Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on
By
In
Mechanical Engineering
Affiliated to
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
(December, 2022)
Certificate
Designation: This is to certify that the Project entitled “Fabrication of smart helmet ”
submitted by students group no 30 to G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management Greater
Noida, in Mechanical Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out by him. Abhishek
Jadaun, Mohit Sharma, Mradul Gola and Prabhat Chandra Jha have worked under my
guidance and supervision and fulfilled the requirements for the submission of progress report,
has reached requisite standards as per best of my knowledge and project guidelines.
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge
and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor
material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree
or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Signature
Name –
Date:
2
Acknowledgement
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken
during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mr.Rohit Sahu for his constant
support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and
perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts
that our endeavours have seen light of the day.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Vinod Kumar Yadav (HOD,
ME), for his full support and assistance during the development of the project.
We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty
members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development
of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the
completion of the project.
Signature: Signature:
ABHISHEK JADAUN MOHIT SHARMA
Roll No.: 1901920400005 Roll No.: 1901920400077
Date : Date :
Signature: Signature:
MRADUL GOLA PRABHAT CHANDRA JHA
Roll No.: 1901920400079 Roll No.: 1901920400088
Date : Date :
3
Abstract
Currently, it's common to observe bike accidents all around us. One of the causes of people getting
hurt or maybe dying is not wearing a helmet.If they were wearing a helmet at the time of the
disaster, many people could have avoided losing their lives.Constantly, traffic laws are broken. A
smart helmet with an integrated control system is suggested as solution to these issues. The goal
of the Smart Helmet for Motorcyclist project is to improve motorcycle riders' level of road safety.
The concept comes from the knowledge that motorcycle riders are becoming increasingly
concerned due to the rise in fatal traffic
incidents over time. It is made up of a system with ADXL 335,MQ3,GSM ,Belt ,Buzzer,
AdruinoUNO,Battery.The security system used in this project has all the qualities of a perfect
ride, thus its use should be emphasised. The initiative is anticipated to increase safety and
decrease accidents, particularly those that are fatal to motorcyclists.
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Table of Content
5
List of Figures
1. GSM 11
2. Audrino UNO 12
3a. MQ3 21
3b. Battery 21
3c. Flowchart 21
4a. Diagram 22
6
List of abbreviations
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Helmets are now compulsory in India. We experiences an annual rise in traffic accidents. Every individual
who operates a two-wheeled vehicle is required under Section 129 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, to
wear protective headgear that satisfies her BIS (Indian Bureau of
Specifications) standards. Additionally, bikers will be punished for driving while intoxicated (DUI), a
misdemeanour under the Motor Vehicles Act of 1939. Now, cyclists may easily avoid the law. These
three key ideas have driven the creation of this project.
Identifying if a helmet is being worn is the first step. The ignition will only turn on if the helmet is on;
else, it will remain off. The Force Sensing Sensor (FSR) sensor is employed. Alcohol detection is done in
the second stage [2]. When the legal limit is exceeded, the ignition cannot start because the alcohol
sensor acts as a breath analyzer to identify the presence of alcohol in the driver's breath. The rider is
preparing to ride his bike while intoxicated, according to a message sent to the phone. For this, the MQ-
3 sensor is employed. These two requirements of his must be satisfied before ignition may start.
Accidents and delays in providing medical assistance represent the third main issue.One of the main
causes of a driver's death after an accident is that he might not receive immediate medical care. One in
two fatalities are caused by a delay in medical attention or an unattended accident scene. Add an
accelerometer to the bike's unit to detect falls. Accidents can be discovered thanks to this mechanism.
It's no secret that the youth of today favours two- and three-wheeled transportation over four-wheelers.
Over 70% of drivers avoid wearing helmets, according to a survey, for no apparent reason. Any collision
involving a moving vehicle on a road is a traffic accident. Every day, more and more people die in
motorcycle accidents. A significant number of the accidents that take place around us cause a great loss
of life. Approximately 7,500 individuals every year pass away in car accidents, according to data. Serious
accidents might happen as a result of inexperience, inattention, breaking traffic laws, etc. As a result, the
inspiration for creating our project came from our social obligation to the community to do everything in
our power to prevent accidents.Thus, this feeling of a moral obligation to society served as the impetus
for Smart's helmet idea. To assist you in your daily life, SmartHelmet concentrates on three primary
objectives. First off, without a helmet on, the
bike's ignition won't turn on. Second, using a smart helmet while driving is prohibited. If the rider is drunk,
the bike won't start. Incident detection is a third application. With the use of this smart helmet with
technology, the family and hospital can be contacted when a person has an accident and no one can help
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them if they are in a remote location. There are presently numerous solutions available for the protection
of The setup includes a
helmet.
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1.2 Parameters need to be considered during Fabrication
It is simple to construct and may be made in big quantities. For greater durability, carbon
fibre will be used to create the device's housing. The helmet will have a cooling towel built
into it to keep the wearer at ease. Vents have also been built into the design, with a
mechanism to open and close them as needed by the user. Use an audio unit to listen to
music or directions while wearing bone-conducting headphones. A battery unit, the housing
for which will be moulded inside the box itself, will power all electronics on board.
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A tiny PCB subassembly called an RF transmitter module may send radio waves and modulate them to
transmit data (see Figure 4). A microcontroller is often used to create sending modules and supply it
with data that may be sent. Regulatory criteria that outline the maximum permitted transmit power,
harmonics, and band edge specifications are frequently applicable to RF transmitters. The modulated
RF signal is taken in by and demodulated by the RF receiver module.
Superheterodyne and superregenerative receivers are two modules I have like B. Super-regenerative
modules are typically low-cost, low- power devices that extract modulated data from a carrier wave via
a chain of amplifiers. Super-regenerative modules typically lack accuracy due to the fact that their
operating frequency is highly dependent on supply voltage and temperature. Superregenerative
receivers fall short of superheterodyne receivers in performance. [Ref. watelectronics.com]
Better accuracy and stability over a wider range of voltage and temperature are the results of this. The
solid crystal patterns employed in the past are responsible for this steadiness. It should denote a
product that is reasonably priced. Superheterodyne and superregenerative receiver modules are
currently relatively similar in price thanks to advancements in receiver chip design. The Arduino Uno is
an open source microcontroller board created by Arduino.cc and originally made available in 2010. It is
based on Microchip's ATmega328P microprocessor. Accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts but also
works with a USB cable or external 9 volt battery. similar to the Leonardo and Arduino Nano. The
hardware reference design is made accessible on the Arduino website and is given under the Creative
Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.licence The first release of the Arduino software was designated as
"uno," which means "one" in Italian [1]. His first USB-based Arduino board is called the Uno board [3].
The Arduino is continually evolving to newer versions, however this and the Arduino IDE version 1.0
remain the reference models [4]. An embedded bootloader on the board's ATmega328 enables the
upload of new code without the need for an external hardware programmer. (Ref. https://store-
usa.arduino.cc/products /arduino-uno-rev3)
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The majority of accidents in today's fast-paced world are caused by drunk driving. The majority of nations
require drivers to wear helmets, but lawbreakers persist in flouting the regulations.
Therefore, the goal of this project is to encourage helmet use when biking.
According to studies by IJSR on smart helmet published in 2016 Helmet employing GSM and GPS
technology for accident detection and reporting system" reportedly created this project specifically
to increase rider safety. This project
' s goal is to learn about and comprehend the RF transmitter and receiver circuit concept. GSM, GPS, and
ARM 7 are all used in the project. The project also
makes use of buzzers as indicators. When an accident occurs, the location will be noted, and the
registered cellphone number will receive information. [ 1 ] The main drawback of this idea is that there
is no display device being used to
show the current condition. Additionally, because helmets are made for one purpose, their price is still
expensive.
According to a research report from 2015 titled "Smart Helmet," the author of this project [2] suggested
the smart helmet due to the rise in bike accidents. People suffer injuries or may pass away as a result
of not wearing helmets. No one ever complies with traffic regulations.
Therefore, this helmet was created to address these issues. Due to their affordable prices and wide
variety, motorbikes are preferred by middle class families over four-wheelers. In addition, the author
employed an encoder IC that receives parallel data in the form of control and address bits in a helmet smart
system. However, the author of this project did not concentrate on the key issue that may arise in the future
involving alcohol and many other.
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According to a research study published in 2016[3] with the working title "Smart Helmet," the author's
primary goal in this paper is to require the rider to wear a helmet. According to a poll, the number of fatalities
from motorcycle accidents are rising daily in today's competitive world , and the majority of these fatalities
are attributable to riders not wearing helmets. Remote city highways cannot be patrolled by traffic police.
That is why our main goal is to make wearing a
helmet when operating a two-wheeled vehicle "compulsory". As a result, only the owner can
use the bike if they have the "password" that the owner would have created. This author has suggested a
feature in which the bike won't Unless the cyclist is not wearing a helmet, the ride cannot begin. The other
module in this system basically checks to see if the cyclist is wearing a helmet in the first place. To do this, an
ultrasonic sensor is employed. Based on this, a signal is transmitted to the following module, which uses
speech recognition for authentication. This project also uses Arduino, an open source tool for building
intelligent computers.
The author of a research paper from 2015[4] titled "Microcontroller based smart clothing for driver safety"
reportedly referenced the vehicle's speed in this article .
In this instance, the project will watch the places that the car will pass through. The vehicle's speed will be
limited while entering any cautionary areas, such as schools, hospitals, etc. After donning the helmet, an LCD is
utilized to display various messages. The author's research has only focused on the phenomenon of accidents,
which are frequently brought on by drunk driving. However, as is common knowledge, other factors, including
as speed, are equally to blame for the accidents that occur in the area.
VIII. To design system reduces number of accident due to the drink and drive.
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CHAPTER 3 DESIGN PROCEDURE
Selection Of Material
Components of a Helmet
The helmet consists of 3 major components, namely Shell, Liner and Strap
1) Shell – the outer covering of the helmet, which gives the helmet its structure. This layer offers
the protection and stability to the helmet design. The Shell is made from a composite material, one of the
most common ones being GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic)
2) Liner - The liner is the most important part of the helmet, the foam layer where the energy of
the crash is managed. Bicycle helmet liners are mostly moulded in Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) foam.
3) Strap - Helmet straps are generally made of nylon or polypropylene. They all look similar, but
vary considerably in fabric, surface finish, weave and other subtle characteristics.
Commonly used materials: GRP, ABS, FRP, Kevlar (for high grade helmets)
GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) – this material is made by mixing glass fibers in a plastic resin. The
resulting mix is quite strong, durable and easy to mould. It is more expensive than ABS. however, it is
ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) – this is a thermoplastic polymer. Though it is the cheapest
material (and was once widely used in making helmets) this material has been found to degrade in the
presence of sunlight, thus losing its stability and durability.
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FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) – this material is made by mixing fibers of different length or different
composition in a resin of plastic. The resulting mix is strong, durable and stable.
Kevlar – military grade bullet-proof material. Used only for high grade helmets (for use in mountain
biking)
The material we are going to use in our design is a hybrid combination of FRP and Carbon fiber. While the
base of the shell will be fabricated from FRP, an external layer of carbon fiber will be moulded to give it
2.3.1. B-90A B-90C Snell test Snell standard is for helmets that are being sold in US and have
predefined standards that a helmet has to fulfil in order to be sold in the states. There are various types
of sub-standards also depending upon the type of cycling use. The standard vary from B90A to B90C.
[4]
1) General: It focuses on the points like both the internal and external surfaces should be smooth and
all the projections on the outer shell should offer minimal frictional resistance to tangential force. 2) Material:
The material used for the production of helmet should be durable and should not be
harmed by environmental factors like exposure to rain, sunlight, dust etc. Also material should not
support any type of bacterial or fungal growth.
3) Finishing: The internal as well as the external finishing of the helmet should be smooth and
should not include any projection of material which could be uncomfortable or dangerous for the
user.
4) Retention system: This rule states that the design of helmet should be simple and should not
include any non-essential features which can degrade the main objective of the helmet.
5) Vision: The helmet should not hinder the vision of the user in any form and user should have
a clear vision of at least 110 degree.
2.3.2. EN 1078 standard It is a helmet standard for the helmets that are being sold in Europe continent.
It test helmet on factors like field of vision, shock absorbing properties and the ease of use including
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PUSH BUTTON: Push button determines whether the rider wears the helmet or not. Push button is fixed
inside the helmet. If the rider wears the helmet the push button is pressed and determines that rider
wears the helmet. If the push button is not pressed then the rider is not wearing the helmet. Push button
status is sent from RF transmitter of helmet side to RF receiver of bike side. If the push button is not
pressed it determines helmet is not wearied by the rider and the ignition is made off with the help of
relay.
ALCOHOL SENSOR: Traffic police often use breath analyzer to check the blood alcohol content. The most
import part of this analyzer is Alcohol senor MQ3 or similar. Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2,
which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target alcohol gas exist, the sensors conductivity
gets higher along with the gas concentration rising. Users can convert the change of conductivity to
correspond output signal of gas concentration through a simple circuit.
ARDUINO : is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino
boards are able to read inputs – light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message – and turn it
into an output – activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. To do so you use the
Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most
microcontroller systems are limited to Windows. The Arduino software is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from
Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based
Software used :
C (pronounced like the letter c) is a general-purpose computer programming language. It was created in
the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly
reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems, device drivers,
protocol stacks, though decreasingly.for application software. C is commonly used on computer
architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the smallest microcontrollers and embedded
systems.
A successor to the programming language B, C was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between
1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix. It was applied to reimplementing the kernel of the
Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most
widely used programming languages, with C compilers available for practically all modern computer
architectures and operating systems. C has been standardized by ANSI since 1989 (ANSI C) and by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
C is an imperative procedural language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and
recursion, with a static type system. It was designed to be compiled to provide low- level access to
memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions, all with minimal runtime
support. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform
programming. A standardscompliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a
wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code.
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CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
2.4.1. Impact Test This test involves a series of controlled impacts where the strength of a helmet is
tested in order to check whether the helmet is safe for user. Standards are already set by various
controlling agencies lie Snell and DOT. The tensile strength of helmet can be measured with the help of
various experiment like Flat, Hemisphere, kerbstone, Roll bar, Edge or a Horseshoe type which simulate
2.4.2. Positional Stability (Roll-Off) Test In this test helmet is mounted on the mould upside down at
an angle of 135degrees. Before the commencement of test the helmet is placed and properly mounted
on the mould with the help of helmet strap and buckles. In the test a wire is attached to the rear end of
the helmet and is then forward so it runs free towards the front. The other free end of the rope is then
loaded with 4g weight resting on the top and then the weight is dropped from prescribed height
(height
prescribed in Snell standard) and dropped to a halt. After the test the rotational of helmet is noted from the
previous position of helmet. If the amount of the deflection is less than the prescribed value then the test is a
success and if the amount of deflection exceeds the prescribed value then the test is considered to be a fail.
2.4.3. Dynamic Retention Test This test is conducted to test the strength of chin strap and jaw piece.
The helmet is placed securely over the head mount with the help of strap and is locked. The jaw piece is
loaded with a load and is suspended for approximately one minute. Other way of conducting this test is
to attach a load to the strap of the helmet and then the load is allowed to fall. If the load is able to break
or displace the strap from its original position then the test is considered to be a fail otherwise the test
is pass. The success of test is highly depend upon the standard upon which the helmet is being tested as
the amount of load and the drop height is different for each and every test while the failure criteria
being the same.
2.4.4. Shell Penetration Test The shell penetration test applies to cycling helmets to test the
strength and the hardness of the outer shell. The main objective of the outer shell is to prevent and
penetration of foreign objects into the liner and provide addition strength to the helmet. Shell
penetration test is conducted in order to check the hardness of the helmet and its ability to resist
the penetration of foreign objects in the helmet. In this test the helmet is mounted upside down on
a head mount and is dropped on various shaped objects (generally shaped as a sledge, triangular
and circular shapes).
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Experimental results
Design of helmet
The design of the helmet was generated with spline curves and other basic drawing features like circles
and lines. After getting a rough helmet shape the design was made more aerodynamic by removing
various wanted surface area of helmet. The removal of area resulted not only in better aerodynamics of
the helmet but also resulted in considerable decrease in the overall weight of the helmet. Features like
extrude cut were used in material removal.
The material selected for the outer shell of the helmet was carbon fiber. After selection of material
various analysis tests were run like impact test and test for aerodynamics. Tests were also conducted
18
for helmet at various different angles and positions in order to accurately predict the behaviour of
helmet in dynamic conditions. The result of impact test obtained has been shown
With the help of fluid and flow analysis the amount of Drag and Downforce received at a speed of 20
km/h was also studied and suitable changes were made to the design of the helmet. The values of Drag
and Downforce received have been shown in form of graphs in figure number 9. The flow tests helped
us to understand the resistance offered by helmet under dynamic conditions and help us to identify the
areas generating maximum resistance in order to improve the drag to its minimum; the result of air flow
test can be seen
In order to more effectively study the design of the helmet, helmet was put under static and dynamic
testing at the same time this helped us to evaluate and precisely find out the point which are majorly
responsible for creating vortex and instability in the helmet in dynamic state. The result of differentiated
testing can be seen in figure 8 and the effect and the strength of vortex can be viewed
Force analysis
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTUREWORK
Implementation
1) STATUS OF RIDER WEARING HELMET: If the rider wears the helmet and press the switch , only
then the motor will start . Without wearing the helmet , the motor will fail to start .
3) ACCIDENT DETECTION: A range of frequency generated depending upon vibration produced due
to accident or obstacle . If frequency is greater than the threshold value then the vehicle unit shows
accident detected .
Conclusion
The designed Smart helmet ensures the safety of the rider by making it necessary to wear helmet, and
also ensures that the rider hasn’t consumed alcohol more than the permissible limit. If any of these
prime safety rules are violated, the proposed system will trigger the buzzer which is located in the
helmet. The system also helps in efficient handling of the aftermath of accidents by sending a SMS with
the location of the biker to the police station. This ensures that the victims get proper and prompt
medical attention, if he/she met with an accident.
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Future scope
1) We can implement various bioelectric sensors on the helmet to measure various activity.
2) We can use small camera for the recording the drivers activity.
3) It can be used for passing message from the one vehicle to another vehicle by using wireless
transmitter.
4) We have used solar panel for helmet power supply by using same power supply we can
charge our mobile.
5) This product can be used by big delivery gaints such as zomato swiggy amazon flipkart etc to
ensure their riders safety
6) This a cheap cost quality product which would definetly intrupt the helmet market in
7) Our vision is to provide the best and safest helmet to the rider to reduce the numbers of
accident in INDIA.
8) This product could be combined with the bike ignition switch which will not allow the rider
to ride a bike after consumption of alcohol or other Products .
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