aji

aji
Chemica Bondimg

sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
heorta DtnotLsn uhch holds togethar a
tasttumUSOAsm ) a molCUA Collad Chemica
bono
n

n
Atom Combte togetor to fortm a molkeul
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
Stobl ebctttovic conkiquttatsh:-By os ,9am
cr

Sta tc

tc
htt Shr e QDm acqutte stonu
aji

aji
niquRAALGN eucttoniC
sw

sw

sw
anol fotm tha møuule.
0 Net atiacPwe fortu - oen
Bi

Bi

Bi
taro albm
approach
Atittatwe fortt bedujean
ReptulAMe kORUs between hucaus & elettsn
n

n
Giy
tio

tio

tio
eonde" anl unurhuule
ea

a
aAttafum
ru
re

re
tk
cr

kot Is atrtacthsn, then

tc

tc
asm CBmbene
aji

aji
Octet
tuh= Atom how/ung wthan
sw

sw

sw
&eQt
Bi

Bi

Bi
tompu thetr ottet. ®

Louetng tn enztoy - Nt aHtattisn aluwayYA

n

wtth het diertaana

h eoro
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea

CO-ValkMt bongi
=
cr

cr

cr

tho ljortuu V)
atrtavilsM whch,
t

aurts Whon
aji

aji

Shartuno S elbetttbn th mutua

botween two
sm u Coleol
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

Tu overtaptng } Vartuu halb

rlled ottlsttr tu
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 aji

aji
Stgma bong F

sw

sw

sw
o, head oy ovettlap S-SS-p. Nd p-P

Bi

Bi

Bi
Otbita 65 tuwU atom Calleol: SLama bond
may be tteptttented asA
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
S-Sbonol -pr
cr

tc

tc
bong
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
P-P O b0nd
Bi

Bi

Bi
a, sütong bongd as -th oxtMt O5 Ovetclappe
A mOxtmum.
The ovettaptng.in bond along the mtinucleor.
n

n
axts
tio

tio

tio
-
ea

a
Pi-bond
re

re
cr

tc

tc
The stollwtAL ott putallo) ovwlaptng
b p-P OthD 6
aji

aji
tuwd albm Collleo
Pt bond
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
A '

(p-PT bend
n

ThR Ovesthppthg Un
bond above and bellow a
tio

tio

tio

plane tyntutRovo axis

ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr

Dutonal natutu ovalomt bond=

t

oono.s tottmod betweeh

aji

aji

when a COvaumt
otom hWeng lae di bhertuNu tn ouettto uo diçstmod
sw

sw

sw

nLqati vety,then
shorted pauthd Vb
Bi

Bi

Bi

atoctd ou0attdy motta Nlm

thuulprta a POutlig nagotwt Chartgc
on tha al E.N aSTm aNg
(s-) dwelopeol
SThs 0tm,
Pattay
Ptive charges)
n

acqurtu
io

io

io

this prtoves that dlttnetshal hatuu M c0-MaUMt

he
at

at

at

bono and chotge epartarGW dNeope polaN hourU

re

re

re
 aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
0-1Sa*ap
6
A
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
D
aji

aji
C
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
a hortmRd by
head oh overtlappung aFy Otbttal
b 6th xUN aXAm thttougn
t bonal and sdaAMe
OVeppung 5h otb te) tough T
th b0O.
n

n
tio

tio

tio
Molatwlovs
Orust thgou
ea

a
re

re
cr

tc

MolacMart
tc
Onbtal thoy CM0) dubnea the
o
aji

aji
rq nthttu dumehsonal spat 5 all the bonded
sw

sw

sw
oUsm tn amokue wheru
e Þrtøbaby, B} ltnoltng
Bi

Bi

Bi
mAxUMUN),

Postiuhaiis

MO
-
Gortmed
by uheom Combthattsh atomrc
n

n
tio

tio

tio

Ortbttal V CompartoŽUve eMetty (LCC=MO)

ea

ea

ea

shn se? Uh A0 Combtna ortm

to
cr

cr

cr

no M0.then thu
MO should be equad to
that h AO:
t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw

whon twO aumic Otbta Cmbena todorum MO

thon ohe havena oWett onA
n
Bi

Bi

Bi

Bondung mo
t hughor Stoabulut
uetlr OrustoBMO ).Wuk thu
hantna, ighar enuttay bthy
-Uulah
no
ovostadbuity{(AuTbdndthg mulp-
ofotal/
ABMMB)
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
t may be ttepteh ted as
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc /ABMO

tc
aji

aji
Eneta
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
A.0 A.0
n

n
BMO
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
re

re
tho shape
Combt naMO
dpenes oh the shape e
cr

tc

tc
aiomucOttbuta
aji

aji

The
sw

sw

sw
moleulan orthitals anu
tnCruauhg Ottder trtahged n the
Bi

Bi

Bi
enettg
Eaeh mdkelan Othttel
twd elktun wthbpPOSt eah acuoModa Maxmum
n

SPtn .:(Poteli
tio

tio

tio

Potu Ptuntuplk
Ecttsn pattung PrUnube)
ea

ea

ea

wnws
eauh
th deqehartaii MO
cr

cr

cr

ortbta SUnqp MA
OCcupd.(Hund'splall
t

t
aji

aji

AtDmic ortbtto! wtth tule

sw

sw

sw

naarty Lamg apptuoptua

apptoprial ymmettuu and
Oetry eay tanR &yomety
Bi

Bi

Bi

tana partt
pastt in MO
nMD otmsh
Tomtioh
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 pe U MO2

aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
anndng moleeu Ottbtte

Bi

Bi

Bi
tha
BMO hch i domed b addutn
t Hap &5 Xomic. ottbtta!
1e ovtlapptig
obts a
Lobts V cUlomic orthtol howung same sign
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
Rnd B tpeetively. The BMO Cah be tuptivehtaa
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
b
Bi

Bi

Bi
MO
Additve esbee ot tracttsh tw0 elbcttu) 1ave
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
A
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr
t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

-
.EOTHBn ehang dphsl
shBMD
pMo
MO
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at

+2E
re

re

re
 Sum ndduKA

aji

aji
etucttsn charae dens elam

sw

sw

sw
+
Bi

Bi

Bi
The magnu Hudle 0g mo numettucally qteoathan
n

n
Ovetilap ttoqsh. Thertelorte maxumum
io

io

io
eOnsty n the ekeTo
t

at

at
Pttusm Overtdap tteqLsh V betueOh
ea

two htfe
re

re
cr

tc

tc
The enettgy 6h BMD U
aji

aji
oluals ethan tho 5
Consttuaomic
sw

sw

sw
otbttel
Bi

Bi

Bi
Av ondung mouculast ortbtte! =
A+BMO that Whuch i3 sotmed bu Stubsttaouh
Overulap
tuo
n

n
alamic ottbod hat Overlapplna
tio

tio

tio
GLsbes b alsmic Ortblto hawing
dibbermt.san
ea

a
re

re
Let and atu theu netish l A& B
cr

tc

tc
seotuely
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
Stlbstnactie epheet btt enivaiLsN)
-ave "b Aand4 On be rtopioeYRA Fk twd elettsh-
a
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr
t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at

MO
re

re

re
 aji

aji
tsn Chatgi dem 4BMO

sw

sw

sw
(-
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
io

io

io
mebt6) chartge dehAky b}
ndwidol om
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
the magmidO 5
n numetu.coly uysthan
sw

sw

sw
MO.
Bi

Bi

Bi
honAi, h evetdap TteALsN ,

hetojoto,mnumum
overu@p larta ekttttsh donAty PtUAUnt
n

n
tuon berdeeh twb HUU.
tio

tio

tio
the eruyy
ea

a
ABMM0
doM motthan thafuy
re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
Disbertence belueen
sw

sw

sw
-
Bi

Bi

Bi
BMO
ABMO
+S uon
bOtmdbl- s
otrmed by substtat-
adds 6Verdläp ) A.0 -bsh overtUap®} A.0
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr

has maxtmum
e 4has mum ddons
mni
t

don8tty,
in the overtlap tgun
aji

aji

betwentuso nudei thth overtop t

sw

sw

sw

hutei. t2g uy bthtu

Bi

Bi

Bi

0ohthe tontbitusMt A.0 than th omAtitut A.ð

9Eeupebcttsn tn pBMO
n

(esitttusude Everu, elettton tn ABMD

io

io

io

aiirtaotbh
at

at

at

betwen tuwt
lsmu
re

re

re

twd tbmA
 s

aji

aji
isCombtng borurmed
hen lobts fortmed

sw

sw

sw
otbuto[ has 6btss tombunung

Bi

Bi

Bi
SaMe SAn
otbltal hs bpPo
sLti
Nodta Cttu abseM*
n

n
io

io

io
1hese art denoted as
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Reprewtaiusn 6h MobCuni
Ortbial-
Bi

Bi

Bi
M.0 Qrt tupuemted as Stgma(HMO
b)P Cu)MO
n

n
StgmaM0=
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
The MO Whch 6tmRd bu
re

re
head bh ovetlaplng
cr

tc

-S P
tc
Ot AP alomic ortbttel } twd OTbm
aji

aji
Knopn ou Sgma MO.
sw

sw

sw
d) sgma BMD oemes by Combenotuiy
.
Bi

Bi

Bi
wlth som Sgn:. nA-0
the aru dehoted 3A URp
n

Fortmofsh S BMO Cah be ttoPRER

tio

tio

tio

MA Cs
ea

ea

ea

+(
cr

cr

cr

(+
t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

(+ )+ (+ :(
P

+ K9.
e+
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 ABMO otmed by w t8mbtnosn

aji

aji
Stgmpa

sw

sw

sw
A.0 wh 6ppot Spth

Bi

Bi

Bi
ls at denotudo
t mottah
d.
tgmA ABMD
oh h ttpmerAa
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
S S
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
D+OD > YO-KD=O KD
n

n
RMO
RMO
tio

tio

tio
The
M. whch is bormed
cidswe OVOrUppung
ea

a
by Pavta
b P-p $ osmic le or
re

re
cr

Khooh a
tc

tc
P MO. otbiin
aji

aji
PBMO is iotumed by
sw

sw

sw
H tombtnettgh b
Bi

Bi

Bi
t.0
tortmoth5 TTBMO Cah be
tupttrnted as
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea

P
cr

cr

cr

P
t

t
aji

aji

)ABMO A ortmod by ha tombthatLon A.0

sw

sw

sw

iavnng
PP t Sgh
Bi

Bi

Bi

1veu do dD 1ghoted a Tp
Tottmettsn
U 9T A MA Can he
prtnnilol
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 Non- bongeng MO

aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
ohen tyb oomicotlbtd.efthoy donbt overop

Bi

Bi

Bi
ott thaf Som posLPive at
MpRot
ove«tlbppmgV5Tpnsat
negofWe ovettloappthg, then the tAWAa N
Ca lleol No)-bohoj ing M0. Cattad M.n
n

n
io

io

io
4Cah be ttpttnentta as
t

at

at
ea

re

re
+
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
eettqY 5boomc
tio

tio

tio
he NoN- bondun9 MO equol to hoti
ea

a
Comsrtwet ottbite
re

re
cr

sn 6 MOT
Applsco
tc

tc .
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bond ottdlur- he no 65 CoValntbmd
Prnmt a moRcu.
Bi

Bi

Bi
un
8.6=(Nb- Na)

Nb-Na
n

n
tio

tio

tio

tobuity behanio=
ea

ea

ea

t Bo Ptltuve CNbNa) Men the moueh is stobu.

cr

cr

cr

h BO is NqOTUV (NaSAIb) Men

t

tho moutulk t UNAH0

aji

aji
sw

sw

sw

magneHc behantewr
Bi

Bi

Bi

dhan is paktanmAgNEATC n natut

ICatlad
4w moUcLk CorTOh ho
demaontiC Un naitRd
ebettsh tham *
n

n
io

io

io

natUto.
at

at

at
re

re

re
 aji

aji
Rues 5 Tlung MO

sw

sw

sw
Autbbou's Ptunupu
Aubbo -
Bi

Bi

Bi
ELunt
vattiolu MO tnthe tncUMng au brld
nttiol ottolkr 6h 4hor enorgy
AatiCxCAsh Ptthple A MO
n

n
Axtmum twd elrct coh actomoolai
io

io

io
ttah with opposttr Sptn.
t

at

at
ea

Huno ftult, No pauting vh

re

re
cr

tc

tc
ekcdtmsn
M.Ohavtng ohn elkctttsn tll eosh
aji

aji
eauh
sw

sw

sw
Th sequencr
h n
Bi

Bi

Bi
MO the merteastna
otdn 55
Hompnuclgart diatomic
howeng asmuc no moleula wtth elumu n
n

n
1to +
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Homonuceaut
Bi

Bi

Bi
dioWomie moucnle
hawing diormic wth eumen
hø 8to 10
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr

Bondl ottdut x
t

t
aji

aji

Bonol dassotktLiHeReaN
sw

sw

sw

Bomolungth
Bi

Bi

Bi

Bono Sttungth
Bonoleett
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 oagtam b

aji

aji
Mokuan Ottbttel

sw

sw

sw
B-Is p

Bi

Bi

Bi
macwlart ottbta) elueito'G wnhgutattoy

( TETz TEA,Ta
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
Bond ottoli
cr

tc Nb-Na)

tc
aji

aji
(6-4)=1
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
Sente Bond otdl iu postwe 1e N nla,Ba is sHeh
Suyu t MOto#aun unÞOLINOO) e. B ortomo
tortamoo
n

n
MOD B Con be ttuprtwemed a)-
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
1
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr
t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

AD B
T
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at

SLgma iS bondung m.o

re

re

re
 aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
innmpn
Homohu
utat diobmc
dioromuc
moucuePo S-Pmixona
rtb nuttkan molkcu-Ru-spmixung
otuoomue moueule Jgho0ta S-P mixung
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

N C

re

re
r
cr

P- tc apT 8

tc
AHHgh
A
aji

aji
NO SP
sw

sw

sw
mixng
Bi

Bi

Bi
3 Ap

AE LoO -PMAXUng.
n

n
tio

tio

tio
AE = Hegh No - S-P mxng
ea

a
re

re
cr

MOD
WhM S-P mixung
tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr
t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

|
1s
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
re cr cr cr
at ea ea ea
io tio tio t io
n n n n
MOb

Prta SP
Bi Bi Bi Bi

0
sw sw sw sw
aji aji aji aji
t cr tc tc
re ea re re
a

comparu 4he bond

TAPM

at at
io tio tio io
wtth S-P MIxn

n n n n
TAPA
TTaA

. N
Bi Bi Bi Bi
sw sw sw sw
aji aji aji aji
t cr tc tc
re ea re re
a

-diotiotUGHeNert
at at
io tio tio io
n n n n
12

ortd bondhngth, bong

Bi Bi Bi Bi
sw sw sw sw
 aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Moucudarn Otbtial olltitsnuc Comiaustaun

Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
(TaPu=(Ta
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
CITA=(1TaA)

D oW Nh -Na]
n

n
tio

tio

tio
o-4):
ea

a
N =3
re

re
cr

tc

tc
-4) =
aji

aji

A5
sw

sw

sw
-6)
Bi

Bi

Bi
510-5) 2 = a5
Rotiwe StobtuBohd duyouotuh
n

eu
tio

tio

tio

wtl sno thu ortdr 0s

Bond ortdun
ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr
t

t
aji

aji

8omdllungth
sw

sw

sw

Bang ortdl
Bi

Bi

Bi

Sishty matRwtobu dhah cauw

be
n

n
io

io

io

e morte h Ai bsndwe Ottbit

at

at

at

haA 6hu
re

re

re
re cr cr cr
at ea ea ea
io tio tio t io
n n n n
-Di

SP

Bond ontd
Bi Bi Bi Bi
sw sw sw sw

-3
O-uAAa
aji aji aji aji
Cohtn

t tc tc

(-0)
re cr re re

dk1
at ea a at
io tio tio io

hb

MO.C0

Nb-No)
modol)

n n n n

BU B.0
SP matng)

noto)
(Pmuxrng) *
Moutwan btebtta daq itam
bk

Bi Bi Bi Bi

a. 6 (n
sw sw sw sw
aji aji aji aji
t
=

cr tc tc

40.65 N
re re re

he (
at ea a at
io tio tio io
n n n n
as-pMixtn

Bi Bi Bi Bi
sw sw sw sw
 aji

aji
neu/att
MOltc Obtdiagttom 6 HE

sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
AMap
F
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
Dmbenattsh
t} dh& Afy, Ortbbtalk wtth 0Hbttal
s
aji

aji
Cah it toukaplata 18
sw

sw

sw
(osLaertatbh beconnh Sym metteu
Bi

Bi

Bi
Onthu 6thorhanol
dPZ ObttafF-ktm overtlap
ehetivebyutth
CSP) bonhg molucuart s
1 Ortb tto? +H olam to dottm .
n

n
orbitnl and) Fsp antibthdung
tio

tio

tio
molucula ottbtta!.
ea

a
re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
1S Ortbto
5 F oUTom
Bi

Bi

Bi
S H-olT
P
1
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea

hb)
cr

cr

cr

hCA
1 1 1 11L
t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw

P
Bi

Bi

Bi

1
hbCa
4.0
nhC18) 1S
n

n
io

io

io

4,0 F-alsm
at

at

at

MO Uy 4+F
re

re

re
 Mobcitart otbttal diag Ham oy obmie

aji

aji
molueul

sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
Lunear conmbenalsh Atbmic Otbto
ymmetuY adjuttd luneor comatnotsh (SALC)
n

n
io

io

io
LLggno grtoupng onbtel Conwbt (L610)
t

at

at
ea

re

re
Hypotheti co ptouss
cr

tc

tc
mo mi xng
aji

aji
41 6nly grwtuptng
sw

sw

sw
ONo Cona dertabl change tn tho 's
Bi

Bi

Bi
euay abtos ming
MOD
6 Bet *
n

n
tio

tio

tio
Be
ea

a
re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji

Be
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea

1S
cr

cr

cr

Fon symmyiy umatdertottoh ilbmic otbta! ur

t

t
aji

aji

Be Copablu "F borrnng

bond, th Bel malecula
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

tha A an aly Ottotte

tort totumng
boNnd
Be at mot suitablu
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
re cr cr cr
at ea ea ea
t

th
io tio tio io C0r7
n n n n
weth
doge

Be +
Bi Bi Bi Bi
ona
sw sw sw sw
aji aji aji aji

CBondtrig) =
t
az

cr tc tc
re ea re re
at a at
io tio tio io
n n n n
PttbttoA
which atu COupalylu
y
unew Combenatin

Bi Bi Bi Bi
sw sw sw sw
aji aji aji aji
t
Be Qt

tc tc
bmn

re cr re re
(Be sCHtCh)
ea a
hCHo)-eCH

at at
io tio tio io
n n n n

CBondng)= p(+4%CHa)t% CHb)

1s otbttal n
d bonds

Bi Bi Bi Bi
sw sw sw sw
re cr cr cr
at ea ea ea
io tio tio t io

4.00
n n n n

Pe
Bi Bi Bi Bi
sw sw sw sw

Bondortdv
1
aji aji aji aji
t tc tc

hb
re cr re re
ea a

1
at at
io tio tio io
n n n n

C4+-0)
CNb-Na)
Mollwlat Ottbtto dlagtam

Bi Bi Bi Bi
nbPu)

sw sw sw sw

a
aji aji aji aji
t tc tc
11
Betp

re cr re re
.
LG0
o

ea a

(t
at at
LSIO

io tio tio io
n n n n
CH

)
Bi Bi Bi Bi
sw sw sw sw
 ar
ctatr

aji

aji
OtbUte dag tam V

sw

sw

sw
Mot

Bi

Bi

Bi
d
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
+)
ea

9
re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
symmery CotAlttuctth.abmic
Bi

Bi

Bi
pabt 5UTn t bond th HO 0ttbltel
mouou O
R01
a z 1he

T SUab
and &R Otb
Ot
to Obrn
fs mng o- bomd.
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
re

re
LbrutM V, LG0-
cr

tc

tc
fu turo tiheart tombtnattsh V
aji

aji

Hudrtogeh tohueh 1 amc ottbtta)

sw

sw

sw
0t Capahl Foemeng d bonds
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea

-sCHHHCHH) CHa) CHa)%CHb)

cr

cr

cr
t

t
aji

aji

Thu.
bondtng Cambtngtsn
aPp and alz 0tubltal n
sw

sw

sw

0-osm wth LG10 wo +albn Can be ttopreovtpd

Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at

Ttwdirg)=tt
re

re

re
 aji

aji
MOD ) O

sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
11
ea

re

re
cr

tc -G0

tc
1
aji

aji
ap hb(APu)
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
T
n

n
1
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
A.0) 0 m LGO
H2
re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bonortou=(Nb-Na) 4-0)=
Bi

Bi

Vaanu bond Tiuoimt uT H, molkcul:- Bi

n

V
tio

tio

tio

thin thuot WOA put otwarded by tteitl ang

ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr

Lendon ii 192 to xplan the natua b CovalUYt

t

t
aji

aji

bond
sw

sw

sw

This approalh was tatvr. moxditied b pauilung

Bi

Bi

Bi

and slatr m 1031 to expain tDttmats onol

dituetionget netutt C0-Valumd bondl.
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 aji

aji
London TiteomeM t oHog malw.

sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
Oplaa t emin Change durwng ha otmo
Hyd HogeM mouoi
n

n
AUntuplk
io

io

io
t

at

at
2
ea

anol
re

re
art tha wove
untsn vn any
cr

tc

tc
OLTa onouperndent okm A B hen
aji

aji
woveebunctLsh and
tal
total
sw

sw

sw
is gweh by
Bi

Bi

Bi
ibsoma4011d au Varueno woeluniton_bi the
System ,thh twteu wove
luntin gweh bu
n

n
-

= C4+
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
re

rt, Ca au Mixng Co ebbrtiunt Comsm re

cr

16ha
tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
ContoN tuo hyonogen
uhat A and B rtuptuwemt m Ht) and )
Bi

Bi

Bi
the huAM
QxteutttUsn ags0tioi Wth them. and 1aa
Let
Aty and Ca) be tha wove iwnctusn
n

n
tio

tio

tio

HAC) and HBCa) alom br

ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr

Shun
tha 4tyolttogeh olom artu
kart apartt
t

bttom eath
aji

aji

tha tsta) uwowebtunettoh bier

4
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

DSLhg
thu wWoweliunefubn equazUG) O bonol
Callatp d is equal to 6 KCal/mau. ette
n

Butacttia)
io

io

io

DOnd
enutyYtn th otmai'on V maucul u
at

at

at

103 KCa
re

re

re

mb1
 Drgbortend befweun oe}uo bond

aji

aji
ehety anpl

sw

sw

sw
Calculoteol bond eu ttoy u Voy latg.

Bi

Bi

Bi
h honol eherto CalCulated om equatsn
Uneortut G
Ablu the bottmation
n

n
b bond hu ouctrtsn PILUWn
io

io

io
tn the moucul betom
t

at

at
endistngushabu
ea

StRuctu arte
re

re
do Poth.
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
CI)
Bi

Bi

Bi
wth sAcituru T mo I ttupeutvelu
hem
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

a
re

Th tota wweunetum
re
cr

tc

tc
gwen lb
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
For Hyditoaen molucul
an C= 1 ,C=t1 C=t a|
Substughg thx valu V
n

r n equatien
tio

tio

tio

C.ond
ea

ea

ea
cr

cr

cr

Bondeng
State
t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

Sto
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
-Y
n

n
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
Iwtnudart
tio

tio

tio
distwhca
ea

a
re

re
cr

wng wowe unitloh

tc

tc
equaltn 3 boo en
aji

aji
alulertad egtuato +Ka/mo. Thu caleulated
sw

sw

sw
bOnd ena
SU AThovm. epextiemmu
Bi

Bi

Bi
tlalvauu.
Todung to potua ng &
tovalu
t hastat SOmL
Slu Aong wth
n

Prusent on ohit chataetir an

tio

tio

tio

thr bmgl
ea

ea

ea

fort Lomuc chartai

my towd
cr

cr

cr

addttianoul. swtute o- ollootng

t

t
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw

)4 CA)
Bi

Bi

Bi

.
19
n

n
io

io

io

= ovalnttsnic
at

at

at

e iavekunctom
re

re

re
 USma woweunLtion }equafsN bond eno

aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Calculatr equal q+
is Kco/msl,which u
ay

Bi

Bi

Bi
equal to expetuem nRnl valuR.
HHbonol is partialy onic ond potia ly
Covabt en hfut
n

n
and boremoim.
io

io

io
t

at

at
ea

The
re

re
physttal suanitrtanu
cr

tc equwT vm

tc
thot th mokcauk eovn it be statu
aji

aji
&Ungle
Strtuefute tha boltn uptte Edl by a
sw

sw

sw
mou tui arte dt}hernd shuthut
Bi

Bi

Bi
Cla)
n

n
tio

tio

tio
thun iut toutURR
ea

a
artei th tubonana hybruid
re

re
cr

tc

tc
rupwxt*ha CoVD
aji

aji
ehovoct omd
LT& V tupuwent. touc shrutu
sw

sw

sw
Uhoutact
Bi

Bi

Bi
Lommon ealurtey ug
VBT omd
MOT
O CoValuntbond
e ctun odunay ibotmeilhudki
B sharUng y bondng
n

n
tio

tio

tio

6oCh
ea

ea

ea

forumatt'm
covalne bond wowes
cr

cr

cr

atomic ott moluUwlatt ovenlappm

0ttbt
t

Symmrty
aji

aji

omd Ug.opprtoprtioi
enY
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi

Dottibim elattwm hotUo

Aubba Ptunuip
prtintpls
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re
 aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
Bi

Bi

Bi
Dercenc bth
n

n
io

io

io
VBT
t

at

at
MOT
ea

re

re
cr

tc

tc
aji

aji
iwwswes the tnitationO4 wsweuth cntirautm
sw

sw

sw
un A0 tu dvrm a- betwn MOtu furm o
Bi

Bi

Bi
Cule mouwlu.
owilt

Ettoh moMe m the Ektium i movn4

n

n
tio

tio

tio
S be h kws
ea

a
1
re

re
cr

MOaHA
tc

HO
tc
POy unPtc
aji

aji
sw

sw

sw
thus mthod lo to
T muthpo explaw
Bi

Bi

Bi
n

n
tio

tio

tio
ea

ea

ea

HOMD& LUMO
bewn HOMO& LUMD
cr

cr

cr
t

t
aji

aji

fpramaaniem tn 0, & CM
sw

sw

sw

oxplanPorsamo-
tulaive stubility
Bi

Bi

Bi

Vb monoy
tic swbuty T-Etytmm
T-8um camnst be.©xplavned
n

n
io

io

io
at

at

at
re

re

re