PERCEPTION OF CAS FACULTY MEMBERS

TOWARD SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY AND GENDER

EXPRESSION (SOGIE) EQUALITY BILL

THESIS PROPOSAL

Gladys Domingo Caacbay

Bachelor of Arts in Sociology

Department of Social Sciences

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Mariano Marcos State University
City of Batac, Ilocos Norte
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The Philippines is known to be one of the more tolerant countries in the world to the

LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) community, but it has yet to pass a bill

prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation of gender identity or expression.

(Rappler.com)

In August 13, 2019, Gretchen Custodio Diez was arrested for going live on Facebook

while inside a female restroom. She is a transgender woman who was denied access by the

mall’s janitress to a female restroom at Cubao Mall in Quezon City. The janitress insisted that

Diez should use the men’s restroom as he still have a penis. Diez documented the incident live

on Facebook. Cops previously stated that Diez would be charged with unjust vexation. However,

Diez was released after the janitress apologized and agreed to drop the charges against the

transgender woman. In Diez incident, the cops were confused how to handle her case. The cops

first brought Diez to the QCPD Station in Cubao then later transferred to the QCPD’s Anti-

Cybercrime Division. One cop is noted to have said that this incident is the first to have reported

in their station. (Rappler, 2019)

According to the research, gender equality is a human rights issue that is seen as a

prerequisite for and indicator of long-term people-centered development. Gender equity refers to

the process of being fair to men and women, boys and girls, and, most importantly, the equality

of men and women. The LGBTQ+ community can have the freedom to express themselves in
society. Our current societal conditions are inequitable to them because gender equality is nearly

non-existent.

The Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, or Expression (SOGIE) Equality Bill, also

known as the Anti-Discrimination Bill, seeks to protect people who are regularly harmed on a

societal and institutional level. It is about safeguarding people against abuse, dehumanization,

and violence. Putting an end to abuse does not require special treatment. It is about wanting to be

treated with dignity as human beings. Regardless of SOGIE, the passage of the bill protecting

LGBTQI+ people from discrimination will only be the beginning of a broad and lasting change

in cultural attitudes required for true equality among Filipinos.

This study aims to seek data on public awareness and attitudes toward the proposed

sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression (SOGIE) equality bill. The socio-demographics

of their attitudes and level of awareness on the SOGIE Bill are also determined in this study.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to determine the faculty members’ knowledge, on the SOGIE

Bill and to know their attitude towards the bill. Specifically, this study aims to;

 determine the level of awareness of CAS faculty members on SOGIE Bill.

 know the attitude of CAS faculty members toward the SOGIE Bill.

 determine the relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and

their level of awareness on the SOGIE Bill.

 determine the relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and

their attitude toward the SOGIE Bill.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study will primarily determine the perception of faculty members of Mariano Marcos

State University about SOGIE Equality Bill. The purpose of this study is to determine the level

of their knowledge on the bill.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

a) What is the socio-demographic profile of CAS faculty members in terms of;

A. Personal Characteristics

a.1. Age

a.2. Sex

a.3. Civil Status

a.4. Religion

b) What is the level of awareness of the respondent on SOGIE Bill?

c) What are the attitudes of the respondents towards the SOGIE Bill?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to gauge the perception of the faculty members of the Mariano Marcos

State of University College of Arts and Sciences’ (CAS) on SOGIE Equality Bill. Its main

purpose is to determine their level of knowledge on SOGIE Equality Bill.

Faculty Members. The direct recipients of the output of this research are the faculty members of

Mariano Marcos State University, College of Arts and Sciences. Any improvement of this topic

can provide better understanding about the SOGIE Bill.

Students and Youth. This could help the youth to understand the role of LGBTQ+ in the society

as well as the distinctive traits of the members of the LGBTQ+ community.

Future Researchers. This study will be providing new thoughts and different perspectives about

the insights of the faculty members on SOGIE Equality Bill. The future researchers will be given

the chance to further explore the delimited area through this study.

Scope and Delimitation

The focus of this study is to determine the perceptions and the level of knowledge of

faculty members of the College of Arts and Sciences about the SOGIE Equality bill.

Operational definition of terms

In order to familiarize with terms used in the study, the following terms are operationally

defined:

Discrimination. This refers to any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference based on the

grounds of one's sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics

(SOGIESC) and has the purpose or effect of, directly or indirectly, nullifying or impairing the

recognition, access to, enjoyment, or exercise by all persons on an equal footing of all rights and

freedoms.

Gender Equality. The state in which access to rights or opportunities is unaffected by gender.

Gender Equity. The process of being fair to men and women.

Gender Expression. Refers to each person’s presentation of the person’s gender through

physical appearance, and mannerisms, speech, behavioral patterns, names, and personal

references.
Gender Identity. Refers to each person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of

gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth, including the personal

sense of the body (which may involve, if freely chosen, modification of bodily appearance or

function by medical, surgical, or other means)

Gender Sensitivity. This refers to understanding and consideration of socio-cultural norms and

discrimination in order to acknowledge rights, roles and responsibilities of women and men in

the community and the relationships between them.

Human Rights. Inherent rights as human beings to life, dignity, and to self-development.

LGBTQIA+. Stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, asexual

and more. These terms used to describe a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity.

Perception. It refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously

experienced. The act of perceiving.

SOGIE. Stands for Sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression. It refers to

characteristics common to all human beings as everyone has a sexual orientation and a gender

identity.

Sexual Orientation. Refers to each person's capacity for profound emotional, affectional and

sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual relations with, individuals of a different gender

(heterosexual) or the same gender (homosexual) or more than one gender (bisexual) or the

absence thereof (asexual).

Stigma. Refers to the dynamic devaluation and dehumanization of an individual in the eyes of

others which may be based on attributes that are arbitrarily defined by others as discreditable or

unworthy and which result in discrimination when acted upon.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

People and objects are naturally motivated to be classified by humans. People's

discriminatory attitudes are influenced by a variety of factors, including their history,

sociocultural practices, economic forces, sociological trends, and the influence of community

and family beliefs. (Gwendolyn Keita, 2016)

In such cases, people hold unrealistic, disparaging beliefs about a group and its members

while also believing in the moral or intellectual superiority of their own group. These people are

aware of their negative feelings toward members of the group and intend to harm, disadvantage,

or avoid them (Gwendolyn Keita, 2016)

Discrimination is a public health issue. According to one study, the experience of

discrimination, when perceived as such, can result in a cascade of stress-related emotional,

physical, and behavioral changes. As a result, discrimination can be harmful even if you have not

been the victim of an act of bias. Regardless of your personal experiences, being a member of a

frequently discriminated-against group, such as racial minorities or individuals who identify as

lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, can be stressful. Anticipating discrimination causes

chronic stress. (American Psychological Association, 2022)

Talking about discrimination can be uncomfortable for those who have privilege because it

requires them to recognize their inherent privilege. Even if they consider themselves unbiased,

they must admit that they benefit from the system that maintains discriminatory practices.

Societal norms governing open discussion of race, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, and

class differences (American Psychological Association, 2022).

The SOGIE Bill and Anti-discrimination Statutes

Almost anywhere in the world today, there are members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

Transgendered, Queer, Intersex, Asexual (LGBTQIA+) community who suffer from

discrimination and violence perpetrated by a society that thrives on ill beliefs and traditions. For

decades, the plight of the LGBTQIA+ community was among the problems hardly addressed by

modern society, evident in the rising number of brutal killings, criticisms, and mis- gendering. 

(Tatler, 2022)

In the Philippines, there is a bill seeking to end gender-based discrimination: the Anti-

Discrimination Bill or the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression (SOGIE) Equality

Bill, which the Congress proposed in 2000. It aims to create an environment free of stigma and

discrimination and finally for the LGBTQ+ community to finally be recognized by the society

and the law and be vested with rights.

According to a research, the bill seeks to outlaw "all forms of discrimination,

marginalization, and violence [committed] on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity,

gender expression, and sex characteristics."

The SOGIE Bill recognizes the fundamental rights of every person regardless of sex, gender,

class, status, disability, religion, and political beliefs. The said bill aims to eradicate

marginalization and discrimination, so that everyone will have an equal opportunity and access

to public services. Furthermore, the bill penalizes hate crimes and harassment involving SOGIE.

On December 6, 2022, Senate Bill 1600, recommending the substitution of Senate Bill

Nos. 139, 245, and 442 (all relating to prohibition of discriminatory actions based on gender

identity and sexual orientation) was approved to be substituted to “An act prohibiting
discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity or expression or sex

characteristics (SOGIESC) and providing penalties therefore.” as written by the Senate

Committee on Women, Children, Family Relations, and Gender Equality, headed by Senator

Risa Hontiveros. The said bill has received 19 votes of approval in the solon committee level.

Contrary to belief, the bill is not limited to the members of LGBTQIA+ as it applies to

everyone who identify themselves as heterosexual.

Among the discriminatory acts that the SOGIE Equality Bill seeks to make illegal are

refusing admission to or expulsion from any educational or training institution, as well as

imposing harsher than usual disciplinary sanctions that violate students' rights based on their

SOGIESC (Rappler, 2022). Fines in the hundreds of thousands of pesos are among the penalties.

Institutions that refuse to provide health services based on SOGIESC, for example, may be fined

up to P300,000 or imprisoned for six months to two years and four months.

SOGIE bill opponents claim that the bill may limit parental authority to raise their

children or schools' ability to discipline their students. However, the bill expressly states that

nothing in the law should be interpreted to interfere with parental authority or academic freedom.

(Rappler, 2022)

If the SOGIE bill becomes law, violators of the SOGIESC Equality Act will face a fine of

not less than P100,000 but not more than P250,000, or a prison sentence of not less than one year

but not more than six years. (Inquirer.Net, 2022)

The author of the bill also claims that the bill is not harmful to the Christian Community.

In fact, religious leaders such as Bishop Solito Toquiero from the National Council of the
Churches Philippines (NCCP), said that the NCCP gives its support to the law despite the

criticism of some religious groups.

At present, anti-discrimination ordinances have been passed as an effort to address

gender-related issues and rights. Quezon City is the only local government unit to follow the

passage of its ordinance. Even if fully enforced, these municipal and provincial ordinances

would collectively cover only 15% of the population of the Philippines (www.hrw.org).

While the Bill is yet to be passed, the Anti-Bullying Law is expected to safeguard

students in general against bullying and harassment. However, the law does not specify the

classes of students at heightened risk for bullying.

On the other hand, DepEd enacted a Child Protection Policy which it describes a “zero

tolerance policy for any act of child abuse, exploitation, violence, discrimination, bullying and

other forms of abuse” Among the acts prohibited by the policy are all forms of bullying and

discrimination in schools, including on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity

(www.hrw.org).

While there are separate laws that may be adopted to protect one from gender-related

offenses, one cannot turn a blind eye to the fact that the laws are not specific enough, if not, not

enough to shield one from gender-related offenses.

Related Literature on Perceptions

Perception is directly response from the specific absorption or the process of a person to

know a few things through her or his senses (Great dictionary of Indonesian language, 2008).

According to Devito (2011), perception is the process by which one becomes aware of against

the stimulus that affects the senses someone mentioned. Perception influences the stimulation
(stimulus) or a message is absorbed by a person and the meaning of what someone gave to others

while others reach consciousness.

Perception is an experience about objects, events, or contacts gained from concluded

information and interpret the message. (Rakhmat, 2007).

According to Gibson’s theory of direct perception, the information in our sensory

receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything. In other words, we

do not need higher cognitive processes or anything else to mediate between sensory experiences

and our perceptions.

We use this contextual information directly. In essence, we are biologically tuned to

respond to it (Gibson, 1979). Direct perception may also be a role interpersonal situation when

we try to make sense of others’ emotions and intentions (Gallagher, 2003).

According to the research, perception depends on complex nervous system functions but

subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside of conscious

awareness.

According to Joseph Reitz, perception includes all those processes by which an

individual receives information about his environment seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, and

smelling. As per B.V.H Gilmer, perception is the process of becoming aware of situations, of

adding meaningful associations to sensations. On the other hand, Uday Pareek define perception

is the process of receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting, checking, and reacting to sensory

stimuli or data. S.P Robbins define perception as the process by which individuals organize and

interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environments. In simple words, we

can say that perception is the act of seeing what is there to be seen.
 Conceptual Framework

In this study, there are two variables involved. The independent and dependent variables.

The independent variable is composed of the respondents’ socio-demographic profile such as

age, sex, and civil status. The dependent variable includes level of awareness, attitudes of the

respondents towards the SOGIE bill.

This research paradigm used in this study is presented in Figure 1.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Perceptions of CAS Faculty members

on SOGIE Equality Bill

Level of Awareness of the Respondents

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC Attitudes of the Respondents
Age
Sex
Civil status

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

 The paradigm shows the relationship between the factors that affect the perception of

CAS faculty members on SOGIE Bill such as age, sex, and civil status as well as the level of

awareness of the respondents, attitudes of the respondents and perceived attitudes and level of

awareness of the CAS faculty.

Hypotheses of the study

This study was guided by the following hypothesis.

1. The relationship is only between the socio-demographic of the independent variable.

2. The relationship is only between the level of knowledge of the dependent variable.
Theoretical Framework

This study will be guided by the Bottom-up (Gibson, 1972) theory of perception to

provide the framework to study the perception of the respondents.

People perceive differently. One engages in selection or choosing some stimuli while

ignoring others. Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

This process includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are

organized into our existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous

experiences. One’s perceptions are influenced by individual differences and preconceived

notions (umn.edu). People also differ in terms of how carefully they process information about

others. Some people have a strong need to think about and understand others.

Gibson argued that perception is a bottom-up process, which means that sensory

information is analyzed in one direction (fordham.edu). Gibson alleged that the Bottom-up

theory is the idea that one perceives simply by using the information we receive through one’s

senses and this is enough information for one to make sense of the world around him.

One’s perception may be affected by various factors, thus, resulting to different

perceptions of the same thing. Physical characteristics influence how one perceive and respond

to information. One’s psychological state can also influence what he or she can see or hear, and

why he or she do so. Finally, one’s cultural background plays a significant role in what and how
he or she perceive his or her world. One’s perceptual set involves his or her attitudes, beliefs, and

values about the world (umn.edu). restate in third person.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the procedure that will be followed in this study. It includes the

locale of the study, discussion of the research design, explanation of the research instrument,

sampling procedure, respondents of the study, data gathering procedure, statistical analysis and

measurement of the variables.

Locale of the study

The teaching staff of Mariano Marcos State University, College of Arts and Sciences

shall serve as respondents. The researcher shall select the respondents regardless of the majors

they teach, or year level they handle.

Research design

This shall be a quantitative study that shall determine the attitude and level of awareness

of the faculty members of the College of Arts and Sciences, Mariano Marcos State University

(MMSU). The researcher shall utilize a survey questionnaire which will be administered to the

faculty members of the College of Arts and Sciences of the Mariano Marcos State University

(MMSU).
 Further, this study aims to determine the relationship between socio-demographic

characteristics and the attitude and the level of awareness of the respondents towards sexual

orientation, gender identity and gender expression (SOGIE) bill.

Research instruments

In gathering data from the respondents, a questionnaire will be used. A four-part

questionnaire will be prepared for the CAS faculty members. Part I will determine the socio-

demographic profile of the respondents. Part II will tackle the level of awareness of the

respondents on SOGIE equality bill. Part III will determine the attitudes of the respondents on

SOGIE equality bill.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of this study shall be the faculty members from College of Arts and

Sciences, Mariano Marcos State University.

A faculty member is a person who teaches in the institution. The participants therefore

must be teachers in College of Arts and Sciences, for the reliability of the data that are about to

be gathered. The College employed 155 teaching faculty members as of academic year 2022.

The researcher aims to acquire 112 responses from the faculty.

Sampling procedure
 Random sampling technique also known as probability sampling shall be applied to the

study. It shall be random since this study shall only involve the teaching faculty members of the

College of Arts and Sciences regardless of the majors they teach.

This sampling technique involves four (4) key steps to select a simple random sample

including defining the population; deciding on the sample size; randomly selecting the sample;

and collecting of data from the sample.

In this study, the researcher aims to collect the data from the teaching faculty pf

the Mariano Marcos State University, College of Arts and Sciences. With the 155-

teaching staff of the college, the researcher intends to extract 112 responses from the

faculty of the college. Respondents shall be the teaching staffs of Mariano Marcos State

University College of Arts of Sciences. Sampling shall not depend on the majors nor year

level they teach. Data gathering procedure shall be discussed in the following sub-

section.

Data gathering procedure

The researcher will ask permission from the Dean of College of Arts and Sciences (CAS)

in Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) in the various study sites for the data gathering

and conduct of the study.

The information needed in the study will be personally collected by the researcher from

the respondents at their most convenient time.

Statistical analysis
 To analyze the data gathered, descriptive statistics will apply. Frequency counts, means,

and percentages will be used in describing the characteristics of the respondents. In addition,

Pearson Correlation (r) will be used to determine the relationship between the variables of the

study.

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) will used in the analysis of the

data gathered. To facilitate the analysis, the data shall be tabulated and coded.

Measurement of the variables

This part will explain how the variable will be categorized for the analysis data.

Variables Description Dummy Value

Personal profile

Age

25-35 1
36-45 2
45-55 3
56 and above 4

Sex
Male 1
Female 2

Religion

Roman Catholic 1
Born Again 2
 Iglesia Ni Cristo 3
Seventh-day Adventism 4
Aglipayan 5
United Church of Christ in the Philippines 6
Other Protestant 7

Education

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 SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

PERSONAL PROFILE:

NAME (Optional): AGE:

CIVIL STATUS: SEX:

Put check (/) on the box. Rate your LEVEL OF AWARENESS according to the following
statements.
LEGEND:
5 - Strongly Agree
4 - Agree
3 - Neutral
2 - Strongly Disagree
1 - Disagree
Strongly Strongly
Agree Neutral Disagree
Statement Agree Disagree
(4) (3) (1)
(5) (2)
I am aware of

Sexual

orientation,

gender
identity and

expression

(SOGIE) bill

I am aware

that an Anti-

Discriminatio

n bill or

SOGIE bill is

being

reviewed by

the

lawmakers.

I am aware to

the contents of

SOGIE Bill.

I am aware

that there is no

existing

gender based

on the SOGIE

Bill and Anti-

Discriminatio
n statutes

I am aware

that there are

discrimination

ordinances

passed to

address

gender-related

issues and

rights

I know that

there is

existing

discrimination

on the basis of

sexual

orientation,

gender

identity and

expression

(SOGIE

I am aware

that the
SOGIE Bill

does not

center its laws

only on the

members of

LGBTQA

I am aware

that the bill is

not harmful to

the religious

community

I am aware of

the existing

stigma on the

basis of

SOGIESC in

the institution

of MMSU
II. Put check (/) on the box. Rate your LEVEL OF ATTITUDE according to the following

statements.

LEGEND:
5 - Strongly Agree
4 - Agree
3 - Neutral
2 - Strongly Disagree
1 - Disagree
Strongly Strongly
Agree Neutral Disagree
Statement Agree disagree
(4) (3) (1)
(5) (2)
I would like

SOGIE Bill to

be pass as a

law
I feel like the

existing laws

on Anti-

Discriminatio

n is enough

I know the

contents of the

latest version

of the SOGIE

Bill

I understand

that the

members of

LGBTQA+

have a role in

the society

and they

contribute in

the

community.

I feel like a

person, no

matter what
the gender

identity

deserves

acceptance

and protection

under the

laws.

I feel like the

passage of the

bill would

create a safer

space for all

sexual

orientation.