CHAPTER 8
 wrote the Filipino version of this bloody tragedy
THE CAVITE MUTINY IN 1872
2 major events happen in 1872
 1872 Cavite Mutiny
 Martyrdom of 3 martyr priest name Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA)
2 FACES of cavite mutiny in 1872
 Spanish Version: Planned Conspiracy
 Filipino Version: A Response to Injustice
A. Spanish Version: Planned Conspiracy
 Jose Montero y Vidal- highlight as attempt of
Indios to overthrow Spanish government
 Gov Gen. Rafael Izquierdo- use it to implicate
the native clergy who was active in call for secularization
Main reason of revolution- Scored that the abolition
of privileges enjoyed by Cavite arsenal workers
Gen. Izquierdo- report to King of Spain that the
rebels want to throw Spanish government and install a
new “hari” in the likes of Father Burgos and Zamora
Firing of rockets in Intramuros- signal of
revolution
January 20,1872- feast of Virgin of Loreto in
Sampaloc celebrated with fireworks
Cavite mistook that fireworks is the sign so 200
men lead by Lieutenant Lamadrid launch attack
targeting Spanish authority in arsenal
Iron-fisted Gen. Izqueirdo- order reinforcement to
quell the revolution
Sergeant Lamadrid were killedin the skirmish.
GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and
weresentenced to die by strangulation.
 Others were suspended by the Audencia (High
Court) from the practice of law, arrested and were
sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island.
February 17,1872 -in an attempt of the Spanish
government and Frailocracia to instill fear among the
Filipinos, the GOMBURZA were executed.
Dr. Trinidad Herminigildo Pardo de Tavera
 A Response to Injustice
in Cavite
Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s
 cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of
privileges of the workers
Janurary 20, 1872 - 200 men lead by Lieutenant
Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated the commanding
officer and Spanish soldiers. After 2 days, the munity is
declared subdued by Gen. Izquierdo.
Central Government in Madrid -announce
its intention to deprive the friars all the powers in
civil government
Central Government of Spain - welcome an
educational decree authored by Segismundo Moret
promoted the fusion of sectarian school run by friard into
a school called Philippine Institute.
Madrid Government - believe that the scheme was
true without any investigation
French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account
complimented Tavera’s account by confirming that the
event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal
workers and soldiers in Cavite fort.
UNVARYING TRUTH
 Dissatisfaction among workers in arsenal after
privilege were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo
 Strict and rigid policies of Gen. Izquierdo
 General Government failed to conduct
investigation
 Happy days of friars were numbered when
Central Government in Spain decide to deprive them from
government affairs and educational management
 Filipino clergy members actively participate in
secularization to allow Filipino priest to hold parishes
 Filipinos are active participants and they deemed
it as injustice
 GOMBURZA execution was a blunder on
Spanish part
CHAPTER 9
THE RETRACTION
CONTROVERSY OF RIZAL
 December 30, 1896- 1st text publish in 20 years later- Fr. Balaguer name the witness
La Voz Española and Diaro de Manila on the very Señor Fresno, Chief of the Picket and Señor
day of Rizal’s execution,December 30,1896 Moure, Adjutant of the Plaza

December 31, 1896- 2nd Text appeared in El Fr. Balaguer- dictate to Rizal the short
Imparcial after Rizal’s execution; short formula of formula, he receive 2 original copies
execution.
 Changes which you was made
February 4, 1897- 3rd text appear in  That of the Archbishop was the exact copy
Barcelona, Spain on February 14, 1897 in of the retraction signed by Rizal
magazine La Juventud-anonymous writer but after
14 years revealed as Fr.Balaguer Rizal in order to marry Josephine Bracken
require to sign a profession of faith to be approved
May 18, 1935- alleged “original text”; by Cebu Archbishop
discovered by Fr. Manuel Garcia C.M., in Rizal’s Handwriting
archdiocesan archives after it disappear for 39
years from the afternoon of December 31, 1896  December 30,1896- 5am-teary eyed Josephine
Bracken and Jose Rizal came
Analysis Rizal’s Retraction  Agent of Cuerpo de Vigilancia- Rizal and
Josephine were married
 Josephine- gifted by Rizal with classic Thomas a
 Fr. Balaguer- said he receive an exact
Kempis book Imitations of Christ in which he inscribe
copy of retraction written and signed by Rizal
“To my dear and unhappywife, Josephine, December
 Received by Fr. Balaguer in the evening
30,1896, Jose Rizal”
preceding Rizal’s execution
 No one claimed to have seen it except the
publisher of La Voz Española
 May 18, 1935- lost original document
found but differ from those found in Jesuits and
Archbishops copies

Significant Difference between copies

 Instead of the words “ micualidad” (with

u) which appear in original and newspaper Jesuits
copy have “mi calidad”(without you)
 Jesuits copy omit the Word “Catolica”
after the First “Iglesias” which arefound in
original and newspaper texts
 Jesuits copy add before the third
“Iglesias” the word “misma” not found in
original newspaper
 Fr. Balaguer text does not begin the second
paragraph.
 Original text have 4 commas while Fr.
Balaguer copy has 11 commas

CHAPTER 10
PUGADLAWIN, BALINTAWAK OR
BAHAY TORO

Balintawak: Cry for a Nationwide Revolution
 Cry of Rebellion- sweeping Spanish colonies
 Cry of Dolores- Mexico (September 10, 1810)
 Cry of Matanza- Cuba(February 24, 1895)
 August 1896- Philippines

Raging Controversy
 Cry- shouting of nationalistic slogan
 Teodoro Agoncillo, 1962- place marker at Pugadlawin
 April 1895- Pamitinan Cave in Rodriguez, Rizal;
Katipunan members wrote on cave walls “ Viva
laindepencia Filipina”
 Adelina S. Rodriguez- Quezon City mayor who create
 Teodora Agoncillo-emphasize Bonifacio’s
tearing of cedula before a crowd Of Katipuneros and
broke out in cheers
 1. August 1983- Pugadlawin in Barangay Toro was
 Emilio Aguinaldo-commissioned a “Himno de
Balintawak” to herald fighting after failure of pact of
Biyak na Bato
 September 3, 1911-monument to the Heroes of
1896 was erected in intersection of EDSA and Andres
Bonifacio Drive-North Diversion Road
 August 26,1896- Cry of Balintawak
 Cry of Pugadlawin- August23,1896 is not
accurate.
 Pio Valenzuela- had several version of the Cry
 August 23-25- Katipunan took meeting at
Balintawak(September 1896)
 Olive Court- investigate persons involve in
rebellion
 1911- Katipunan began the meeting on August 22
and the cry took place on August 23 at Apolonio
Samson’s house in Balintawak
 1928-1940- Cry of Pugadlawin in Melchora
Aquino’s house on August 24- now Pasong Tamo road
 1935- Valenzuela, Pantas, Pacheco- first cry of
revolution did not happen
 In Balintawak where the monument is but in a
place called Pugadlawin
 Philippine Historical Committee- forerunner of
National Historical Institute of NHI
 Pugadlawin- part of Sitio Gulod, Banlat,
Kalookan City
 Pres. Diosdado Macapagal- ordered that the Cry
be celebrated on August 23 and Pugadlawin as its site
 Prevalent account- Teodoro Agoncillo in Revolt
of the Philippines (1956)
 Pugadlawin- proceed upon leaving Samson’s
place in afternoon of August 22
 Pres. Macapagal- order the Cry of Balintawak be
called the Cry of Pugadlawin celebrated on August 23 not
August 26
 Monument- installed in front of Vinzons Halls in
Diliman Campus of UP on November 29, 1986
site because the house of Juan Ramos stood here in 1896
while the house of Tandang Sora is in Pasong Tamo
the Pugadlawin Historical Committee on June 30, 1983
to determine the location of Juan Ramos residence in
1896 at Pugadlawin
NHI findings
inhabited by squatter colonies
 NHI believe it was the house of Juan Ramos not
Tandang Sora
 There was an old dap-dap tree at the site when NHI
conduct survey on 1983.Dap-dap tree is not mention by
Teodoro Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide and Pio Valenzuela

 Pio Valenzuela- main proponent of Pugadlawin

 Teodoro Agoncillo tried to locate the marker installed

in August 1962 but no longer extant in 1983

 NHI- place a marker on August 23, 1984 on Seminary

 Pugadlawin is not identified as barrios

 Kalookan and Balintawak- mark by Spanish and

American maps

 1943- map of Manila mark

 1956, 1987, 1990 maps- confirms the existence of

Barangay Bahay Toro but do not define their
boundaries.

 Barrio Banlat- divided into barangays Tandang Sora

and Pasong Tamo

 Sofronio Calderon- it would be a mistake to say that

there is such as Pugadlawin

 Pugadlawin was neverofficially recognized as place

name on Philippine map before World War II

 Pugadlawin only appear in historiography from 1928

 The Cry- Filipino finally rejected Spanish colonial

dominion over Philippine Island by formally setting
their own government