CAVITE MUTINY (1) -more spiteful

GOMBURZA: -blamed unruly Spanish Press for stockpiling

malicious propaganda.
MARIANO GOMES
-he reported to the king of Spain that the
JOSE BURGOZ Filipinos wanted to overthrew the Spanish to
install a new “hari” in the likes of Burgos and
JACINTO ZAMORA
Zamora.
THE TWO FACE OF THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY
-he said that the native clergy entice their
Written by: CHRIS ANTONETTE PIEDAD-PUGAY supporters by assuring that their fights will not
fail because God is with them and that they will
Date: September 5, 2012
receive rewards like employment, wealth and
1872 CAVITE MUTINY: SPANISH PERSPECTIVE ranks in the army

JOSE MONTERO y VIDAL- prolific Spanish -Indios are gullible and possessed an innate
historian documented the event and highlighted propensity for stealing.
it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the
FIRING OF ROCKETS FROM THE WALLS OF
Spanish Government in the Philippines
INTRAMUROS- pre-concerted signal among the
GOV. GEN RAFAEL IZQUIERDO- his report conspirators of Manila and Cavite
magnified the event and made use of it to
JANUARY 20, 1872- district of Sampaloc
implicate the native clergy, which was then
celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto
active in the call for secularization
FIREWORKS- mistook as the sign for attck
MONTERO AND IZQUERDO’S ACCOUNT
SERGEANT LAMADRID- headed the attack
-complimented and corroborated with each
targeting Spanish officers and was killed in the
other
skirmish
-scored out that the abolition of privileges
REINFORCEMENT FROM MANILA DID NOT
enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such
COME ASHORE- reason why Filipino failed since
as non-payment of tributes and exemption from
that was not the actual signal
force labor were the main reasons of revolution
GOMBURZA- were tried by court-martial and
-reasons: secular throne, dirty propagandas
were sentence to die by strangulation
proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic,
liberal and republican books and pamphlets JOAQUIN PARDO de TAVERA
reaching the Philippines, native clergy conspired
ANTONIO MA. REGIDOR
and supported the rebels and enemies of Spain
JOSE BASA
-event of 1872 was planned earlier and was
thought of it as a big conspiracy among PIO BASA
educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or
native lawyers, residents of Manila and Cavite, FEBRUARY 17, 1872- GOMBURZA were
and native clergy. executed

IZQUERDO’S ACCOUNT
A RESPONSE TO INJUSTICE: THE FILIPINO
VERSION OF THE INCIDENT

DR. TRINIDAD HERMINIGILDO PARDO de

TAVERA

- A Filipino scholar and researcher who wrote

the Filipino version of the bloody incident in
Madrid

- For him, the incident was a mere mutiny by

the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the
Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied
with the abolition of their privileges

-blamed Tevero’s policies about paying taxes

and force labors and prohibition of founding of
school of arts and trades for it was believed as
cover-up for the organization of a political club

- believed that the friars and Izquierdo used the

mutiny as a powerful lever to magnify it as a full
blown conspiracy to maintain their power since
Central Government of Madrid announced to
deprived them the powers to handle
government and schools

AFTER 2 DAYS- mutiny was officially declared

subdued

SEGISMUNDO MORET- authored the

educational decree

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE

1896- outbreak of Philippine Revolution

EDMOND PLAUCHUT- complimented Tavera’s

account by confirming the event
FIRST CRY(2)
CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN (August 23, 1896)- Pio
Valenzuela
CRY OF BAHAY-TORO (August 24, 1896)-
Santiago Alvarez (not an eyewitness)
CRY OF BALINTAWAK (August 26, 1896)-
Guillermo Masangkay, Don Vicente Samson
THE FIRST CRY(August 25, 1896)- Gregoria de
Jesus (not an eyewitness)
CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN
Author: Pio Valenzuela
Date: August 23, 1896
Place: Pugad Lawin, in the house, store-house
and yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora
Aquino
Attendees: 1000 members
Discussion: whether or not the revolution
against Spain should be started on Aug 29,
1896. After the meeting, they tore their cedulas
and shouted “Long live the Philippines! Long
live the Philippines!”
 Second and later version of the first
rally of the katipunan by Dr. Pio
Valenzuela
 First version he gave told of “Cry of
Balintawak” as the first staging point of
the revolution
 He said first that the first cry happened
at Balintawak on August 26, 1896 but in
his Memoirs of the Revolution he
claimed that it is at Pugad Lawin on
August 23, 1896.
 Teodoro Plata- only man who
protested and fought against war
CRY OF BAHAY-TORO
Author: Santiago Alvarez, prominent Katipunan
War-Lord, son of Mariano Alvarez
Date: August 24, 1896
Place: barn of Kabesang Melchora, at a place
called Sampalukan, barrio of Bahay-Toro
Attendees: 1000 members
Discussion: 12 o’ clock noon when the meeting
adjourned amidst loud cries of “Long Live the
Sons of the Country! (Mabuhay and Mga Anak
ng Bayan)”
 SANTIAGO ALVAREZ- prominent
Katipunan War-Lord, son of Mariano
Alvarez, relative of Gregoria de Jesus
 Not an eyewitness
 Not accepted as equal in weight to that
given by actual participants
 He is in Cavite that time
CRY OF BALINTAWAK
Author: Guillermo Magsangkay
Date: August 26, 1896
Place: Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio
Samson, the cabeza of that barrio of Caloocan
Attendees: not specified
Discussion: When the uprising was to take
place. Cedulas ,being a sign of slavery, were
torn apart
 PLATA, PANTAS, VALENZUELA-
opposed bc ppl would be in distress
since they are not yet prepeared
 Plata- it could not start without arms
and food for soldiers
 Valenzuela- used Rizal’s argument
about the rich not siding with Katipunan
Organization
CRY OF BALINTAWAK
Author: Don Vicente Samson
Date: August 26, 1896, afternoon
Place: Balintawak
Attendees: not specified
Discussion: Prevailing settlement that the
revolution would start right away. After
meeting, amidst shouts of “Mabuhay” tore their
cedulas into pieces and threw into a dry
carabao mud-hole nearby where they were
burned
 GREGORIA DE JESUS
-not an eyewitness since she was with
her parents
-wife supremo, Lambini of the
Katipunan
- custodian of the secret document, seal
and some weapons of the Katipunan
-fled to Manila when warned that
Spaniards will arrest her

 DON VICENTE SAMSON

-12 y/o at that time, father and older
brother were Katipuneros
-graying old man in his middle seventies
and one of the most respected and
popular figures in Balintawak
-owner and manager of Samson Gravel
and Sand Company, community leader
and man of means
 Katipuneros proceeded after to
Tandang Sora’s in Pasong Tamo where
the first fight with Spaniards happened
 SIMPLICIO ACABO- first to die in
revolution

THE FIRST CRY

Author: Gregoria de Jesus

Date: August 25, 1896

Place: near Caloocan

Attendees: more than 5000

Discussion: what course should be taken in the

face of the new nation and in view of the arrest
that were being made
AGRARIAN REFORM (3)
PHILIPPINES- remains an agricultural country
AGRICULTURE- is the main source of livelihood
of the Filipinos
LARGE LANDLORDS- controlled the agrarian
system of the Philippines for so many years
SMALL FARMERS- were struggling for their
rights to land and other natural resources
COLONIAL TIMES-American saw it as a main
issue for revolts in PH
REFORMS- needed as American saw the defects
in land ownership
LEGISLATION- one measure introduced by
American to remedy the defects
1930s- land reforms started
1988 COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM
LAW (RA 6657)- most recent land reform
AGRARIAN REFORM MEANING
-Rectification of the whole system of agriculture
-production and distribution of land among
farmers
- includes measure to modernize the
agricultural practices
-designed to eliminate obstacles to economic
and social development and arising out of
defects in the agrarian structure
-redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or
fruits produced, to farmers and regular farm
worker who are landless (RA6657)
AGRARIAN REFORM HISTORY
16TH TO 19TH CENTURY
PUEBLO AGRICULTURE- how dispersed
agriculture were organized
KING OF SPAIN- owned the land
LAW OF INDIES AWARDED TRACTS OF LAND TO:
-RELIGIOUS ORDERS
-ENCOMENDEROS
-REPARTAMIENTO
HACIENDA SYSTEM- developed on 19th century
as new form of ownership
1860s- required to register landholdings
AGUINALDO- declared to redistribute property
but did not happen
----------------------------------------------------------------
LANDOWNERSHIP UNDER AMERICANS
-no limit to owned landsize
-problems worsened
-more lands were place under tenancy that
leads peasants uprising
LANDLESSNESS- main cause of social unrest
SEC 15 PHIL. BILL OF 1902- allows acquisition of
16 hectares for individual and 1024 for
corporate
PHIL COMMISSION ACT NO 496- introduced
Torrens system to address absence of land titles
and accurate land survey
PUBLIC LAND ACT OF 1903- established
homestead program that allows tenant to enter
agri- business
SAKDAL UPRISING- demanded tax abolition,
equal ownership of land
----------------------------------------------------------------

AGRARIAN REFORM AFTER WWII
RA 34- signed by Pres Roxas, established 70, 30
sharing arrangement
LAND SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION (LASEDECO)- Pres Quirino
NATIONAL RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITION
ADMINISTRATION (NARRA)- Pres Magsaysay,
accelerate resettle program, convicted Huks
rebels
RA 1199
-AGRICULTURAL TENANCY ACT
-protects tenurial right, tenancy security
AGRI’L CREDIT AND COOP FINANCING ADMIN
(ACCFA)- provide warehouse facilities
--------------------------------------------------
PRES MACAPAGAL AGRARIAN REFORM
RA NO. 3844
- Agricultiral Land Reform Code during
Macapagal’s term
- abolished share tenancy
-prescribed a program to convert tenant-
farmers to lessees and later owner-cultivator
-aimed to free tenants from tenancy
----------------------------------------------------------------
PRES MARCOS AGRARIAN REFORM
PD NO. 27
-Code of Agrarian Reform of the Philippines
- shall apply to tenant farmers of private
agricultural lands devoted to RICE/CORN under
sharecrop or lease-tenancy system
-tenants shall own family size farm of 5 hectares
if not irrigated and 3 hectares if irrigated
-limits landowners to only have 7 hectares
-equivalent of land is 2 and a half times the
average harvest of 3 normal crop years with 6 %
interest per annum payable for 15 years
-no titles shall be issued unless tenant farmer is
a full-fledged cooperative member
-land is non-transferrable except if hereditary
-landlords change crops to be exempted from
the program
----------------------------------------------------------------
PRES CORAZON C. AQUINO(1986-1992)
1987 CONSTITUTION SEC 21 ARTICLE II- “The
state shall promote comprehensive rural
development and agrarian reform.
RA 6657
-Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
-June 10, 1988
-effective June 15, 1988
-to promote social justice and industrialization
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 228
-July 16, 1987
-declared full ownership to qualified farmer-
beneficiaries covered by PD 27
PROCLAMATION NO. 131
-July 22, 1987
-instituted the CARP as a major program of the
government
- provided for a special fund known as Agrarian
Reform Fund (ARF) with an initial amount of
Php 50 billion to cover estimated cost of
program
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 405
-June 14, 1990
-Land bank responsibility to determine land
evaluation and compensation for all land
covered by CARP
----------------------------------------------------------------
PRES FIDEL RAMOS (1992-1998)
-when he took over the public have lost
confidence in the agrarian reform program
-To make the countryside economically viable
for Filipino family by building partnership and
promoting social equity and new economic
opportunities towards lasting peace and
sustainable rural development
-credit assistance, extension services, irrigation
facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities,
and training and technical support program
RA 9700
-Aug 7, 2009

-“Fairer, faster and more meaningful - COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM

implementation of the Agrarian Reform PROGRAM EXTENSION WITH REFORMS
Program”
-extending deadline of distributing agricultural
RA NO. 7881 land farmers for 5 years

-1995 ----------------------------------------------------------------

-amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and PRES BENIGNO AQUINO III (2010-2016)
exempted fishponds and prawns from the
-promised to complete the CARP, the
coverage of CARP
centerpiece program of Pres Cory
RA 8532
-distributed their family-owned hacienda Luisita
-1998 in Tarlac

-additional Php 50 billion for CARP and extend it AGRARIAN REFORM COMMUNITY
for 10 years CONNECTIVITY ECONOMIC SUPPORT SERVICES
(ARCCESS)
----------------------------------------------------------------
-project that was created to contribute overall
PRES JOSEPH E. ESTRADA (1998-2000) goal of rural poverty reduction esp in agrarian
“ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP” reform areas

-short-lived administration AGRARIAN PRODUCT CREDIT PROGRAM

(APCP)
MAGKABALIKAT PARA SA KAUNLARANG
AGRARYO (MAGKASAKA) -provided credit support for crop production to
newly organized and existing agrarian reform
-DAR forged into joint ventures with private beneficiaries’ organization
investors into agrarian sectors to make FBs
competitive LEGAL CASE MONITORING SYSTEM (LCMS)

---------------------------------------------------------------- -web-based legal system for recording and

monitoring kind of agrarian reform cases
PRES GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
----------------------------------------------------------------
 - extended for 5 years until 2014 under
COMPRHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM WITH
EXTENDED REFORMS (CARPER) law
PRES RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE (2016-2021)
-88 % of land were distributed in 2015
-aggressive land reform program that would
UNDER CARP AND CARPER:
help alleviate the life of poor Farmers
1. Absolute ownership in form of
-2nd phase of agrarian reform where landless
Emancipation Patents upon full
farmers would be awarded w/ undistributed
payment of amortization
lands under CARP
2. Absolute ownership in form of
-400 hectares of agri lands in Boracay Certificate of Land Transfer
3. Prohibits sale or transfer of land for 10
-DAR created anti-corruption task force years except for hereditary or sale for
OPLAN ZERO BACKLOG government

-resolution of cases in relation to agrarian STOCK OWNERSHIP- granted to agrarian reform

justice delivery of agrarian reform program to beneficiaries in large corporate farms
fast-track the implementation of CARP

COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM

PROGRAM (CARP)

-redistribution of public and private agricultural

lands to farmers and farm workers who are
landless of tenurial arrangement

-centerpiece program of Pres Cory

-RA 6657, put into law on June 10, 1988

-aims to promote social justice and

industrialization

COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW

(CARL)

-broadened the scope of rural land reform by

including private agri lands irrespective of crops
and tenure arrangement

-support to agrarian reform beneficiaries like

infrastructure

-lands where distributed within a period of 10

years but was not achieve that law was
extended for 10 years during Ramos
Administration
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION (4)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA- First and the
oldest written constitution ever made
JULY 1789- US ratified its first constitution and
instituted it as the supreme law
WRITTEN, UNWRITTEN, CODIFIED,
UNCODIFIED- classification of Constitution
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC- was given birth
following the tradition of having a codified rules
for countries around globe to recognized our
independence
CONSTITUTION
-sets out the formal structure of the state ,
specifying the powers and institutions of central
governments
-establish basic rights of the citizens
-fundamental principles and laws of nation,
state or social group that determine the power
and duties of the government.
-is a thing antecedent to Government
GOVERNMENT- only the creature of
constitution
CONSTITUTION OF A COUNTRY- the people
constituting a Government
THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
THE CONSTITUTION OF BIAK-NA-BATO (1897)
 Provisionary constitution during the PH
revolution
 November 1, 1897
 Written in Spanish by Felix Ferrer and
Isabelo Artacho
 SUPRME COUNCIL- headed by
president
 SUPREME COUNCIL OF GRACE AND
JUSTICE- make decisions and
affirm/disapprove sentences by other
courts
 ASSEMBLY OF REPRESENTATIVE- to
create new constitution
MALOLOS CONSTITUION (1899)
 First important Filipino document ever
produced
 EXECUTIVE POWER by president
 Established a democratic, republication
government with 3 branches- executive,
legislative and judicial
ACTS OF THE US CONGRESS (1902-1934)
DEC 10, 1988- MAR 24, 1934- PH under US
colony
Philippine Organic Act of 1902
-aka Philippine Bill of 1902
-bicameral legislature: PH Commission, PH
Assembly
-appointment of 2 non-voting Filipino Resident
comissioner
Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
-aka JONES LAW
-replaced PH Commission with Senate Elected
by Filipino
-explicitly stated PH independence
Tyding- McDuffie Act (1934)
-provided authority and defined mechanisms
for establishment of a formal constitution via
constitutional convention