CLASS XII

BIOLOGY

By:-
DR. VIKRAM SINGH
TANUSHREE SINGH

YEAR OF PUBLICATION-2010
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Biology Human Health and Disease 1

HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Slide 4

_____________________ Slide 1 ______________________

_____________________ Slide 5 ______________________

Communicable and Non-communicable diseases

_____________________ Slide 2 ______________________

Disease:
_____________________ Slide 6 ______________________
§ Any condition which interferes with the normal functioning of
the body and impairs the health is called disease.
_____________________ Slide 3 ______________________

Types of Diseases

Congenital and Acquired diseases

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104 Human Health and Disease Biology
Slide 7 Slide 10

Infectious and Non-infectious diseases Acute diseases and Chronic diseases

_____________________ Slide 8 ______________________ _____________________ Slide 11 _____________________

_____________________ Slide 12 _____________________

Life Cycle of Malarial parasite

§ Plasmodium species which infect humans
ü Plasmodium vivax
ü Plasmodium ovale
_____________________ Slide 9 ______________________ ü Plasmodium falciparum
ü Plasmodium malariae
_____________________ Slide 13 _____________________

Schematic presentation of life cycle of Plasmodium

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Biology Human Health and Disease 105
Slide 14

Sporozoite
_____________________ Slide 15 _____________________
_____________________ Slide 19 _____________________
ü Cryptozoite divides to form merozoites.
ü These merozoites are asexual haploid form, then
merozoites enter in to liver sinusoids.
_____________________ Slide 16 _____________________

Exo erythrocytic Schizogony

§ The merozoites enter into human RBCs to start the

erythrocytic schizogony.
§ While some of them enter into new liver cells to repeat
hepatic schizogony.
§ This phase of liver cycle which goes along with the
erythrocytic cycle is called exo erythrocytic schizogony .
_____________________ Slide 17 _____________________

Erythrocytic Schizogony _____________________ Slide 20 _____________________

§ Schizogony in the erythrocytes is called erythrocytic The Life Cycle of Malaria

schizogony. When it enters in the RBCs it passes through
the following stages
ü Young trophozoite and signet ring stage.
ü Amoeboid ring stage
ü Formation of erythrocytic schizonts and merozoites
ü Incubation period
ü Development of gametocyte
_____________________ Slide 18 _____________________

Life cycle Plasmodium in Female Anopheles Mosquito

Life cycle of Plasmodium in Mosquito involves the following

steps
ü Formation of Ookinete
ü Gamogony
ü Fertilization
ü Sporogony

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106 Human Health and Disease Biology
Slide 26
Slide 21

Malaria Transmission Cycle ANTIGEN

§ Any foreign substances which when enters the body is

capable of stimulating the immune system.
§ Any antigenic determinants or epitopes are those sites on
antigens, that are recognized by antibodies and receptors
present on B and T lymphocytes.
§ A complete antigen is able to induce antibody formation and
produce a specific reaction.
_____________________ Slide 27 _____________________

ANTIBODIES:

§ The protective chemicals produced by the body in response

_____________________ Slide 22 _____________________
Immunity
§ Immunity or disease resistance is the ability of an organism
toresist the development of a disease.
§ Study of immunity is called immunology.
_____________________ Slide 23 _____________________
to antigens.
§ Antibodies are a class of proteins called immunoglobulins
(Igs).
§ Antibodies are always antigen-specific. Each kind of
antigen stimulates the formation of a specific type of
antigen.
_____________________ Slide 28 _____________________

_____________________ Slide 29 _____________________

_____________________ Slide 24 _____________________

Innate Immunity
§ Innate immunity si non specific type of defense, that is
present at the time of birth.
§ Innate immunity consists of four types of barriers.
ü Physical barriers (Skin, mucous).
ü Physiological barriers (Acid in the stomach, saliva in
mouth, tears from eyes). _____________________ Slide 30 _____________________
ü Cellular barriers (Certain types of leucocytes (WBC) of
our body).
ü Cytokine barriers (Interferons).
_____________________ Slide 25 _____________________

Acquired Immunity
§ It is developed after the birth during one’s own life.
§ It is not inheritable.
§ It is acquired in response to a disease or vaccine. e.g.,
against small pox, polio, tetanus etc.

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Biology Human Health and Disease
Slide 31
§ The antigen binding site binds to specific antigen in a lock
and key pattern forming antigen-antibody complex.
§ The fragment, which lacks the ability to bind to antigen and
can be crystallized, is known as fragment crystallizable
(Fc).
_____________________ Slide 32 _____________________
_____________________ Slide 33 _____________________
Active and Passive immunity
_____________________ Slide 34 _____________________
_____________________ Slide 35 _____________________
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107
§ Both the lymphocytes are formed from the stem cells called
haemocytoblasts in the bone marrow of adult persons but
undergo further processing at different sites.
_____________________ Slide 36 _____________________
‘B’- Lymphocytes
§ Certain cells of the bone marrow produce B lymphocytes.
§ These B cells produce specialized proteins called
antibodies.
‘T’- Lymphocytes
§ T-Lymphocytes mature in thymus but at first they are
produced in the bone marrow only.
§ T-lymphocytes themselves do not secrete antibodies but
help B- cells to produce antibodies.
_____________________ Slide 37 _____________________
The Immune System is the Third Line of Defense Against
Infection
_____________________ Slide 38 _____________________
_____________________ Slide 39 _____________________
Immune response
§ The specific reactivity induced in a host by the antigenic
stimulus is known as immune response.
Humoral immune response
§ It is mediated by ‘B’lymphocytes.
§ Also known as antibody mediated immunity(AMI).
108 Human Health and Disease Biology
Slide 40 Slide 44
Mechanism of humoral immunity Summary of T cell mediated immunity
§ Certain B-lymphocytes are transformed into plasma cells
which produce antibodies at a rapid rate.
§ But all B-lymphocytes are not converted into plasma cells, a
small portion of them developed into ‘memory’ cells, which
have a long life-span and serve to recognize the same
antigen, when introduced subsequently.
_____________________ Slide 41 _____________________

§ The antigen-binding sites of the antibody bind to the specific

antigen in a lock andkey pattern forming an antigen antibody
complex.
§ Humoral or antibody mediated, immunity provides defence
against most extracellular bacterial pathogens and viruses
that infect through the respiratory andintestinal tract.
§ It also participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions
andcertain autoimmune diseases.
_____________________ Slide 42 _____________________
A summary of Humoral immunity
_____________________ Slide 45 _____________________
Vaccination
§ Vaccine is the preparation of dead or attenuated germs of a
disease, which on inoculation into healthy person induces
antibody formation against that disease.
§ Thus vaccines are called as antibody provoking agents.
§ The process of introduction of vaccines into an individuals is
called as vaccination.
_____________________ Slide 46 _____________________

Immunization
§ It is the process by which the body produces antibodies
against the vaccine preventable diseases through
administration of specific vaccines.
_____________________ Slide 47 _____________________

Allergy
§ An allergy is the hyper sensitivity of the immune system of a
person to some foreign substance called Allergen which
either comes in contact with, or enters the body.
_____________________ Slide 43 _____________________ § The antibodies produced to these are of IgE type.
_____________________ Slide 48 _____________________
Cell mediated immunity
Mechanism of Allergy
§ It is mediated by cytotoxic T-cells (a sub-group of ‘T cell ).
§ An activated cytotoxic T-cell is specific to the target cell that
has been infected and kill the target cell. This prevents the
completion of life cycle of the pathogen.
§ Cell-mediated Immunity protects against fungi, most of the
viruses and Intra-cellular bacterial pathogens.

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Biology Human Health and Disease 109
Slide 49 Slide 53

Auto Immunity What is AIDS?

§ It is a type of immune disorder when the immune system of § Acquired: To come into possession of something new
an individual starts rejecting its own body cells or ‘self’. This § Immune Deficiency: Decrease or weakness in the body’s
leads to a variety of diseases called autoimmune diseases. ability to fight off infections and illnesses
§ The type of disease depends upon the type of ‘self antigen’ § Syndrome: A group of signs and symptoms that occur
involved. together and characterize a particular abnormality
§ The body cells acting as antigens or ‘nonself’ are called § AIDS is the final stage of the disease caused by infection
with a type of virus called HIV.
autoantigens.
_____________________ Slide 50 _____________________
Slide 54
Examples
Types of HIV Virus
§ Insulin-dependent diabetes.
§ HIV 1: Most common in sub-Saharan Africa and throughout
§ Multiple sclerosis. the world Groups M, N, and O
§ Rheumatoid arthritis. § HIV 2: Most often found in West Central Africa, parts of
§ Addison’s disease. Europe and India.
§ Hoshimoto disease. _____________________ Slide 55 _____________________
_____________________ Slide 51 _____________________
Structure of HIV
Immune system in the body

_____________________ Slide 56 _____________________

_____________________ Slide 52 _____________________ HIV vs. AIDS

§ HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.

§ Not everyone who is infected with HIV has AIDS.
§ Everyone with AIDS is infected with HIV.
§ AIDS is result of the progression of HIV Infection.
§ Anyone infected with HIV, although healthy, can still transmit
the virus to another person.

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110 Human Health and Disease
Slide 57
_____________________ Slide 58 _____________________
§ Transfusion with HIV-infected blood.
§ Injection with contaminated objects
§ Mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding.
_____________________ Slide 59 _____________________
HIV: A Global Pandemic
Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS
(2003): 34 – 46 million total
_____________________ Slide 60 _____________________
Can Disease Progression Be Delayed?
_____________________ Slide 61 _____________________
Mechanism of action
§ After the entrance of the virus into the body of the
person,the virus enters into macrophages where RNA
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Biology
genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the
help with the help of reverse transcriptase enzyme
§ This viral DNA gets incorporated into the host cell ‘s DNA
and directs the infected cells to produce viruses.
_____________________ Slide 62 _____________________
§ The HIV virus enters into helper T lymphocytes where it
replicates and produces other viruses.
§ This is repeated so that number of T lymphocytes decreases
in the body of the infected person.
_____________________ Slide 63 _____________________
Replication of retrovirus
_____________________ Slide 64 _____________________
Symptoms of AIDS
§ Number of T-cells drops to even below 200 in comparision
to 500-1500 in a normal person.
§ So the person becomes highly susceptible to bacteria.
§ Thrombocytopenic purpurea - decreased count of blood
platelets
§ Lymphadenopathy: swelling of lymph nodes.
_____________________ Slide 65 _____________________
Diagnosis:
§ AIDS can be diagnosed by ELISA and Western Blot test.
Treatment
§ Although there is no cure for AIDS, use of certain drugs can
prolong the life of AIDS patient.
§ Zidovudine or AZT (3’-azidoz’, 3’-dideoxythymidine) was
the first drug used and continues to be the drug of choice for
the treatment of AIDS.
Biology Human Health and Disease
Slide 66
Prevention (Prophylaxis)
§ Disposable needles and syringes should be used.
§ Used needle and syringes must be destroyed.
§ In sexual relationship one should be monogamous.
§ Avoid tattoos, ear and nose piercing from unqualified
people.
§ Avoid use of common blades in barber’s shop.
_____________________ Slide 67 _____________________
Cancer:
§ Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division
of certain body tissues so forming a tumour.
§ Cancers show uncontrolled mitotic divisions of cells causing
unorganized growth due to breakdown of those regulatory
mechanism which control and regulate the growth
anddifferentiation of cells.
_____________________ Slide 68 _____________________
§ Cancer cells lose the normal feed back control that prevent
excessive growth so these cells grow much more than
normal cells.
§ Due to uncontrolled growth anddivision of cell a tumour is
generally formed. However all the tumours are not
cancerous.
§ These cells have less survival capacity than the normal cell.
_____________________ Slide 69 _____________________
Mode of Action of Carcinogens
§ This carcinogens cause alterations in the genetic materials
(DNA), which transforms these proto oncogenes into active
oncogene.
§ These gene mutations cause loss of normal control
mechanism and cells under go abnormal cell growth
anddivision.
_____________________ Slide 70 _____________________
Tumour Promotors:
§ These agents promote the proliferation of the
onchogenically-transformed cells and include certain growth
factors andhormones.eg. in prostrate cancer, testosterone
acts as tumour promoter.
§ Onco-viruses: these are cancer causing viruses and may
be DNA or RNA viruses e.g. Epstein-Barr.
_____________________ Slide 71 _____________________
So the development of this cancerous tumour is associated with
certain genes these are:
§ Genes which induce cellular proliferation and include the
genes encoding growth factor receptor, transcription factors.
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111
§ Tumour suppressor gene, which inhibit cellular proliferation
genes which regulate programmed cell deaths.
§ Cancer is caused by mutant alleles of normal gene and do
not respond to normal regulating signals.
_____________________ Slide 72 _____________________
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
§ Bone marrow biopsy and abnormal count of WBCs in
leukemia.
§ Biopsy of tissue, direct or through endoscopy.
§ Pap test (cytological staining) is used for detecting cancer
of cervix and other parts of genital tract.
§ Techniques such as radiography (use of X-rays), CT scan
(computed tomography) MRI scan (magnetic resonance
imaging) are very useful to detect cancers of the internal
organs.
_____________________ Slide 73 _____________________
§ Mammography is radiographic examination of breasts for
possible cancer.
§ Monoclonal antibodies coupled to appropriate radioisotopes
can detect cancer specific antigens and hence cancer.
_____________________ Slide 74 _____________________
Symptoms
§ A persistent cough or hoarseness in a smoker.
§ A persistent change in digestive and bowel habits.
§ A change in a wart or mole.
§ A lump or hard area in the breast.
§ Unexpected diminished or lost appetite.
§ Unexplained low-grade fever.
§ Unexplained loss of weight.
§ Non injury bleeding from the surface of the skin, mouth or
any other opening of the body.
_____________________ Slide 75 _____________________
Treatment
Surgery: It involves the removal of the entire
cancerous tissue.
Radiation therapy: It involves the exposure of the cancerous
parts of the body to X-rays which destroy
rapidly growing cells without harming the
surrounding tissue.
_____________________ Slide 76 _____________________
Chemotherapy
§ It involves the administration of certain anticancer drugs.
These drugs check cell division by inhabiting DNA
synthesis.
§ These drugs may be more toxic to cancerous cells than to
normal cells. Thus chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancerous
cells.
112 Human Health and Disease Biology
Slide 77 Slide 83

§ Most cancers are treated by combination of surgery,

radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
§ Majority of drugs have side effects like hair loss, anaemia
etc.
§ Patients are given substances called biological response
modifiers like a interferon which activate their immunity
system and help in destroying the tumours.
_____________________ Slide 78 _____________________

§ It involves natural anti-cancer immunological defence

mechanisms.
§ Monoclonal antibodies are used in various ways, e.g., radio _____________________ Slide 84 _____________________
immunotherapy for treatment of cancer.
ü These therapies can be used either singly, or in a
suitable combination.
ü Efforts are being made to develop cancer vaccines.
_____________________ Slide 79 _____________________

Drug Abuse

§ The habitual or non medical use of certain drugs forms habit

and one become drug-dependency or drug addiction or drug
abuse.
_____________________ Slide 80 _____________________
_____________________ Slide 85 _____________________
Types of Drugs
Drug and alcohol abuse
§ Sedative or Tranquillisers:- act as depressant and suppress
the activities of CNS. Know the Facts About Alcohol!
§ ex. Benzodiazephines
§ Alcohol is a contributing factor in at least half of all murders,
Alprazolam
suicides, and car accidents.
Campose
§ Heavy drinking along with drunk driving increases your
Triazolam
chances of serious injury or death.
_____________________ Slide 81 _____________________ § Heavy drinking is also linked with physical fighting,
destroyed property, school and job problems, and trouble
§ Barbiturates; synthetic sedative from barbituric acid and
with law enforcement authorities.
called sleeping pills.
§ Opiate Narcotics or Opioids: acts as depressant and _____________________ Slide 86 _____________________
analgesic so are commonly called pain killer.
§ Stimulates. These increase the activity of CNS.
§ ex. Caffeine.
_____________________ Slide 82 _____________________

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Biology Human Health and Disease
Slide 87
_____________________ Slide 88 _____________________
_____________________ Slide 89 _____________________
Signs of Alcohol Abuse
Getting drunk on a regular basis
§ Problems in remem bering things you recently said or did.
§ Lying about how much alcohol you are drinking.
§ Thinking that alcohol is necessary to have fun.
_____________________ Slide 90 _____________________
§ Having frequent hangovers.
§ Feeling run-down, depressed, or even suicidal.
§ Having "blackouts"--forgetting what you did while drinking.
§ Having problems at school or getting in trouble with the law.
_____________________ Slide 91 _____________________
Know the Facts about Drugs
§ Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug in the United
States.
§ Cocaine, heroin and methamphetamines are illegal in all
states and highly dangerous.
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113
Slide 92
§ It is illegal to buy or sell ecstasy. It is also a federal crime to
use any controlled substance to aid in a sexual assault.
§ A survey of high school students found that 18% of females
and 39% of males say it is acceptable for a boy to force sex
if the girl is stoned or drunk. Is this right???
_____________________ Slide 93 _____________________
_____________________ Slide 94 _____________________
§ Long term effects can include flashbacks, schizophrenia and
severe depression.
§ According to a 1999 study, only 1% of teens use
hallucinogens regularly and 94% of teens had never even
tried hallucinogens.
_____________________ Slide 95 _____________________
§ Prolonged cocaine snorting can result in sores of the inside
of the nose and can damage the cartilage enough to cause
it to collapse.
§ Heroin is ranked second as the most frequently mentioned
drug in drug-related deaths.
_____________________ Slide 96 _____________________
What’s Your Anti-Drug?
What stands between you and drugs?
§ Do you have a hobby, passion or person that keeps you
from the downward spiral?
§ Some popular anti-drugs: music, dancing, computers,
basketball, family, singing, friendship, life, football,
track, rock climbing, volunteering.
114 Human Health and Disease Biology
Slide 97 CURRICULUM BASED WORKSHEET
Interaction of alcohol and drug
Worksheet – I

School Faculty
1. Name the class of immunoglobulins or antibodies
present in Colostrum .
2. Name the two major groups of cells required in attaining
specific immunity.
3. Give two examples of diseases caused by protozoans.
4. A disease caused by a protozoan parasite and spread
through mosquitoes is prevalent in tropics, Give its
name, symptoms, treatment and its control measures.
5. Define disease. List two major categories into which
disease in classified.
6. What is the difference between innate and acquired
_____________________ Slide 98 _____________________
immunity?
7. Give one reason why lysozyme is considered an
enzyme and not a hormone. How does it defend the
body? Name any two secretions in human body, which
contain lysozyme.
8. Body fluids of vertebrate animals contain five classes of
immunoglobulins. What are these? Give their functions.

Worksheet – II

School Faculty
1. What is the scientific name of the plant that is used to
obtain natural cannabinoids?
2. What is an allergen? How do human beings respond to
it?
3. What is coca plant? Describe briefly.
4. State three main functions of free antibodies.
5. Give the expanded form of ‘AIDS’ and the full name of
its causative agent. Which part of the immune system
does it effects and in What manner?
1. What are primary lymphoid organs?
2. What is vaccine? Give one example.
3. Differentiate between benign and malignant tumours.

CURRICULUM BASED CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT

1 Mark Questions
1. What is Widal test?
2. Who was commonly nicknamed as “Typhoid Mary”?
3. What is immunology?
4. Explain What are immunoglobulins?
5. Name any two drugs that quickly reduce symptoms of
allergy?
6. How does cannabis affect the cardiovascular system?

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Biology Human Health and Disease 115
7. Name the organisms which cause typhoid. 35. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission,
8. Write any two harmful effects of taking narcotic drugs. symptoms, prevention and control measures of viral
9. Name two chemical alarm signals, which cause diseases polio.
inflammatory response. 36. What is filariasis? Give the scientific name of the
10. What are interferons? pathogen causing the disease and mention the body
11. Name the vector of dengue fever. part and system it primary effects.
12. Give two examples of passive immunity. 37. How is an Ascaris infection spread? Explain.
13. Why is mother’s milk considered essential for new born 38. What causes ringworm? Give its two symptoms. Why is
infants, apart from nutrition? it so called? How can it be prevented?
14. Name the organisms where antigenic polypeptides are 39. What is candidiasis? What are the signs and symptoms
produced by recombinant DNA technology. of candidiasis?
15. Give an example of a vaccine produced by recombinant 40. Write briefly about the two major groups of cells
DNA technology. employed by specific immune system.
41. Differentiate between B cells and T cells of the immune
2 Marks Questions
system.
16. What is a pathogen? Give examples. 42. Describe briefly the structure of an antibodies molecule.
17. What is interferon? How does it defend the body? 43. List the major categories into which cancer is
18. Name the category of chemical substances produced pathologically classified. Explain briefly each category
by lymphocytes as an inflammatory response. What are giving one example.
the consequences of these s ubstances? 44. Describe briefly the various approaches that are used
19. What defence measures are taken by the body if the for the treatment of cancer.
inflammatory response is spread all over the body? 45. What is meant by the terms sedatives, opiate narcotics,
20. What are natural killer cells? stimulants and hallucinogens. Give one example of
21. What are Antigen presenting cells? State their two each.
major functions.
5 Marks Questions
22. Explain What is meant by the terms (a) Antigens and
(b) Antigenic determinants? 46. Describe briefly the life cycle of malaria.
23. How is active immunity different from passive 47. What is meant by acquired immunity? Explain the main
immunity? features of this immunity.
24. What is colostrums? Why is it considered essential for 48. Write an explanatory note on antibody-mediated
new born infant? immunity.
25. What is active immunization? Explain. 49. What are the four types of T cells? Mention their role in
26. What is allergy? Explain. the immune response.
27. Define autoimmune diseases. Give two examples. 50. How does a single HIV (retrovirus) virus infect a host
28. What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? cells and multiply to produce many new viruses?
29. What is meant by Systemic lupus erythematosus? Support the answer with a suitable diagram.
30. What are oncogenic viruses? How do they differ from
QUESTION BANK FOR COMPETITIONS
protooncogenes?
3 Marks Questions 1. HIV is:
(a) ds RNA (b) ss RNA
31. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission,
symptoms, prevention and control measures of plague. (c) ds DNA (d) ss DNA
32. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, 2. An immune disease in which body destroys the thyroid
symptoms, prevention and control measures of gland is:
diphtheria. (a) Hoshimoto disease (b) Simmond’s disease
33. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission, (c) Cretinism (d) Myxoedema
symptoms, prevention and control measures of 3. Optium is obtained from:
pneumonia. (a) Papaver somniferum (b) Rauwolfia serpentine
34. Name the causative agent, mode of transmission,
(c) Cannabis sativus (d) Claviceps purpurea
symptoms, prevention and control measures of viral
4. Cocaine is obtained from:
diseases influenza.
(a) Theasinesis (b) Papaver somniferum
(c) Erythroxylon coca (d) Coffea arabica

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116 Human Health and Disease Biology
5. Which type of cancer affects lymph nodes and spleen? 19. One of faster and less expensive procedure for preliminary
(a) Carninoma (b) Sarcoma screening of potential carcinogene is:
(c) Leukaemia (d) Lymphoma (a) Biuret test (b) Dick test
6. Memory cells are:
(c) Ames test (d) ELISA test
(a) Cells responsible for immunologic memory
20. Interferons are synthesized in response to:
(b) Antigens
(a) Fungi (b) Viruses
(c) Cells responsible for memory in brain
(d) Cells of cerebrum (c) Bacteria (d) Mycoplasma
7. Vaccination protects a person from disease because it: 21. AZT is used to treat:
(a) Helps in better digestion (a) Malaria (b) AIDs
(b) Increases RBC count (c) TB (d) Kala azar
(c) Stimulates production of antibodies 22. Sarcoma is a cancer of:
(d) Improves healing system (a) Bones
8. Which is a cancer – causing virus? (b) Adipose tissue
(a) Myxovirus (b) Rubeolla virus (c) Connective and muscular tissue
(c) SV-40 (d) All these
(d) All of these
9. The familiar disease Amoebiasis is caused by:
23. Carcinoma is a cancer of:
(a) Entamoeba histolytica
(b) Taenia solium (a) Lymphocytes
(c) Ascaris humbricoides (b) Connective tissue
(d) Wuchereria bancrofti (c) Erythrocytes
10. Otorhinolaryngology is the study of: (d) Ectoderm and endoderm
(a) ENT (b) Bird’s anatomy 24. Tumour promoter is:
(c) Locomotory system (d) Brain cells (a) Oncogene – promoting cancer
11. Inflammatory response in allergy is caused by: (b) Substance that causes cancer
(a) Histamines (b) Antigens (c) Substance that activates transcription in cancer cells
(c) Prothrombin (d) Antibodies (d) All of these
12. Gamma-immunoglobulins are synthesized inside: 25. Which of the following is used in the treatment of thyroid
(a) Liver (b) Bone marrow cancer?
(c) Kidney (d) Lymphoid tissue (a) I131 (b) U238
224
13. The type of immunoglobulin whose function is possible (c) Ra (d) C14
antigen recognition by B-cells, may be: 26. Formation of antibodies within our body is called:
(a) Ig A (b) Ig D (a) Active immunity
(c) Ig E (d) Ig G (b) Passive immunity
14. AIDS is characterized by: (c) Innate immunity
(a) Reduction in number of killer-T cells (d) Acquired immunity
(b) An autoimmune disease 27. Radiotherapy is used for:
(c) Inability of body to produce interferons (a) Detecting bone fracture
(d) Reduction in number of helper-T cells (b) Detecting cardiac trouble
15. Which one of the following may provide protection from (c) Getting whole body’s photograph
carcinogens? (d) Treating cancer by X-rays exposure
(a) Aflatoxin (b) Tocopherol 28. Leukemia is due to:
(c) Penicillic acid (d) Streptomycin (a) Excess of WBCs (b) Excess of RBCs
16. Malignant tertian malaria is caused by: (c) Platelets (d) All of these
(a) Plasmodium vivax (b) P. vale 29. ELISA is used to detect viruses where the key reagent is:
(c) P. falciparum (d) P. malariae (a) Catalase (b) DNA probe
17. Common intestinal bacterium of humans is: (c) RNA ase (d) Alkaline phosphatase
(a) Escherichia coli (b) Salmonella 30. What is tru about T-lymphocytes in mammals?
(c) Entamoeba coli (d) Closteridium (a) Production in thyroid
18. Which of the following is asset of bacterial diseases? (b) Originate in lymphoid organs
(a) Cholera, typhoid and mumps (c) Scavenge cellular debris and damaged cells
(b) Malaria, mumps and poliomyelitis (d) Are three types – cytotoxid T-cells, helper T-cells and
(c) Tetanus, TB and Measle suppresser T-cells.
(d) Diphtheria, leprosy and plague

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Biology Human Health and Disease 117
31. Short lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across 37. A non-infectious, unnatural and unusual reaction to a
placenta or through mother’s milk to the infants is: substance/condition is called:
(a) Active immunity (a) Immunity (b) Allergy
(b) Passive immunity (c) Infection (d) Toxin
(c) Cellular immunity 38. Which one of the following is not a live vaccine:
(d) Innate non-specific immunity (a) BCG vaccine (b) Cholera vaccine
32. A person is injected with globulins against hepatitis. It is : (c) OPV (d) Measles vaccine
(a) Naturally acquired active immunity 39. The liver damage by alcohol is due to:
(b) Naturally acquired passive immunity (a) Fat deposition in liver
(c) Artificially acquired active immunity
(b) Overload of detoxification
(d) Artificially acquired passive immunity
(c) Cancerous growth in liver
33. Tunnel vision is associated with:
(d) Higher level of sugar consumption by liver
(a) Alcoholism (b) Drug addiction
(c) Smoking (d) Mental health 40. ELISA is used to detect viruses, where:
34. Antihaemorrhagic ergot alkaloids are obtained from: (a) Southern blotting is done
(a) Algae (b) Fungus (b) DNA probes are required
(c) Cinchona (d) Bryophytes (c) Catalase is key reagent
35. World ‘No Tobacco day’ is observed on: (d) Alkaline phosphatase is the key reagent.
(a) May 31 (b) June 6
(c) April 22 (d) October 2
36. Zidovudine is a drug used in:
(a) Dengue fever (b) AIDS
(c) Yellow fever (d) Leukemia

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