Primary sources:
On March 18,
 Albo's Log
 Pigaffeta's Testimony
 Pigafetta & Seven days in Mazaua
Among many records of the first
circumnavigation of the globe preserved in
Spain, is the log-book kept by the pilot who
brought the Victoria home.
This pilot’s name was Francisco Albo.
Albo's Log
Francisco Albo is a botswain and navigator from
the island of Rhodes. He is originally a botswain
of the Trinidad in Ferdinand Magellan’s
expedition, he then became pilot of the Victoria
under the command of Sebastian de Elcano.
 On March 16, 1521, the Spanish
sailed from Ladrones (now
Marianas) to the island of Leyte.
They encountered the land of
Yunagan but did not approach it.
They then went south to Suluan,
Gada, and Seilani, where they found
three islands rich in gold. They then
sailed northwards towards Seilani,
entering a channel between Matan
and Subu. They anchored at Subu,
where they stayed, obtained
provisions, and entered a peace-pact
with the local king. The location of
Mazava fits the island of Limasawa
at the southern tip of Leyte.
Pigafetta's
Testimony (1521)
Magellan's expedition discovered "Zamal"
on March 16, 1521, 300 leagues west of
Ladrones Island, now known as the
Marianas. They landed on uninhabited
Humunu Island, named "Homonhon" at 10
degrees North Latitude.
Magellan encountered a boat with nine men
and exchanged gifts. They discovered two
water springs on Homonhon Island,
indicating gold. The natives returned on
March 22. Magellan's expedition stayed at
Homonhon for eight days. They left
Homonhon on March 25, marking the feast-
day of the Incarnation or Annunciation.
They anchored off an island called Mazaua
on March 28. They left Mazaua for Cebu on
April 4, sailing through five islands. They
reached the Camotes Group Islands and
sailed southwards towards "Zubu." It took
them three days to reach Cebu. Pigafetta's
testimony provides reliable information on
Magellan's voyage.
Pigafetta & Seven
days in Mazaua
1521
 THURSDAY, MARCH 28-
ARRIVAL OF MAGELLAN AND
COMPANION IN AN ISLAND.
 FRIDAY, MARCH 29- GOOD
FRIDAY
 SATURDAY, MARCH 30-
FEASTING AND DRINKING
WITH THE KING.
 SUNDAY, MARCH 31- THE LAST
OF MARCH AND EASTER DAY.
 MONDAY, APRIL 1- NO WORK
WAS DONE
 TUESDAY, APRIL 2 AND
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 3- WORK
ON THE HARVEST DURING
"DURING THE NEXT TWO
DAYS"
 THURSDAY, APRIL 4- THEY
LEAVE THE MAZAUA,
BOUND FOR CEBU.
Cavite Mutiny
Details about the Cavite Mutiny
-January 20, 1872
-Leading to the execution and massive arrest.
-The uprising of 200 Filipino soldiers and arsenal
workers at Fort San Filipe in Cavite.
-Well known execution of the GOMBURZA
 Mariano Gomez
 Jose Burgos
 Jacinto Zamora
-3 Filipino Catholic Priest
Spanish Perspective
 Jose Montero y Vidal and Rafael
Izquierdo
José Antonio Julián Montero y Vidal
-Spanish Perspective
-Born in Cadiz, Spain on January
28,1851
-He was a writer, historian, geographer
and politician.
-He worked in the Spanish overseas
provinces of the Philippines and Cuba
for many years and wrote extensively
about them.
His account states:
 Jose Montero y Vidal, a Spanish
historian, posits the Mutiny as a
rebellion against Spanish
colonizers in the Philippines,
supported by Governor-General
Rafael Inquirer y Gutierrez.
Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo y
Gutiérrez
-Born on September 30, 1820.
-He was a Spanish military officer,
politician, and a stateman.
-He was the Governor General during
the 1872 Cavity Mutiny.
His accounts states:
 The Cavite Mutiny was a revolt
led by native clergies and
lawyers, expressing opposition
to the Spanish colonial
government for non-payment
of tobacco crops, tribute, and
forced labor. Governor-General
Izquierdo believed the Filipinos
would create their own
government, with three priests
nominated as leaders. The
Spanish account suggests a
larger revolution plot.
According to investigation:
 The uprising will start by the firing of
rockets from the walls of the city.
 In the district of Sampaloc, the fiesta of
the patron saint, the Virgin of Loreto,
was being celebrated
 Nine-thirty in the evening of that day,
two hundred native soldiers under the
leadership of Sergeant La Madrid rose
up in arms.
January 22, 1872
 Official proclamation announces the
suppression of the revolt. Leading
to the massive arrest of people
suspected in the conspiracy.
January 27, 1872
 passed the death sentence on the
41 rebels.
February 5, 1872
 The Filipino priest Jose Burgos,
Jacinto Zamora and Mariano
Gomez, and Francisco Saldua were
sentenced to die by strangulation
February 6, 1872
  11 more rebels were sentenced to
death but Izquierdo commute their
death sentences to life
imprisonment.
February 17, 1872
 In the field of Bagumbayan the
execution commenced. Gomez was
executed first,
then Zamora, followed by Burgos,
and lastly Saldua.
FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE
 The Cavite mutiny occurred on
January 20, 1872, in Cavite,
Philippines, involving 200 Filipino
military personnel and laborers,
hoping to escalate into a national
uprising.
FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE CAVITE MUTINY
Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera.
Governor-general, Rafael de Izquierdo
 Spanish conquistadors brutally
imposed Catholicism in the
Philippines, a practice that has
persisted for over 300 years,
causing widespread violence and
death for disobedience.
Fort San Felipe
Philippine Islands on January 20, 1872.
 The Cavite mutiny was an
uprising of Filipino military
personnel of Fort San
Felipe, the Spanish arsenal
in Cavite, Philippine Islands
on January 20, 1872
1872 CAVITE MUTINY
FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE
 IT IS SAID THAT IT IS A GOAL
OF THE LOCALS TO REMOVE
THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT
FROM THE PHILIPPINES, DUE
TO THE REMOVAL OF THE
PRIVILEGES BY FILIPINO
WORKERS IN THE ARSENAL IN
CAVITE FIREARMS FACTORY.
 Withdrawal from recognition
 Forced Labor
 Withholding their wages
 Removal of their Benefits
 Loss of their rights
 The Filipinos implemented
these ideas where the
conditions that resulted in the
idea of achieving their
independence occurred
 They knew that the Spaniards
had enslaved them again in
their own country
Filipino Catholic priests
Mariano Gómez
José Burgos
Jacinto Zamora
 Gomburza, alternatively
stylized as GOMBURZA or
GomBurZa refers to three
Filipino Catholic priests,
Mariano Gómez, José
Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora, who were
executed by a garrote on
February 17, 1872, I
Bagumbayan, Philippines
by Spanish colonial
authorities on charges of
subversion arising from the
1872 Cavite mutiny. The
 name is a portmanteau of
the priests' surnames.
El filibusterismo
José Rizal
 Rizal, in dedicating his
second novel entitled El
Filibusterismo which
condemned the Spanish
rule and the elite Filipinos.
 The tragic killing led to the
dawn of Philippine
Nationalism in the 19th
century.
 The mutiny was sparked by
various grievances, including
perceived injustices and
abuses by Spanish authorities.
The Retraction of Dr. Jose Protacio
Mercado Rizal E. Alonzo y Realonda
 He had siblings namely;
Paciano Rizal, Satumina
Hidalgo, Josefa Mercado and
many more.., His Full name
was Jose Protacio Rizal
Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
raised by his two parents;
Teodora Alonso Realonda and
Franciso Mercado and a
spouse named Josephin
Bracken (m.
 Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y
Alonzo Realonda was a Filipino
nationalist, writer and
polymath active at the end of
the Spanish colonial period of
the Philippines.
 He is born on July 19, 1861 and
died on December 30, 1896
(age 35 years) at the Rizal Park
Manila.
WHAT IS RETRACTION?
A public statement made about an
earlier statement that withdraws,
cancels, refuses, or reverses the
original statement or ceases and
desists from publishing the original
statement.
IS THERE REALLY A RETRACTION OF
RIZAL?
 The document of the retraction
of Jose Rizal, is being hotly
debated as to its authenticity.
 But the original document was
never shown to the public, only
reproductions of it.
 It was supposed to have been
signed by Jose Rizal A
moments before his death.
 The document only surfaced
for public viewing on May 13,
1935.
 Gracia at the Catholic
hierarchy's archive in Manila.
 The date was "December 29,
1890." Later, another
supposedly original document
surfaced, it bears the date
"December 29, 189C"
FATHER VICENTE
BALAGUER’S STATEMENT:
  Father Vicente Balaguer, a
Jesuit priest, visited Rizal
during his last hours in Fort
Santiago and claimed to have
persuaded him to denounce
Masonry and return to the
Catholic fold.
 The Father attacked Rizal with
arguments of Catholic doctrine
and warned him that if he did
not yield his mind and reason
to the sake of faith, he would
soon appear for judgment
before God and would surely
be damned.
 The Father tried to make Rizal
see the falseness and
indefensibility of this criterion,
as without the authority to the
Church, he could not be sure of
the authenticity of the Holy
Scripture or the books truly
revealed by God.
 Father Vilaclara and Father
Viza went to Fort Santiago,
where they met Rizal in the
chapel.
 They discussed Rizal's ideas
on religion and asked him to
explain his rule of faith, which
was the word of God contained
in the Sacred Scripture.
FATHER PIO PI'S STATEMENT
 Father Pio Pi, the Jesuit
Superior in the Philippines
during Rizal's execution,
issued an affidavit in 1917
detailing his involvement in the
alleged retraction of Rizal.
 He was involved in securing
the retraction document from
Archbishop Bernardino
Nozaleda and writing a shorter
Roman document, which Rizal
allegedly copied.
 Rizal signed the retraction
with the Chief of the Picket,
Juan del Fresno, and the
Adjutant of the Plaza, Eloy
Moure, as witnesses.
 Father Pi's statement stated
that Rizal had always
maintained special esteem and
affection for the Jesuits, even
after his estrangement from
the Church.
 Rizal read his own retraction
without pressure, reading it
slowly and solemnly before the
altar of the chapel.
According to PALMA, Palma
argues that Taviel de
Andrade's testimony, which is
considered impartial, is mere
hearsay, as it only reflects
what the priests said,
diminishing its value.
COASTES
According to Coastes it is an
ecclesiastical fraud. Balaguer
had in fact damaged the
Church Case. Worse than this,
he had unwillingly revealed his
own fraud. In his account, he
made no mention of the Ultimo
Adios.
MALOLOS CONSTITUTION OF
1899
CONSTITUTION
-A CONSTITUTION IS A SET OF
 RULES THAT GUIDE HOW A
COUNTRY WORKS OR
OPERATE.
-A SET OF FUNDAMENTAL
RULES THAT DETERMINE HOW
A COUNTRY OR STATE IS RUN.
The Malolos Constitution, the
first significant Filipino
document, was the basic law
of the First Philippine Republic,
adopted from 1899 to 1901.
The Malolos Constitution was
initiated in 1898, following the
Revolutionary Government's
declaration of independence
from Spain, with delegates and
spectators attending the
congress at the Basilica in
Barasoain.
The Manila Constitution
provided safeguards against
abuses and enumerated the
national and individual rights
of Filipinos and aliens.
Aguinaldo became the
Philippine Republic's president
in Malolos, establishing the
Dictatorial Government in May
1898 and the Revolutionary
Government a month later.
The Malolos Constitution of 1899,
ratified by the Malolos Congress,
marked significant achievements
such as declaring Philippine
independence, borrowing P 20 million
for government expenses,
establishing the Universidad
Literatura de Filipinas, and declaring
war against the US in June 12, 1899.
The government consists of three
branches: executive, judicial, and
legislative. Executive powers are
exercised by the President and
cabinet, while judicial powers are
held by the Supreme Court.
In this Constitution:
-The President's election is
conducted by the Constituent
Assembly, with a four-year term, no
Vice President, and a vacancy can be
filled by the Assembly.
The 1899 Malolos Constitution was
postponed due to war, allowing the
Philippines to function as a U.S.
territory under the Treaty of Paris.
1935: The Commonwealth
Constitution
After the Philippines was ceded to the
United States by Spain in 1898 following
the Spanish-American War, it remained
under American colonial rule. During this
period, efforts were made to establish a form
of self-governance and autonomy for the
Filipino people.
The Philippine Assembly, established
during the American Colonial Period, was
the lower house of the Philippine
Legislature, comprising the appointed
Philippine Commission and the Philippine
Legislature.
The Jones Law, enacted by the 64th
Congress on August 29, 1916, declared the
United States' commitment to grant
independence to the Philippines, aiming for
broader domestic autonomy while granting
certain privileges to the United States.

In 1931, the OsRox Mission lobbied for the

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which was passed
in 1932 but rejected by the Philippine
Legislature. In 1934, the QuAquAl Mission
negotiated the Tydings-McDuffie Act,
establishing the Commonwealth of the
Philippines.

The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, authored by

Hare, Bartow, Hawes, and Cutting, was
vetoed by Hoover but overturned by
Congress on January 17, 1933.

The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act promised

Philippine independence after 10 years, but
reserved US military and naval bases,
imposed tariffs, and required Senate
ratification.

The Tydings McDuffie Law, also known as

the Philippine Independence Act, was a U.S.
law that granted Philippine independence, a
revised version of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Bill, signed into law by Franklin D.
Roosevelt in 1934.

The 1935 Constitution was drafted to

secure the US Government's approval for the
Philippines' independence, ensuring it was
politically mature enough for full
independence. It was inaugurated on July 4,
1935, the inauguration of
the first President of the Philippine
Commonwealth, Manuel L. Quezon and
remained in effect until 1973, when a new
constitution was introduced under
Ferdinand Marcos.