ore oe ae © a What is ton 2 2 (ay 12 ©) 4 (©) -4 (D) -12 (B) The limit does not exist. ‘The expression is undefined for what as? values of x? (A) x=) @) x=) © x=f,2) D) x={-1-2) ® x= (0.17 What is the approximate s-intercept of (x) = 223? (as 0 O-a (0)-2 ®-3Medium 18. Fant fim, S82 (7 ws O-8 ©)~ (E) The limit does notexist 19. ‘The graph of /() following asymptotes (A)No horizontal or vertical asymptots (B) No horizontal and one vertical asymptote {C)No horizontal and two vertical asymptotes (D)One horizontal and one vertical asymptotes (B) One horizontal and two vertical asymptotes veer) (A) Genero Genin) ©) ceinee comes) © Genes) © GaGa) ) ©) rasnars (A) x= 4 (® x=-1 © x=0 (D) x=4 (B)_ None of the above22. Ifpand gare positive integers with pq = 4, then cannot be (ae ef Or 4 9 2. it f(x) = ea _ its graph will have (A) one horizontal and three vertical asymptotes. (B) one horizontal and two vertical asymptote: (©) one horizontal and one vertical asymptotes (D) no horizontal and one vertical asymptote. @) no horizontal and two vertical asymptotes Hara DA. fea) = xP 2x +1, find fim OLED, (A)x-2, @)2r-2 (x2 Ox @4 25. tim mayo B)2 o4 (10 ©) =?26 yyy (a) 05, ®t © 28 ©) 3 © 45 27. Asn co, find the limit of the product V3 x Y2 x VB x x V2. wt ® 2 oO ©) 8 os DOW Kelyrelts=yh