MADE EASY 2 0 23 Workbook | Detailed Explanations of a Try Yourself Questions Electronics Engineering Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation bs GE) MADE EASYStatic and Dynamic Characteristics, Standards and Error Analysis im : 100, 2 J. Felatve limiting error = 5 %100= 4% a Relative error= Measured value —Tive value _ 205.5 ~ 202.4 202.4 Hence, option (c) is correct ra ey i. j 100 0 = 1.53% = 117.06 mA Sag = 117A mA and fy, = 117.02 mA = Range of error Tay) Way ~ Irin) wowwsmadeeasypublications org MADE ERSY Alternate solution: Max. value Min, value 2 197.11-117.02 Range of error = i The average value of measurement = 190.02 + 110.114 110.08 + 110.03 “7 4 = 110.06 The average range of error is = (Maximum measured value ~ average valve) + (Average value ~ Minimum measured valve) 2 = 0.045 V © CopyrightMeasuring Instruments for Different Applications Part-I: Current & Voltage Measurements (a) Total voltage across PMMC =V=V+V, = 2+3sin(4t)V PMMC reads average value Average value of V, = 2 Average value of Average value of V; So PMIMC teads = 2V (a) v V=50V Sy= 5 kQV Ing = 200 WA F,,= 100.2 Vp, = Ieg% Bry = 20 mV m= “= 2500 R= R=) = 249.9 (b) fo Fullscale voltage = 10V Resistance of meter = S, x 10 2% 10 = 20ka Reading of meter at its 10V scale Resistance of meter x 8 Resistance of meter + outputresistance 20 = =7.62 mori <8 = 782 ® Copyright MADE ego cat @) Many wattmeters have errors caused by inductance of pressure coil ) eo Fortype-1 error = Ry 2 Fortype-2 error = Fp V2 _ (200)? So, Fp ~ 10,000 Potential coll draws negligible current, so current through z, and z, is same. current through current coil = /,.= / Voltage across potential coll = V,., Voltage across z, = Vp, Wattmeter reads power consumed by z,, as voltage across potential coil = Voltage across z, Current through current col = currentthrough z, ERSY wowmadeeasypublications org4 Electronics Engg, a Thevenin equivalent circuit across the Galvanometer resistance is 10, 20 = 14 o ~ 7 Q+2 a Em Fig + 100 Ry = 1.664 ko 10, 20 24 664 kQ 7 Q42 Q= 0.26 Ko ee (<) () Kelvin’s double bridge mehtod is used for measurement oflow resistance. (i) Wien's bridge is primarily known as a frequency determining bridge. www.madeeasypublications.org MADE EASY ‘© Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation ie inductance = L, effective resista induetor = R, ol, = 2 0c.R ) a= 2 -00,R, i The bridge is limited to measurement of low Q inductor (1 10, the bridge is unsuitable. The bridge is also unsuited for coils with a very low values of Q (ie. Q <1) (a) Atbalance gondition Ax Rox we. Gs as} Ry 1|_& —fi_Ip = fe TA Gs|"** Ss] ~ Os 1). % AA, +-| = Boros Gal os! ) ‘On comparing real and imaginary part RC Re © CopyrightDigital Sys tems for Measurements and Digital Instruments SUC Cm wom tug @) capacitance, Cy =~ 300-460 3 ie ‘A throe digit display on a digital vottm (0-1) V range will be able to indicate values from zero to 999 mV, with smallest increment or resolution of 1 mV. In practice a fourth digit usually capable of indicating either 0 or Lonly is placed tothe leftof active digits. THis permits going above 999 to 1999 to give overiap between ranges for convenience. Thisis called over ranging, This type of display is known as a 3 digit daplay rae No. of pulses = 400 x 10® x 20x 10% a Sensitivily = Resolution x (minimum full scale value) = Resolution x Range = 0,0001 x 100 10°V = 001 mV “© copyright MADE rere rclt @ A ime period of sine wave = 55> = Sms Time period of sinowave= 555 /po = (3002) x 2 > 800 mV a» Vertical sensitivity of CI 1 zo CRO read magnitude of ac voltage Vi. = V2x Vg =V2x30 Movement of the spot - 1) = Bxs0{ 3) Sem Ee ERSY wowmadeeasypublications orgTransducers and Measurement of Non Electrical Quantities ie Active transducer or self-generating transducers are devices that do not require any power supply for their operation. @g.: Photovoltaic cell, thermocouple and thermopile, piezoelectric crystals. aw Gauge factor = 18 500 $= “NT “_o001 7 Ho wwwmadeeasypublications.org MADE ERSY © CopyrightBasics of Telemetry and Data Aquisition Systems (b) The bit rate of digitally recorded signal is given as R, = nef, where 1 = number of bits f, = the frequency at which signal 's sampled Now bandwidth of the signal is given as Ry they, Bw = B=4 © copyright MADE EASY wowmadeeasypublications org