Eastern Quezon College, Inc.

R. Marco St., Brgy. Penafrancia Gumaca, Quezon

SY 2021-2022

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

LAS # 8 ATTACHMENT: DO NOT COPY! FOR FURTHER READINGS ONLY!

OTHER ORGANISMS ASIDE FROM PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Many living things are easily recognized as plants or animals. A single glance at a dog is
enough to tell you that it is an animal. Similarly, you would have no difficulty identifying a plant.
Aside from plants and animals, there are many other organisms that can only be seen
through the microscope, many of which consist of only one cell. These are the microorganisms.
All animal cells, as well as those of monerans, protists, fungi, and plants are made up of
the same building blocks called cells.
There are dome basic differences among the five kingdoms, namely: Kingdom Plantae,
Protista, Animalia, Fungi, and Monerans. Most of these differences are related to the presence
or absence of some cell organelles.
Organisms with membrane-bound organelles are called
eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have other membrane-bound organelles,
such as chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a nuclear membrane. All

have no mitochondria, instead, the respiratory enzymes are located
in the cell membrane. They also lack chloroplasts, even if some of
them are cyanophytes. They still undergo photosynthesis.

Comparison Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Cell Structure Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size Smaller (1-10 mm in diameter) Larger (10-100 mm in diameter)
Nuclear envelope Absent Present
Cell wall Made up of peptidoglycan Made up of cellulose when
when present present
Membrane-bound Absent Present
organelle
Nuclear Material Single loop of circular DNA Double-stranded DNA arranged
in a double-helix structure
Ribosome Small Large
Cytoskeleton Absent Present
Mitochondria Absent Present

Monerans- the member of Kingdom Monera are one-celled prokaryotic cells. Such cells have no
nucleus. The chromosome material floats freely throughout the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells
cannot combine with each other to form multicellular organisms.
Characteristics of Monerans:
1. One-celled organisms.
2. No membrane around the nucleus.
3. Reproduce by splitting into two or fission.
4. Absorb nutrients from outside their bodies.
5. Some monerans cause diseases, but others are helpful to people.

THIS FORM IS FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY!

 Eastern Quezon College, Inc.
R. Marco St., Brgy. Penafrancia Gumaca, Quezon
SY 2021-2022

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Protists Cells- one-celled protozoan such as euglena, is a member of Kingdom Protista.

Members of this kingdom have eukaryotic cells. Such cells have a nucleus bounded by a nuclear
membrane. They also have many different kinds of complex organelles bounded by a membrane
that separates them from the cytoplasm. The organelles found in protist cells can be found in
both plant cell and animal cell.

Fungi Cells- all members of Kingdom Fungi have eukaryotic cells. Such cells can combine to
form simple multicellular organisms. A fungus cell is bounded by a cell wall called chitin. This
material is similar to the outer skeleton of insects. Each fungus cell usually contains many nuclei.
When fungal cells grow and develop, they can totally circulate along the entire cell content from
one cell to the next cell, since the cell wall is not completely close to the cytoplasm.

Beneficial and Harmful Microorganisms

Microorganisms may be beneficial or harmful. In agriculture or gardening, it is important
that the farmers should strike a balance between these beneficial microorganisms and those
which are harmful to succeed in growing crops. It is desirable to enhance the growth of
beneficial organisms for the sake of producing healthy food.
Beneficial microorganisms cause fermentation while harmful or pathogenic
microorganisms cause putrefaction.

Beneficial Microorganisms
1. Lactic Acid Bacteria- Lactic Acid bacteria usually come from sugar or other
carbohydrates. Lactic acid is an important by-product because it acts as a strong
fertilizer, suppresses harmful microorganisms, increases the rapid decomposition of
organic matter, and ferments organic matter without the smell and other harmful
outcomes.
2. Photosynthesis Bacteria- Bacteria of this type can photosynthesize, so that they could
survive on their own. Photosynthetic bacteria produce useful substances from harmful
products like hydrogen sulfide.
3. Fermenting Fungi- Fermenting fungi decompose organic matter, rapidly producing alcohol,
ester (an organic compound formed when an acid and alcohol combined and produce water)
and anti-microbial substances. These groups of microorganisms also suppress bad odor
and prevent plant infestation by harmful insects and maggots. Examples are Aspergillus
and Penicillium. Penicillium is a familiar source of the antibiotic called penicillin.
4. Yeast- Produces a substance that promotes active cell division in the fast-growing parts
of the plant-like roots.
Harmful Microorganisms
Harmful microorganisms are those that cause diseases in humans, plants, and animals.
Pathogenic microbes are harmful since they invade and grow within other organisms, causing
diseases that kill humans, and other animals and plants.
Foodborne diseases are caused by eating food or drinking beverages with bacteria,
parasites or viruses. Harmful chemicals can also cause foodborne illness if they have
contaminated food during harvesting or processing. This illness can cause symptoms that range

THIS FORM IS FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY!

 Eastern Quezon College, Inc.
R. Marco St., Brgy. Penafrancia Gumaca, Quezon
from an upset stomach to more serious symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal
SY 2021-2022
cramps, and dehydration.
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

THIS FORM IS FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY!