A

Dafe
Page No.:
2 2 Date:
D E Block Elemeots

DBlock elemen
1hOAeelements_LIhoAc lat electon)
paenentin D Subshedl NamedlaD
D Block elemen

XI Guenenalelectroni oniguxation
-/O 2

2 2
s 1S 2 s 2 4 3 3 ° g s 3 /
21

us_ 3 6

Cd1s2p'
48
3ssfy adypf 5sy
ep'3sp ys3dy'ss ydspó
 Page No.:
Datc

anA ion Blement

Jhoke elements hoAe -&heSubbhel
ank no-+ completly illed named ab
TsanaiHon element
elemend on noup:3 fo (oup-12 bebng
to - Bluk element
nenenal_ chasactnnticksef d-block elemeat
h_Cblock elementh ane metals i h
hig electao positive Chanachen
A had-block elkmentA ShoLypiccu!
chanactenntica et mctalsike mell&bility,
duëHliky SonaOAitH Uhigh enaile Athg
ig meHing_andBailin4paint, aood
20d uction eheat 4 el~ctcicit#
dblack elennen hocs Vapiable
Oxidation ktute and yaniable Kvalenç4
wTh _cblack elemncnta &h0c panagnehe
chanacte
d-block_elemenA ane ompable o faim
toacination aOMpaunchaalonaLalth-
Calaunecl complexe
viMapxty d-black elementy ang unid as
catalysf
Duen variaki in heir cxyatal Afauctne
They foxm alloys a» wlell as Intetial
_Comnod:
 Page No.:
Date /

X|leniocic Popentiea efd-block eemenh

1)|Admic Rocli
bhanom stnjo
Atomit Rachi of_ element patico lanty
clecnecaoA taIth inatormic_num ben:
BUFHis clecreank in atoraic radii AroalLn
aften m s a
Reanon AX inbuan jn Qtomit hurmben
heJani electionA pxtrtnt in d-SubAhal
JOCneanA LIhiLh end a pc0T Ahdilding
eftect Shick incneank he nuclean iotendction
eOick decheaL he i2e_A the atom bu
alten micl sf h Aenics th.c electond eze
Kon_eleetaonicKpUNan_cshich xnult
Am ef he lkctxonic Mepulaian_uhich
entcha hi eize 9kickfhas a Veny Amall
dtuence in their aomic adii

Atthe ende he_each _peniod the 2

N light incneaoe in he ahmic radii
ARe
Reanoh AHen ae mcl ihe Acnics then
Clechen enteas o he d-subAheAl eeepenicnce
elechonie XepulAlon ghicb etenc dhe_Si2e
tich_lightly incnane he atomic acli
 Page No.
Date:

XOnMOvinq_docan the AOup athmic xadii

1nCheaUA
Reanon n moving dosn the 27ouP
Aninceaninq the atoalcDumbb the
numben hcd e tke atomAÍAo
IncneanLs uhich incneane he afomit
adi

Metallic chanacten 4 Ehthalpy oA atpuai2adion

he_atoMA eclemcht ohicb Cotain
unpaiccl eleetO incompletly filleod
-etal h &has pic ChanateNztÈA.
e mczl ik mailnahiliy,ductiliy
Sonaxaly,hjahenAile Ldstha, high
meldine boli4 Point: Butthoac
c9hicdonet otain_unpaired electrons
e4do nof-shes huk'mctllie
Zn Cog ane not &hos hinc mctalle
Lhanaeken
X he atornA 09hick Contain_unpaire
dc numben electronA dhe cogasn
fron4 bondAMLCiaion ighich necd
mare Camound ef enen disAaCiate
anc heu haae hii enfaalpy ef atamistinn
Dot
19J l 9 2 / Page No.:
Date:

sDenA-
AlL Ken metal) tuIhich_contain unpairtc
electsons hane hiak denAity wrthin a
penioc Ahe density Veny iNela
Lith atomic adin.
|EX Se haslowed density e 3:43
LhexraA OSmium (0s l 6at and 1cidiym
haare higest_clenA lt
)Melting Baling_ paint
elementh b UnpaMcc elkctans
honehjgh mctipa 4 bailipg paind lhe meltina
p0int h e oetaD Kjeto amáxidu=
Nau ndhan eleoneaoms On in Cnanin4
heAnmic numben

VUAed an Catalya
NOX of he plock_elementA aL Luszdar
Catalyst
Reanon' The cctalyhc actHup anbtian
metal due o hi tehdency To fm
Keaction_htemicliatw Nith _kuitablk acta
SThenintenmidiate) give deac-tian Padh ef
laren Cctiva-ian ~neng And hnetne
honea the Te_A eaCHiOn
 Page No.:
Date

(Vi)|encleno fosm ComplexLA

NObt ef he d-block elemerth otin

inconplety llecl d-abitals oY they
Aae Lacát_d-oxbitaA alo hoti_
ththey capable to rn 2ompleA
2
A//7_ro( N
36 3/
3 2

6 L 3/6

hcapanSmad Ai2s_et he atom)

HAnN C rnkiHon metcl
LDHiah nucan chan
AYoilabil/BVaCat d-osbitnls
a4 Auitablè encnay to accept dana paiz
4_eleccons conatd by 0thigO upA:
(NIL matione oloure lanA
Mat he compaunds smimcl hy
san than metels ane Colaureol in Aalicl
Rcasion he mojni ansiztion elementh
incompey lecl_-Subahel/
Contzin
her d-Subshellsplittd b hiahen enany
1n Auch a manncA
 Page No.:
Date: //

OO
-dag z hz
hei
hein_electon each o hiaha end JU
Ltate_and abba Centain NOnelena
LiontAie) t o h VidIble Lihi 2ie
end Othen Cola nanAtitutin, 2hia
ane tsandmittccd ancd he Compound appea
COlAUa

VinMagniie POpen ten

he cl-block elemend ghich eaaplichO
Coapletlyillec_ol-mbitae an diamaantat
im natur and irtt HoAe ohich haaee
incomplHy led ahd unpaince elkctons in
ubAhé canAidea_OD 3narma4neHc in

Themaaneic Atnengh a-bloek ekeot

meanuncc by magne ic Morment and
unit B.M BOns Bhox s MaAnetan)

Langea-
Langen hevallis s m44ncic momen
Atonain_i e maGhCtic tnat
 Page No.
Date:

C4Ldlale he mamdi - m0M22nf o

25

2s 2 3s 34s 34S

lo(as j12

nBlo o712/> $416

(Vii matio n_F nentiaCompaund_

Ihe idnAiNon_metals ganm Intedicel

Compound ih eement_Line hyaoaen
boxonc aNbon 4 ndkgaen duu h
he pLALNLL e a2ina n he
CAygthdAatice txtneot txanaitionn
elementA
Dat Page No.
Lolile2 Date: / /

14
xAl)oy aumation
taanaition elementA apablt to
Maicnd
faxm 1Kir reapecthue aLloy
Reanon he sanntion meta S an QUit
Ámatlwn in_Ai2e lhensd aom s h e
metalcan Aubfitule he atomA ef athtn
mctls in iHA cayxal lattice,huA_an
CoblingA mixtee ef Aaluion ef ia
O moa trcnALHiOn medal Aalid alloy!
abtzincd

oniachion bnthalpy
loniAauhion enhcolpy C-black elemeoth
an hiahea han hib black elemeA
but aie AALN h a n P blockelement

ThelaniAcuhion En halpy incaean aD a

m aCTOAA hu_each &enie thou
nat qurtt gulanly
eabon!
The incncanin ioniAution entalpy alopa
a giei qiven hanAition Anies ih
ataitputed to he eict ef_incneoaing-
nuckan Change Lghich tend to inattac
Hhe_auten elechon lit mae intmacional
 Page No.:
Date: /

nniAaHon enthalpy incneas fs0m la

iaht but quiti Llely amon4-d-blak
element
EXCeption-
Chàmium:4 tppen hoaL epeptionally
high ioniaatihrn enthalpy vaLus tha4
6A2 thein heighbound
Cxd5
CU-3dlo
he 2n4 loniAcution enthelpy fOn zinc
iA C&ApANdingly lo berauL he
1O nisaion invo he Xemoval e eleetron_
enulfina Atable 3d0 Conigunation
* h e tend in 3 joniAation enthalpy
MnT_andand zn ane veny hiah bectuu
hoth_Mn 4Zn acauie stabl gdS
and 3d elct@ni canklgunation

She3 pnisctian endhalLpy f f w

Veny Amall becauoe ajten dhe emoval
31C electon hon gt Hable electonic
Contauetian 24 3d he lonisation
enthalpy s gho 4 4 tranaitton senit
anL highen than hos s 41 he
sanNitHdn_ Aenies
 Page No.:
121 124 Date: /

Oxiclation Stcte
h etoanaition mctalo exhibi Ao7ge nunben
o_Oxiclation Adade with the eeptidn c
ftw elemertA mOAt O thern 2h0vaniable
Oxicla-tion tuke lhei Tpecive Oxldation
Btte inco.canm On inccanina thc 0tomlc
Numben at mlo e h e trcbition 2 i e
andde.cneass fo Hhe ehd e he hansiion
Lenies

CandHiana ek axidation Stede

h e Yaniable axidafion Atatc taanALtiOn
metals ane du fo pa-Hcipactio o ef inne
n-1d ambital 4 auttA _ns_bitnl

cept Scandium/Sc moAt ommon cidaian

Stat 1 0 taaobidion elernenf _i
+2 k h anin dus to _loAs tS
elechon t mcand hat aften Sc the
rbitzls o clement bermE m e

Linhe elempnt eghich Ahau ereaten numbe

Cxiclation_Atrute cccur ih ar ean he
micldle thAhi.
i v neanly elenmcnth of he_Aenicn_ISc]. 2
Vetualla UnlkhaLun anc [iN p mase Atable
hon )4 T(T
 D.ate

(N)|n 12 3 Xidation
Dooncls ane moblly.ktade:Jh
Jonic ehoLra
bOUnd yosm by eleméntShich lawe
highunthan 1 2 13 ane Covalend

thin_a_anoup hr masimum Oxiddion

Atat nCheaU with cutovni c humbh
EX Bon &ho Commah OXidat ion
stair c12 4L3But (R) s
dmku Aame Axaup 2hou44,1
418 OXNdation Attte
i anbition meta alD ompound
in _los 'OXldachon Atatc Auch 0,t1
and-1
V Unlike Pblock elemert hene -the loisen Sep
LOXiclation Atat b avauTby heanich mctalo
du to jnt oi 1ect

Alale n goup Mo (VL) mac ktahle

n hLovien anNiia elementan
nHeN ans md fh be maxe
Atable han Cx (

i n in the m dhichxomate in acidic

QediumDa Atrong Oxigdiaina aacnt shenezn
Ds And Wos aie no+
23/1122/ Pape No.
Date:
2
lectsade Pbiential
Stnceall he d-block eermenth One mcta
ha oCehy all o hem Conbidened on
S tsong educin9 gcnt get oidired
StsonA
KeleandnA
eltaninA cccdondu o Jhis
dhy &hoL nequtive cduchon electoode
Th
poichial valie

JUAHfitian- Eplahotioncuingei

taaium Dichzamatel A

melbodaE Þaehzpain 3odiuzhso

SHep
ep- UEecou lENaoy 10 2
3NAca8
2

chioarile Dac_
NG cae t Hs
2
227 2

2
7
 Page No.
Date

opetic hysid
1 KoCo0 is an Orange Ked cxytallinc
SOlicd
honin
noNino meHig point670K*.
94_modenatly Aaluble in_cold Aatn
but ectity xeaclily Aoluble_in_ hat scttn

Chemu
Achion ef heaf
ta KecigO7 heatee Atsonaly
O
o
onventintu p0tasaidm_Chxomate alona-
sHchromic Oxicle

227
bolassiu
choal Chatm

Reaction iLth_alkoke
Patanaiom HychacXicle xeact iith_Potoniua
dichxomais_to fommmpataoaium ehtamak

04a3514
choomgh
 Page No.:
Date I

2 co +Hse
2 2

2 2Ku+2c2ZH 3

his ianditale
Jhe o21idhsins Charael
DP Kcr
27

K 914217 2 ¢sOL SK
227 2
 Page No.:

Date:// 231722

OXidiAina chanActen_
Potaniu lichxomate isCans idenecl ay
stsone Oxicuaing agent cluu to 1tas
abili to relan nacant oXYAen

K cCo t a
2

32017

2
27

2
2811|22
Page No.:
Date:

ONiclation af Na2C0
Sodiura Sulphil Yeact LIth potasiurn Dichxale
o om oclium Bulphate
3 NO 1K (A0 tU21
2
so
3 2 7
se 3 ase
2 7
t
Ko-

2
3

Cr
Cr

Tetzahecha Atauctxe Gchamate C04 ian

CP

INO Hetaheca LhaniOA Ane oxyaen atam at ond

Coine
 Page No
Date

Potaium Pamaanct(Ks Mn01

epana-ian
Potuium eamaanct t epanga by
Pyxolusiie aneaction wth_KOHs
LDhich gurhn axidibed an xeaction wieh
COg

* |Hepanatan ef KeMnd4
2Mo0e +4K0H+Og Hcat 2keMn04 12He0
fotanaium manganat
Cxcenmaw.
LD21n0e+ 2Kpt0s t0 2kaMnOa t 2002
Potunaium Manyamt

pana-tian et KNnO1 am ko Nndt

2K2MnOg Cl2 2kci2kMn04
( kMnO4 0stHa0 2KMb0st2k0H tO
petis apkMn04
i phyaica pxapetin
KMn0+ u Q daak Noilet cystaline Aalal
Lh mctallic luphe:
tAmelHn4 Paint p 523 kelvin
g t iptaixly Aaluble in alafeh andste
C puple saluhion
 Page No.:
Date:

Chcnical Papealic)
X albo deconpoArd on heatirg Ord
Convened into potamunm_4anet
2KMnO4 KeMnOa +Mn0p tO2
6taniorm
Magonate

*Potonium Penmagnct ha releons

ablit b
nacent OXygen_ciu o cehich if coOsidevd
O staDna OXClIAINg_agent:
KMn04 tHed 2KOH 2Mg02420

Reachion t h banic Aolution

otuiUm DHeEmomak. Penmaanet xeact t h
alkalico Ao tom potaium maanet
2KMn04 2kaH_2KeMn04 +He0+0
otanaiua 1tanidm
feimaahet maghed

turfurccf Peamapqnnale Marganate (h 4)

UMhd4)
Pale
222 Page No.
Date:

Rlock elment
The l c t electsons enten tof-cubahell
namedaA f-Block element

1enesal electanic confiaztion

ln-e)f4-n-ldDs2
The block elementa _chaaacteniÄccl
inn JO ltnent Categ
12Lanthanaidl
Acinoicls

)Lanthana.idA
9n lanhanaio snies electanA etea to
subahell and element KanA¢N fa
Oomic numbe 5-I belons ton
Aanthanoic Aenies ele ment

* |ChaacterAhica eklanthanaid Acqies elemcAD

lconic (oniauxodhian
Iheixant electan pyesent in ubahel
( OXicda-tion Atati
All he Lanthanaid)ezhibit he cammon.
Oxiclaian Attcte G t3 but ahe elementA
belongsta lanthanoid Acio sho he
CammaA xidation Ataic of+244
 Page No.:
Date:

BX ) Ce and Tb euhibit +4 oxiclatior Atain

ii) 6o and Yb exhibit f2 axiclahon tot
i)La G1cdand Lu cchibit oly 13 cxidation
States

iaiAatian Enhalpy
The t joniAatian enthalpy 0 lanhonoids
aie Bangs b00 KSma and Prd
joniAation enthálpy iA 1240KS)mol ohichh
Companáble wth hose ef alciwm:
ivColouY
be lanthanoiclo cne Ailveny cahite but many
G he taivalent lonA shaL colour fmamation
i n heiY A Ionic fam_in solution a_LNel
a i n Aalicd Atat
Neanon '>
he colou eg Aanthanoid ionA ania
ClUeto abAssption_ek VALble Lioh
Speccaum_esitina ansion
becowMe
Th h4 hastPaItylled.
VMa4nthe Paopeniy
MONtak the block element Ahich-
Lonntairn unpaixcc 2ectsonA ane Namagneh
in nature but habe 9hich has campletiy
Lilled Kicant rbital Aheq ane
cli-magneficin natume
 Pape No.
Date :

V)Chcmica heacti it
A h lanthanaicDy a e highly elcctoD
pOAitie in natur and hen hoe
almo similan chemical Ycuciit]huA
d u L the gacthat lanthanbiol
clifen only in he numben 4
electronAincethme electans ane
effectively shielcded_Eaom intuacHion kith
0fhunelementa That iu_cehy tha-
housAmall dihcrence in hab chemia
TCacht

1Acinoidp
ghi AnieA Contun 144 element
Octomic nUmbca 29 103.

Phopentis
AedonicConiauCiON
Khe Aant_eleranapKenent in S
Subshcll
Li onisation endhalpy
he aniation ehalpy e achoaidA
an nat_acumately Knauh .Thia dur
Aekacdacs hat dht Bf abital
penedsade lrs into Aha innen Coxe
elechanA andAhenihu tho mae
ona l ghlelettd ts0rn th nucean
chart
 age No.
Date

(N omatian LompleXA
The actinaicls alno COmplaxS