VIL Vecrors Vector Any quantity has both magnitude and direction such as forces and velocity. A vector is always denoted by a line segment with an arrow pointing to its direction, Vector AF has initial point of A and terminal point of B. Veetor can also be represented in component form in the coordinated system, The component form of the vector represented by the directed line segment from A (Ki 1) 0B (a $a) 18 < Xe~ Rye Ye > Exanaple ‘The component form of the vector AB is <5~1, 7-2>=< 45>, Magnitude of a vector All =< a,b > is givenas Va" ¥5? , and is denoted as }AB| Direction of a vector AB 2S a,b > is given as tan“). Example: The magnitude of the vector 4B in the above example is V4 75? = and its direction is tan"). If two vectors have the same magnitude and direction, then they are equivaient. Example: Vectors AB and CB as shown above are equivalent, Unit vector ii of vector AB has its magnitude of 1 and the same direction of AB.RL on 0 aL a . = jg 20> 2 S34 Example: The unit vector of AB = < 3,4 > is 3 = SR = Vector AB is equal to -BA. For a real number c, a constant, and a vector AB = < a,b >, the scalar product of ¢ and AB is cAB = ¢ < a,b >=. Vector cAB is a scalar multiple of the vector AB. Example: Let i = < -2,1 > and # =< 2,-3 >, Find—7i, 3¢, and -19, Solution: 7 = —7 < -21>=<14,-7 > 38 =3<2,-35=<6,-9> -18 =-1<2-3><-2,3> Addition and Subtraction of Two Vectors Let a and b be two vectors. To get the sum of the two vectors, place the tail of b onto the head of a and the distance between the tail of a and the head of b isa +b. , To subtract one vector from another, first reverse the direction of the vector to be subtracted. d —b = d + (-b) Add or subtract vectors using components: Leti# = and B= < vy,0, >SS ub Uy ty +, > Sy Uy v2 > -3>=<6-9> -Ti + 3% = <14,-7>+<6,-9>=<20,-16> ~Th-3ib= <14,-7 > + <6-9>=<8,2> ‘The dot product of two vectors is a real number, or scalar. This product is useful in finding, the angle 2etween two vectors. Let vectors Let = < uy,wy >and B= < 4,02 > Vs + UV iB = [i|Bjcos() whet @ is the angle between two vectors, Exnmple: Find the indicated dot product when ti = < 1,3 >, B= <— 2 >,and iF =< 0,1>. Example: For the previous example, find the angle between ti and # ? jon: ted 5 Ss Solution: c08(®) = tigi = Geese eIEER * T 6 = cos“1(4) 4 45" Problem Solving Skills Easy 1. a=<3,4>and b= <-1,7 > are vectors, what is the length of vector c ife = a~b? (A)l (B)3 (5 (D)-5 (E)-32. The length of the vector that could correctly be used to represent in the complex number 7 — V5i is (ay? (B) via (7 (D7 (E) VI 3. Ifvectors d= < 2,-3 >and b =< -4,5 >, then lé-B| =? (A) 10 (8) 10.15 (©) 1235 (p) 13 (B) 15 4. id= < 2,-1 >and b=< -1,2 >, then [4d - 35 (A) 7.84 (B) 9.36 («175 (D) 13:18 (®) 1487 5. Vectors @ and b have components < -2,3 > and < 1,-7 >, respectively. Ifé = —(4 + 5), then @ has components: (A) (1, ~4) (B} (4) (© (-L4) () a, -4) ® 34) Medium 6. The norm of vector #, 32-47, is. (A) 597 @) 5 ©3 (D) 2.45 ©) 1.337, Auunit vector parallel to vector ¥ = < 2,3, 6 >is vector (A) <=2,3,-6 > (8) <6-3,2> (C) <0.29,-0.43, 0.86 > {D) <0.29,0.43, 0.96 > (BE) < 0.36, -0.54, 1.08 > Hey) doidjso|