MADE EASY 2 0 23 WworkbO0K @| Detailed Explanations of a Try Yourself Questions Mechanical Engineering Power Plant Engineering bs GE] MADE EASYBoilers @ Detalled Explanation of Try Yourself Questions Deed (i) LaMont Boiler: This boiler works on a forced circulation and the circulation is maintained by a centrifugal pump, driven by a steam turbine using steam from the boiler. The following figure shows aLaMont boiler. The feed water passes through the economiser to the drum from which itis drawn to the circulation pump. The pump delivers the feed water to the tube evaporating section which in turn sends a mixture of steam and water to the drawn, The steam in the drum is then drawn through the supetheater. These boilers have been built to generate 45 to 50 t of superheated steam at 130 bar and 500°C, Steam Steam to a ba prime mover rum Flue gas ‘Steam Water circulating Tube t pump evaporating ‘section La Mont Boiler (i) Velox Boiler: Velox boiler makes use of pressurised combustion. The gas turbine drives the axial flow ‘compressor which raises the pressure of incoming air from atmospheric pressure to furnace pressure, The combustion gases after heating the water and steam, flow, through the gas turbine to the atmosphere. The feed water after passing through the economiser is pumped by a water circulating pump to the tube evaporating section. Steam separated in steam separating section flows to the supetheater, from where it moves to the prime mover. wwwmadeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © CopyrightMADE EASY Detailed Explanations of Try Yourself Questions: ESE + GATE 2023 3 Steam to prime mover Convective 3 Super heater —wi Steam Evaporating or section +> evaporating section Le seins Axial Gas ‘compressor turbine Water Velox Boiler The size of the velox boiler is limited to 100 Yh because 600 BHP is required to run the air compressor at this output Advantage of velox boiler: (The boiler is very compact and greater flexibility. (i) Very high combustion rates are possible. (ii) Itean be quickly started (iv) Low excess air is required as the pressurised air is used and the problem of draught is simpified piesa For small steam requirements, fire tube boilers are Fire Tube Boilers | Water Tube Boilers Hotfiue gases iow |1. Water flows through suitable. Fire tube boilers have different characteristic surrounded by he. ges tint omer feature as follows: waterin a shell them. © Low intial cost 2, Suto oe |2. Lets scale depos * Reliability in operation ‘seale deposits + Need for only unskilled labour 2 mate seaming 8. Higher, steaming Less draught required 4, Relatively larger|4. Smaliordrumsize, * Quick response to load change drumsize. + Compactin size ler: In the LaMont boiler, the main difficulty experienced is the formation and attachmet bubbles on the inner surfaces of the heating tubes. The attached bubbles to the tube surfaces reduce the heat flow and steam generation as it offers high thermal resistance than water film. Benson in 1922 argued that ifthe boiler pressure was raised to critical pressure (225 atm.), the steam and water have the same density and therefore, the danger of bubble formation can be easily eliminated. The first high pressure Benson boiler was put into operation in 1927 in West Germany. Cann MADE EASY woramadeeasypubliations.ora)4 Mechanical Engineering ® Power Plant Engineering MADE EASY This boiler too makes use of forced circulation and uses ol as fuel. Chief novel principle is thatit eliminates the latent heat of water by first compressing the feed to a pressure of 285 bar, its then above the critical pressure and its latent heat is zero, Figure shows a schematic diagram of a Benson boiler. This boiler does not use any drum. The feed water after circulation through the economiser tubes flows through the radiant parallel tube section to evaporate party, The steam water mixture produced then moves to the transit section where this mixture is converted into steam. The steam is now passed through the convection superheater and finally supplied to the prime mover. Boilers having as high as 650°C temperature of steam had been put into service. The maximum working pressure obtained so far from commercial Benson boiler is 500 atm, The Benson boilers of 150 tonnesih generating capacity are in use yf Steam o Y convection siporeuer fro paral tube section Foes pane Advantages of a Benson Boiler The Benson boiler possesses the following advantages: 1. Itean be erected in a comparatively smaller tloor area. 2, The total weight of a Benson boiler is 20% less than other boilers, since there are no drums. This also reduces the cost of the boiler. It can be started very quickly because of welded joints 4, Natural convection boilers require expansion joints but these are not required for Benson boiler as the pipes are tubes. 5. The furnace walls of the boiler can be more efficiently protected by using smaller diameter and closed pitched tubes, . Qe MADE EASY en)Air Compressors (Reciprocating and Rotary Compressor) @ Detalled Explanation 9 of Try Yourself Questions ceed Compressor stall: When the compressor blades cannot process the amount of air coming from the engine inlet (and the stator vanes as well) the compressor of turbine engines “stall” -this translates generally by avery noisy explosion outside of the airplane and a flame that scares everyone around the aircraft The blades of compressors are airfoils and every airfoil can be stalled that is when the angle of attack of the incoming air is too steep to be handled by the compressor. To prevent compressor stalls, engines, have variable inlet guide vanes to direct the incoming air at a better angle ‘Aspect of Comparison | Axial Flow Compressors | Centrifugal Compressors Type af ow Paral the ae Raia Pressure ratitage “About 425 5 Tseniopeeffciency Higher (8 to 88%) Lower (60 82%) Frontal area ‘Smater Lager Flexi of eperaion Lmtea Hiaher Prt load performance Poor Betor toe of deposit ‘Adverse foc No adverse effort ‘Staring torque ih tow Sutabity format sagng More Sultable Dict Dalivery Pressure Lower (20 bar) Higher about 40 bar ancy wit respect io speed ‘ess at ore fat Piney Volumetric Efficiency of a compressor is defined as the ratio of Free Air Delivered (FAD) to the swept volume. FAD is the volume of air delivered by the compressor measured at some reference condition (which may be the ambient condition or the standard sea level condition). FAD is less than the swept volume due to the following reasons: () Throttling and pressure drop at inlet valve and passages; 4 > © Copyright MADE EASY wowmadeeasypublications org6 Mechanical Engineering ® Power Plant Engineering MADE EASY (ii) Heating of inlet air by coming in contact with hot cylinder walls; and (ii) Re-expansion of compressed air retained in the clearance volume. Effect of parameters on volumetric efficiency: (1) Speed of compressor: As the speed is increased the pressure drop in the inlet passage and the inlet valve increases. Further the air temperature during intake also increases due to less available for cooling. Both of these factors reduce volumetic efficiency of compressor with increase ofits speed. (ii) Delivery pressure: Reler figure with increase of delivery pressure the pressure ratio increases and hence during inward stroke a-b, the etfective swept volume is reduced. The volume of air delivered (FAD) is reduced from p, to p,’. Thus the volumetric efficiency is decreased when pressures increased (ii) Throttling across the valves: Throttling across the inlet valve reduces the pressure in the cylinder atthe end of the inlet stroke. Further, throttling at the inlet and delivery valves increases the pressure ratio. Both of these effects would reduce the FAD, and hence the volumetric eficiency of the compressor. Daeg FAD = 16m%min ar) (measured att barand 15°C)», P, = 0.96bar | = 30+ 273= 303K n= 13 V, = V,=0.04V, P, P, = bar Mneen = 90% Thorp = 85% Piston speed = 300 m/min N = 800%pm (i) Power input to compressor: Mass tlow rate of compressor pv _ (1x10) x16 RT 287 x 288 [where FAD per minute is V at p 19.36 kg/min bar) and 1(18 + 273 = 288 K)) To find T,, using the equation a 4 . Qe MADE EASY en)MADE EASY Detailed Explanations of Try Yourself Questions: ESE + GATE 2023 7 Publestions Power inputto compressor n 1 [ne ~)s Theses * Teor. — 0.9%0.85 13-1 = 8016.9 kd/min, = 83.6 kus (KW) [( 18 )}1936%0.207(4024-209)] x i) We know, The = vee-o( BY "(2 RO AT eo 0.96 1x16 303 288 Piston speed = 2LN=300 2xLx600 = 30041 =03m =9 Vy = 17.534 m? /min v, na = Exotyan) Double acting Vx pe — 4 GalexLx@N) D 17.584 x4 291.43 mm I > (©copyahe MADE EASY wwimadeeasypublications.org)Given, Now. Now, At At By interpolation, 7.3688 -7.3127 _ 7.7806 7.3127 P Steam Power Cycle & Steam Turbine Detailed Explanation of Try Yourself Questions 10 kPa 1-0.104 = 0.896 % XSq, 0.6492 + 0.896 x 7.4996 7.3688 kukg-K 5 7.3688 kJIkg-K eoore P-4 45-40 4.067 MPa Max. reheat pressure possible is 4.067 MPa i wowwsmadeeasypublications org 3625.3 kkk 8 Sin # %28igp 0.5725 + x,(7.6845) 0.82378 Pi +% (Pao) 167.57 + 0.82378 (2406.7) = 2150.16 ki/kg © Copyright MADE ERSYMADE EASY Detailed Explanations of Try Yourself Questions: ESE + GATE 2023 9 Now, steam rate (mh,) = FR RCA) 1 1 3625.3-2180.16- 10.06 ~ 1465.08 6.825 x 10 kghkWs 3 Enthalpy of feedwater, hy = 252 kiko Enthalpy of extracted steam,h, = 2810 kilkg (dana = 208.47 kg mh + ¢ 11h, m, «2810 41 1x 908,47 = 656.47 = m, = 25.66% = 26% Given, 2622.22 = 188,39 = 640.23 = mh, + (1—m)hy 4 = mx 2622.22.4(1—m) x 188.39 | tmkg (oto a byahe 640.23-188,44 1 [Food }tfeontone - ™ = hyoh, ~ 2622.22-188.44 Heater = 0.18856 kg/s u= 190 m/s a, = 20" v, = 600 mis Ca MADE EASY voimadeeasypublications.org |10 | Mechanical Engineering © Power Plant Engineering MADE EASY Vy, = 0 p=? Vac Mg = Mw (Mag = 9) = V, cosa, = 600 x cos 20° 563.82 mys muy, 1x 190 x 563.8 = 107.128 kWikg of steam tlow Power output Pump work VP-P) = 0.001(11-0.07)x 100 = 1.093 kikg Heat supplied, q, = (hy~h,)-W, = (2781-163)- 1.093 = 2616.907 kiikg (y= hy) = (2781-2035) = 746 kuikg Thermal efficiency Turbine work, W, Wp-W, _ 746~-1,093 = 28.46 % 2616.907 8.46 My = m,h, + myhe im, +m,)h water (m,) mathy=ha) src +O why =e) 300(8386.1- 3256.6) (3256.6 - 251.19) = 12.92 th 500°C 300 th 12.98%1000 pojg =~ 3600 “St = 3.6 kgis m, JO “ona sco bar (m+) a { worwmadeeasypublications org MADE ERSY © Copyright)Gas Turbines Detalled Explanation of Try Yourself Questions ceed My = Megessen = Tearat Tew (for many stages of compression and expansion) Tho sung = Nemet = HF a 290 To = (1-22). 100% ( m0)” = 75.83% Wyee = Wr =Wo = 180 2 = 04 4 > = 04W, ° = 150 > = 250 kulkg ’ and = 250-150 = 100 kulkg —_——_—_—_— Now, Wot eis 100 = 0.85%250 25x 250-108 = 94.858 kdikg © Copyright MADE EASY wowmadeeasypublications org12 | Mechanical Engineering © Power Plant Engineering MADE EASY Peary Ty = 08 300 K Power P, = 100kPa T, = 208K T, = 1473K t _ (®%)> TO OUP = (4)reer = 845.875 K = Tg = ,=845.875K =572.875°C (Wredoae =? Te = aoc = 1073 TE = sore = 908k Now (Woedax = S9(Tow Vim) 1.005( J707S - V08)" = 296.794 ktka wwwmadeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © CopyrightMADE EASY Detailed Explanations of ry Yourself Questions: £SE+GATE2023 | 43 Poesy = = Ts Qs Woot HR © Copyright 300K 60 bar (ayer 465.6K wt 8202K C,T,-T,) §.1926(1273- 468.6) = 4192.5 kllkg CTT) 5.1926((820.2—300) = 2701.2 kJikg a,-0, 4192.5-2701.2 1491.3 kulkg Q,x3600 _ 4192.5x3600 We SCANS = 10120.7 kJ/kWh MADE EASY vwimadeeasypublationsor