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After going through this learning toolkit, you

are expected to:
•1. identify the different types of research in
terms of feature and relevance; and
•2. describe the steps and explain the
Research 8 research process.

Types of Research and

the Research Process

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•Research extends our vision and experiences.
It helps us understand how and why a
situation exists. It enables us to discover new
things and ideas, validate existing theories
and generate new ones. It provides us
accurate and reliable information which we
can use as basis for making decisions. This
includes research major categories and its
different types, and nature of research
process.
•Research is a logical and systematic search for new
and useful information on a particular topic.
Research is important both in scientific and
nonscientific fields. In our life new problems,
events, phenomena and processes occur every
day. Practically, implementable solutions and
suggestions are required for tackling new
problems that arise. Scientists have to undertake
research on them and find their causes, solutions,
explanations and applications.

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General Types of Research Descriptive Research

•Research can be classified into three general
categories: descriptive research, correlation
or association research and experimental or
intervention research
•The descriptive type of study finds answer to
the questions who, what, when, where and
how. This type of research describes a
situation or a given state of affairs in terms of
specified aspects or factors.

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Explanatory or Correlation Research
•An explanatory study goes beyond description of
the problem or situation. It attempts to explain
the possible factors related to a problem which
has been observed in a descriptive study. This
type of study answers the questions why and
how? The factors related to the problem, however
need not be viewed as “real” causes of the
problem, but factors which are associated with or
ma contribute to the occurrence of the problem.
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The following examples of research topics in
specific areas fall under the descriptive type:
•“The management style of school administrators in
Iloilo City”
•“Tardiness and absenteeism among high school
students”
•“The medical components of five kinds of Philippine
backyard plants”
•“Smoking habits of health service providers in
government and private hospitals”
•“Marketing practices of the loom weaving industry in
Region VI”
•The explanatory type of study is also called
correlation research, in which the research
investigates relationships between factors or
variables. Certain factors are “assumed” to
explain or contribute to the existence of a
problem or a certain condition or the
variation in a given situation.
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The following examples of research topics fall
under the explanatory or correlation category:
• Knowledge about Cancer and Compliance with Diet, exercise and
Medical Regimen among Cancer Patients”
• Relationship Between Socioeconomic Factors and Absenteeism
Among High School Students in the District of Jaro”
• “Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking Habits of Health Service
Providers in Government and private Hospitals in Iloilo City”
• Marketing Strategies and Sales Performance of Garment
Industries in the Province of Antique”
• “Employment and Income as Determinants of Loan Repayment
Status of Borrowers of Credit Cooperatives in Ilocos Norte”
• “Factors Associated with Extent of Involvement in Local
Governance among Barangay Officials in Region IV”
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The following research problems are examples of
intervention experimental types of research:
•“The Effect of Cooperative Learning Approach on
the Performance in Mathematics in Junior High
School Students of Central Philippine University”
•“The Effect of Verbal Suggestion on Overt Pain
Reaction of Selective Post-Operative Patients”
(Parrenas, 1994)
•“Advertising: It’s Effect on Sales and Profit of Auto
Parts Business Establishment in Metro Manila”
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Other Dichotomies of Research
•There are other classifications of research.
Research may also be classified as either pure
or applied, either exploratory or explanatory,
and either quantitative or qualitative.
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Intervention or Experimental Research
•The intervention or experimental type of
research evaluates the effect or outcome of a
particular intervention or treatment. It studies
the “cause and effect” relationship between
certain factors on a certain phenomenon under
controlled conditions. The subjects of the study
are randomly assigned to the experimental
group and to the control group and both groups
are exposed to similar conditions except for the
intervention treatment.
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•“The Effect of In-House Training on Human
Relations on the Productivity and Efficiency of
Office Employees in Private Banks in Iloilo City”
•“The Effect of Different Levels of Applied Nitrogen
on the Growth and Yield of Rice”
•“The Impact of the ADB-Assisted Microfinance
Projects on the Living Condition of the
Beneficiaries:
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Pure or Basic vs. Applied Research
•Pure or Basic. It is an investigation on basic
principles and reasons for occurrence of a
particular event or process or phenomenon.
It is also called theoretical research. Study or
investigation of some natural phenomenon or
relating to pure science are termed as basic
research. Basic researches sometimes may
not lead to immediate use or application.
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•It is not concerned with solving any practical
problems of immediate interest. But it is original
or basic in character. It provides a systematic and
deep insight into a problem and facilitates
extraction of scientific and logical explanation and
conclusion on it. It helps build new frontiers of
knowledge. The outcomes of basic research form
the basis for many applied researches.
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Examples of Pure/Basic Research Topics
•“Factors Associated with Tardiness and
Absenteeism among High School Students”
•“Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking
Habits of Health Service Providers”
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Applied Research
•Studies individual or specific cases without the
objective to generalize.
•Aims at any variable which makes the desired
difference.
•Tries to say how things can be changed.
•Tries to correct the facts which are problematic.
•Reports in common language.
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Basic Research
•Seeks generalization.
•Aims at basic processes.
•Attempts to explain why things happen.
•Tries to get all the facts.
•Reports in technical language of the topic.
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Applied research.
•In an applied research one solves certain
problems employing well known and accepted
theories and principles. Most of the experimental
research, case studies and inter-disciplinary
research are essentially applied research. Applied
research is helpful for basic research. A research,
the outcome of which has immediate application
is also termed as applied research. Such a
research is of practical use to current activity.
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Examples of Applied Research Topics
•“The Effect of Gender Sensitivity Training on
Men’s Involvement in Child Care”
•“Remedial Teaching: It’s Effect on the
Performance of Slow Learners”
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Exploratory vs. Explanatory Research
•Exploratory research might involve a literature search
or conducting focus group interviews. The exploration
of new phenomena in this way may help the
researcher’s need for better understanding, may test
the feasibility of a more extensive study, or determine
the best methods to be used in a subsequent study.
For these reasons, exploratory research is broad in
focus and rarely provides definite answers to specific
research issues.
•The objective of exploratory research is to identify key
issues and key variables.
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Explanatory Research:
•Its primary goal is to understand or to explain
relationships.
•It uses correlations to study relationships
between dimensions or characteristics off
individuals, groups, situations, or events.
•Explanatory research explains (How the parts of a
phenomenon are related to each other).
•Explanatory research asks the “Why” question.
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Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Quantitative research
•It is numerical, non-descriptive, applies statistics
or mathematics and uses numbers.
•It is an iterative process whereby evidence is
evaluated.
•The results are often presented in tables and
graphs.
•It is conclusive.
•It investigates the what, where and when of
decision making.
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Examples of Exploratory Research Topics
•“Domestic Violence: Ideas, Experiences, and
Needs of Married Working men in the City of
Baguio”
•“Menopause: Working Women’s Perceptions,
Experiences and Coping Strategies”
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Examples of Explanatory research Topics
•“Relationship Between Alcohol Intake and
Domestic Violence Among Married Men in
the Municipality of Alimodian”
•“Extent of Exposure to Advertising Materials
and Expenditure Patterns of Young
Professionals in Northern Luzon”
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Examples of Quantitative Research Topics
•“The Socioeconomic Profile of Households in
Upland Communities in the Province of
Antique”
•“Health Seeking Behavior and Health Status
of Retired Teacher in Zamboanga”
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Qualitative research
•It is non-numerical, descriptive, applies reasoning
and uses words.
•Its aim is to get the meaning, feeling and describe
the situation.
•Qualitative data cannot be graphed.
•It is exploratory.
•It investigates the why and how of decision
making
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The Research Process
•The research process involves identifying,
locating, assessing, and analyzing the
information you need to support your
research question, and then developing and
expressing our ideas. These are the same
skills you need anytime you write a report,
proposal, or put together a presentation.
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•The research process can be broken down
into seven steps, making it more manageable
and easier to understand. This will give you an
idea of what's involved at each step-in order
to give you a better overall picture of where
you are in your research, where you will be
going, and what to expect at each step.
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Examples of Qualitative research Topics
•“Experiences and Needs of Victims of Child
Abuse Among Elementary School Pupils in
Iloilo Province”
•“Menopause: Women’s Perceptions and
Experiences”
•“Underground Economy: A Survival Strategy
of Public School Employees”
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•Specifically, A Science Investigatory Project
(SIP) uses the scientific method to study and
test an idea about how something works. It
involves researching a topic, formulating a
working theory (or hypothesis) that can be
tested, conducting the experiment, and
recording and reporting the results.
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The Seven Steps of the Research Process
•The following seven steps outline a simple
and effective strategy for finding information
for a research paper and documenting the
sources you find. Depending on your topic
and your familiarity with the library, you may
need to rearrange or recycle these steps.
Adapt this outline to your needs.
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•Step 1: Choose a Topic

Assignment: Research Hunt!
•Step 2: Collect Background Information
•Step 3: Organize Information and Citations •Look for a completed Science Investigatory
Project (SIP) and complete this table:
•Step 4: Evaluate Information and Write
Research Question
•Step 5: Write Draft
•Step 6: Edit, Correct and Revise
•Step 7: Write Final Draft and Cited References

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