Ref. Title Page No.

9.1 Riprap 9-1

9.1.1 Description 9-1
9.1.2 Materials 9-1
9.1.3 Construction Requirements 9-1
9.1.4 Method of Measurement 9-1
9.1.5 Basis of Payment 9-2
9.1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-2

9.2 Gabions 9-2

9.2.1 Description 9-2
9.2.2 Materials 9-2
9.2.3 Construction Requirements 9-2
9.2.4 Method of Measurement 9-3
9.2.5 Basis of Payment 9-3
9.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-3

9.3 Slope Netting 93

9.3.1 Description 9-3
9.3.2 Materials 9-3
9.3.3 Construction Requirements 9-3
9.3.4 Method of Measurement 9-3
9.3.5 Basis of Payment 9-3
9.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-3

9.4 Rock Bolts, Anchors and Sprayed

Concrete 9-3
9.4.1 Description 9-3
9.4.2 Materials 9-3
9.4.2.1 Cement Grout 9-3
9.4.2.2 Rock Bolts Generally 9-4
9.4.2.3 Resin-Anchored Rock Bolts 9-4
9.4.2.4 Mechanically Anchored Rock Bolts 9-4
9.4.2.5 Drain Holes 9-4
9.4.2.6 Rock Anchors 9-4
9.4.2.7 Sprayed Concrete and Mortar 9-4
9.4.2.8 Fiber Reinforced Sprayed Concrete 9-5
9.4.2.9 Wire Netting 9-5
9.4.3 Construction Requirements 9-5
9.4.3.1 General 9-5
9.4.3.2 Rock Bolting Procedures 9-5
9.4.3.3 Pull Out Tests for Anchored Bolts 9-6
9.4.3.4 Pull Out Tests for Untensioned Bolts 9-6

9-2
Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.
9.4.3.5 Rock Anchoring Procedures 9-6 9.9.1 Description 9-12
9.4.3.6 Tensioning Tendons 9-7 9.9.2 Materials 9-12
9.4.3.7 Grouting for Rock Anchors 9-7 9.9.3 Construction Requirements 9-12
9.4.3.8 Testing of Rock Anchors 9-7 9.9.4 Method of Measurement 9-12
9.4.3.9 Application of Sprayed Concrete and Mortar 9-8 9.9.5 Basis of Payment 9-12
9.4.3.10 Reinforcement Mesh 9-8 9.9.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-13
9.4.3.11 Paint 9-9
9.10 Filter Layers and Membranes 9-13
9.4.3.12 Wire Netting 9-9
9.4.4 Method of Measurement 9-9 9.10.1 Description 9-13

9.4.5 Basis of Payment 9-9 9.10.2 Materials 9-13

9.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-9 9.10.3 Construction Requirements 9-14
9.10.4 Method of Measurement 9-15
9.5 Rock Grouting 9-9
9.10.5 Basis of Payment 9-15
9.5.1 Description 9-9 9.10.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-15
9.5.2 Materials 9-9
9.11 Barriers for Sand Dunes 9-15
9.5.3 Construction Requirements 9-9
9.5.4 Method of Measurement 9-10 9.11.1 Description 9-15

9.5.5 Basis of Payment 9-10 9.11.2 Materials 9-15

9.5.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-10 9.11.2.1 Fences 9-15

9.11.2.2 Bituminous Materials 9-15
9.6 Reinforced Concrete Slope Protection
9.11.2.3 Vegetative Materials 9-15
9-11
9.11.2.4 Water 9-15
9.6.1 Description 9-11 9.11.2.5 Blanket Covers 9-15
9.6.2 Materials 9-11 9.11.3 Construction Requirements 9-15
9.6.3 Construction Requirements 9-11 9.11.3.1 Fencing 9-15
9.6.4 Method of Measurement 9-11 9.11.3.2 Stabilization with Bituminous Materials 9-16
9.6.5 Basis of Payment 9-11 9.11.3.3 Stabilization with Vegetative Treatment 9-16
9.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-11 9.11.3.4 Blankets 9-16
9.7 Sacked Concrete Revetment 9-11 9.11.4 Method of Measurement 9-16
9.11.5 Basis of Payment 9-16
9.7.1 Description 9-11
9.11.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-16
9.7.2 Materials 9-11
9.7.2.1 Sacks 9-11 9.12 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining
Walls 9-16
9.7.2.2 Concrete 9-11
9.7.3 Construction Requirements 9-11 9.12.1 Description 9-16
9.7.4 Method of Measurement 9-11 9.12.1.1 General 9-16
9.7.5 Basis of Payment 9-11 9.12.1.2 Standards and Codes 9-17
9.7.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-12 9.12.2 Materials 9-17
9.12.2.1 General 9-17
9.8 Paving Tile Slope Protection 9-12
9.12.2.2 Concrete Face Panels 9-17
9.8.1 Description 9-12 9.12.2.3 Concrete Footings 9-18
9.8.2 Materials 9-12 9.12.2.4 Steel Reinforcing and Tie Strips 9-18
9.8.3 Construction Requirements 9-12 9.12.2.5 Reinforced (Polymer) Grids 9-18
9.8.4 Method of Measurement 9-12 9.12.2.6 Fasteners 9-18
9.8.5 Basis of Payment 9-12 9.12.2.7 Non Metallic Friction Ties and Fixings 9-18
9.8.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-12 9.12.2.8 Joint Filler (For Use with Concrete Face
9.9 Ditch Lining 9-12 Panels) 9-18
Ref. Title Page No.
9.12.2.9 Backfill and Filter Material 9-18
9.12.3 Construction Requirements 9-19
9.12.3.1 Wall Excavation 9-19
9.12.3.2 Foundation Preparation 9-19
9.12.3.3 Erection of Concrete Face Panels 9-19
9.12.3.4 Backfill Placement 9-19
9.12.3.5 Trial Embankment 9-20
9.12.4 Monitoring 9-20
9.12.4.1 General 9-20
9.12.4.2 Selected Backfill 9-20
9.12.4.3 Settlements 9-20
9.12.4.4 Horizontal Displacements 9-20
9.12.4.5 Durability 9-21
9.12.4.6 Testing Frequency 9-21
9.12.5 Method of Measurement 9-21
9.12.6 Basis of Payment 9-21
9.12.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-21

9.13 Coastal Protection 9-21

9.13.1 Description 9-21
9.13.2 Materials 9-22
9.13.2.1 Quarried Stone for Armour Layers and Underlayers
9-22
9.13.2.2 Core Material 9-22
9.13.2.3 Filter Fabric - Geotextiles 9-23
9.13.3 Construction Requirements 9-23
9.13.3.1 General 9-23
9.13.3.2 Placement of Core Material 9-23
9.13.3.3 Placement of Armour and Underlayer Stones 9-24
9.13.3.4 Surveying Technique 9-24
9.13.3.5 Storage, Handling, and Laying of Geotextiles 9-24
9.13.4 Method of Measurement 9-24
9.13.5 Basis of Payment 9-25
9.13.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities 9-25
9.1 Riprap for Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and
Structural Construction.
9.1.1 Description
9.1.3 Construction Requirements
1 The Sub-section describes requirements for construction of
loose or mortared riprap slope protection and riprap Cut-off walls or 1 The stones shall be wetted and hand-laid with the flattest face
watercourse channel protection. uppermost and parallel to the prepared slope, starting from the toe and
progressing upwards. Stones shall be arranged in close contact so as
9.1.2 Materials to minimize voids, the largest being placed in the lower courses.
Spaces between large stones shall be filled with smaller stones of
1 Stone for loose and mortared riprap shall consist of natural suitable size. The surface of the riprap protection shall be trimmed and
stones of broad flat shapes as far as practicable. All stone shall be prepared as shown on the Drawings.
hard, sound, durable, and highly resistant to weathering and shall be
2 The mortar bed shall be progressively spread ahead of stone
suitable as protection material for the intended purpose.
placing. Stones faces in contact with the mortar shall be clean and free
2 Samples of the stone material proposed for use shall be from any defects that will impair the bond with the mortar. Stones
submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to its use in the work. shall be washed to remove any dirt or dust immediately before
3 The minimum apparent specific gravity of the stone material applying mortar. Mortar shall be spaded and rodded between the
shall be 2.5 and the maximum absorption shall be 6% when tested in stones until the voids are completely filled.
accordance with AASHTO T 85. The stone shall have an abrasion 3 Expansion joints shall be constructed where the riprap is placed
loss not greater than 45% when tested in accordance with ASTM against any structure, or where directed by the Engineer. A 13 mm
C131/C131M. thick fiber joint filler (as specified in Item 8 of Clause 9.1.2) shall be
4 The weight of individual stones for the various classes of riprap installed in expansion joints. The fiber joint shall extend from the base
shall be as follows: of the grout layer up to 13 mm below the grout surface. A bond breaker,
as approved by the Engineer, shall be placed along the bottom of the
% of Total
13 mm deep by 13 mm wide notch, and the top shall be filled with
Weight
Weight of Stones (kilograms) Smaller than flexible joint sealant in accordance with the manufacturer's
Weight recommended procedures, as approved by the Engineer.
Shown
4 The completed work shall be cured for at least 7 days by a curing
Mortared
Loose Riprap method approved by the Engineer. After the expiry of this period, the
Riprap
exposed surfaces shall be cleared of loose mortar and broken stone
Class A Class B Class C Class D
fragments.
50 200 1,000 5,000 95-100
20 100 400 2,000 50-100 5 Loose riprap stone shall be placed in the same manner as for
5 20 100 500 0-50 mortared riprap. The stones shall be properly selected and placed so
1 5 20 100 0-10 as to minimize voids which shall be filled with pieces of the largest
Table 9.1.2.1: Classes of riprap stones possible size.

5 Unless otherwise indicated on the Drawings or directed by the
Engineer, stones for mortared riprap shall conform to Class A
gradation. Stones for mortared riprap shall generally weigh up to 50
kg with at least 50% weighing more than 20 kg. Nevertheless, any of
the other classes shown in Table 9.1.2.1 above i.e. Classes B, C and D
can be used for loose riprap, as indicated on the drawings.
6 Mortar for mortared riprap shall consist of 1 part Portland
cement to 3 parts sand by volume. Water added shall be the least
amount which will yield a workable mix. Sand and cement shall
conform to the relevant requirements of Sub-section 5.1. The 28 day
compressive strength of the mortar shall be not less than 15 MPa
measured in accordance with BS EN 12390-1 and BS EN 12390-2.
7 Filter material or subsurface drainage geotextiles or
combination of both for use under loose or mortared riprap or any
other slope protection, revetment, or other lining applications, as well
as separation geotextiles, or reinforcement geogrids for use in
reinforcing high embankments, steep slopes and the various layers of
asphalt pavements, as shown on the Drawings shall comply with the
requirements of Sub-section 9.10 “Filter Layers and Membranes”.
8 Expansion joint filler shall be rot-proof and of the preformed,
non-extruding, resilient type made with a bituminous fiber and shall
conform to the requirements of ASTM Standard D1751, Specification
6 After completion and approval of the loose riprap placement,
the surface voids of the riprap in the footing trench and on the lower
portions of the slope shall be filled with excavated material,
compacted to 95% max. dry density and dressed to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.
7 Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, the thickness of the
loose or mortared riprap layer shall not be less than 1.5 times the
nominal stone size and is commonly 1.8 - 2.0 times the nominal stone
size.
8 Where shown on the Drawings, a filter layer (as specified in
Sub-section 9.10) or an approved construction fabric shall be laid on
the prepared surface to receive loose riprap. Thickness of filter layer
shall be as shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer. The
slope shall be prepared, trimmed and excavated to the surface
approved by the Engineer and as the cross sections and levels shown
on the Drawings. The filter material shall then be laid and compacted
to 95% max. dry density, to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
9.1.4 Method of Measurement
1 Riprap work shall be measured by the cubic meter of material
placed in position. Measurement shall be based on the dimensions
shown on the Drawings.

9-1
2 Filter material shall be measured by square meter of the
thickness placed in position. Measurement shall be based on the
dimensions shown on the Drawings.
3 Filter membrane shall be measured in square meter of the
material placed in position. Measurement shall be the area shown on
the Drawings.
9.1.5 Basis of Payment
other color to the approval of the Engineer, which shall be capable of
resisting the effects of immersion in sea water and exposure to ultra
violet light and abrasion, when tested for a period not less than 3000
hours in accordance with ASTM G152.
7 Stones for gabion filling shall be hard, sound, durable and
highly resistant to erosion, to the approval of the Engineer. The
specific gravity of the stones shall be not less than 2.5. The stone size
distribution in each individual box shall be as given in Table 9.2.2.1.

1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as Size of stones (mm) % of total (by no.)
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rates indicated in the
80-125 7% maximum
Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for selection
of materials and removal of discarded material, slope preparation, 125-200 88% minimum
excavation, backfilling, placing, trimming, finishing and protection of
finished work and expansion joints and for materials, transportation, 200-250 5% maximum
hauling, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary Table 9.2.2.1: Stones for Gabions
for the proper completion of the works.
8 Mastic asphalt constituents shall be sand, penetration grade
bitumen and filler. The mastic shall have the characteristics given in
9.1.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
Table 9.2.2.2.
i. Loose stone riprap (class). (cu.m)
% of total (by
ii. Mortared stone riprap (class) (cu.m) Constituents Material Type
mass)
iii. Filter material (thickness) (sq.m) Sand (5mm nominal Natural sand or
55-72
iv. Filter membrane (sq.m) size) crushed rock
80-100
Bitumen 15-18
Penetration Grade
9.2 Gabions Portland cement
Filler 13-16
or hydrated lime
9.2.1 Description Table 9.2.2.2: Characteristics of Mastic Asphalt Constituents

1 This Sub-section describes requirements for gabions consisting
of supplying, building and placing of stone-filled galvanized steel wire
mesh baskets (or other approved types of heavy duty plastic mesh) as
slope or watercourse channel protection.
9.2.2 Materials
1 Gabion boxes shall be made of a hexagonal woven mesh of
double twisted hot-dip galvanized steel wire. The nominal mesh size
shall be 80mm x 100 mm. details of the type of mesh proposed for use
shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval.
2 Wire used in the fabrication of the gabion shall be mild steel to
ASTM A390 Class 3 or to BS 1052 having an average tensile strength,
before coating of 380 to 500N/mm2. The core wire diameter shall be
3.00 mm before galvanizing. Galvanizing shall comply with BS EN
10244-2.
3 Non-metallic material for gabion boxes, such as extruded
polypropylene, may be proposed for the Engineer’s approval. Samples
and manufacturer’s certificates shall accompany the proposal.
4 Gabion dimensions shall be as shown on the Drawings. A
tolerance of ±5% on width and height, and ±3% on length shall be
allowed. Gabion shall have diaphragms at 1m centers.
5 The edges of gabion panels shall be selvedged to prevent
unraveling of the mesh. Steel wire core used for selvedges shall have
a nominal diameter of not less than 3.5mm. Lacing wire shall have a
nominal diameter of not less than 2.2mm for the wire core. Wire for
selvedges and lacing shall otherwise comply with the same
specification for the wire used in the mesh.
6 Where shown on the Drawings wire shall be coated with a
minimum thickness of 0.55mm of dark green or black PVC, or any
9 Sand-cement grout shall be composed of one part of Portland
cement and four parts of sand measured by volume, mixed with
sufficient water to a consistency so that the grout can flow into and
completely fill the voids.
10 The Engineer has the right to request the Contractor for any
additional testing on the Gabion Materials (stones, boxes, wire mesh,
mastic asphalt, steel angle to fix the Gabion, and/or sand-cement
grout), as deemed necessary, to confirm the quality of these materials,
and to ensure a durable and stable Gabion system.
9.2.3 Construction Requirements
1 Gabions shall be placed and built to the lines, levels and patterns
shown on the Drawings, on a prepared horizontal foundation surface
for gabion boxes and mattresses and/or sloping foundation surface for
gabion mattresses, excavated as required, and compacted as instructed
by the Engineer.
2 Gabion cages shall be securely wired together at corners and
edges, and where there is more than one course of gabions, the upper
course cages shall be laced to the lower course. Before filling, the cage
shall be in its permanent position and laced to adjoining previously
filled cages.
3 Non-metallic gabion cages of proprietary type shall be
constructed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
4 Stones shall be packed by hand inside the cages as tight as
practicable with the minimum of voids. The wires shall be fixed inside
the compartments and the units tensioned in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.

9-2
5 The cages shall be overfilled with stones to allow for subsequent
settlement and the lid laced down with binding wire to the top of each
of the four sides and to the top of the diaphragm panels.
6 Where shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall grout
gabions with hot poured mastic asphalt. The mastic shall be mixed at
a temperature of 160-200˚C and poured to fill the voids between the
stones for the depth shown. The actual rate of application shall be as
approved by the Engineer during construction.
7 Where shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall grout
gabions with sand-cement grout. Immediately before pouring the
grout, the stones should be wetted by sprinkling. The grout shall be
poured to fill the voids between the stones for the depth shown. The
actual rate of application shall be as approved by the Engineer during
construction. The grout shall be allowed to set and harden before any
stormwater is received. The grout shall be kept moist with water for
a period of not less than 72 hours.
9.2.4 Method of Measurement
1 Gabions shall be measured by the cubic meter of installed
gabion, based on the dimensions shown on the Drawings. Rates shall
be deemed to include for provision and installing all materials,
protection of finished work and all preparatory work including
excavation and preparation of ground.
2 Where grouting is required, it shall be measured by the cubic
meter of sand-cement or of mastic asphalt applied.
9.2.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid at the unit rate for “Gabion” in the Bill
of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for slope
preparation, protection, drainage, excavation, backfilling, galvanized
steel angle, and for materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and
other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
9.2.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Gabions (size). (cu.m)
ii. Mastic asphalt grout. (cu.m)
iii. Sand-cement grout. (cu.m)
9.3 Slope Netting
9.3.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for supplying and
installing steel wire mesh netting as rock slope protection.
9.3.2 Materials
1 Wire slope netting shall consist of a hexagonal woven mesh of
double twisted hot-dip galvanized steel wire. The nominal mesh size
shall be 80mm x 100mm.
2 All wires shall be mild steel conforming to BS 1052, having a
minimum nominal diameter of 2.7mm. The wire shall be hot-dip
galvanized in accordance with ASTM A767/A767M, Class II (610g
Zinc/sq.m., 2.0 oz. Zinc psf), after fabrication and bending.
3 Spikes for wire slope netting attachment shall be as shown on
the Drawings and the steel shall comply with the relevant requirements
of Section 6.
9.3.3 Construction Requirements
1 The wire netting shall be securely anchored to the rock face with
the driven steel spikes spaced at an average of not more than 5m
vertically and horizontally around the perimeter of each section.
2 For rock slope faces in excess of 5m high, the netting shall be
hung from hooked rock bolts installed untensioned as specified in Sub-
section 9.4 at spacing between 5m and 10m horizontally and vertically.
3 The rock slope face shall be trimmed to the profile shown on the
Drawings and in accordance with the relevant requirements of these
specifications. The proposed new section dimensions and fixing points
shall be submitted for prior approval by the Engineer. Intact sound
rock masses shall be selected for the bolts and spikes positioning.
9.3.4 Method of Measurement
1 The approved wire netting slope protection work shall be
measured by the square meter of the area installed. Preparation of the
rock face and spikes and fixation accessories shall not be separately
measured, but shall be deemed included in the rate for wire netting
slope protection.
9.3.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rate for “Wire Slope
Netting” in the Bill of Quantities which rates shall be full
compensation for slope and foundation preparation, drilling, fixing
and for materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items
necessary for the proper completion of the work.
9.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Wire netting slope protection (sq.m)
9.4 Rock Bolts, Anchors and Sprayed
Concrete
9.4.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes stabilization of cut or natural slopes
in soil or rock by one or combination of the following methods: rock
bolting, rock anchoring and grouting, shotcreting or guniting, and wire
netting.
9.4.2 Materials
9.4.2.1 Cement Grout
1 Grout for use in rock bolting and rock anchors, shall normally
consist of a mixture of cement and water only. Fine sand aggregate
passing No. 16 sieve may be added, if approved, for grouting of large
holes, etc.
2 Admixtures and filler may be used only if approved by the
Engineer and shall be free from chlorides.
9-3
3 Cement, sand and water shall conform to the requirements of 9.4.2.5 Drain Holes
Section 5. Sulfate resisting and rapid hardening cements shall be used 1 Drain holes shall be drilled into the rock slope to relieve
only if specified and approved. water pressure buildup in the rock slope. The drain holes shall be
lined with slotted PVC drain pipe and plumbing systems shall be
4 The compressive strength of 150 x 150 mm cubes made of grout
installed to direct water flows away from the rock slope, as shown on
and measured in accordance with BS EN 12390-1 and BS EN 12390-
the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
2 shall not be less than 17 MPa at 7 days. Cubes shall be cured in a
moist atmosphere for the first 24 hours and subsequently under water. 9.4.2.6 Rock Anchors
1 Rock anchors required to provide support for excavated or
5 Grout mixes shall have good fluidity and low sedimentation or
bleeding in the plastic state, good durability and density with low natural rock faces, and at tunnel portals, shall consist of steel tendons
shrinkage in the hardened state, in order to bond with the side of in excess of 10 m in length and shall conform to AASHTO
boreholes and to provide protection for bolts and anchors, etc. Mix M204M/M204: "Uncoated Stress Relieved Wire for Pre-stressed
proportions shall be as specified for the various applications of grout, Concrete".
and grouting trials shall be undertaken as directed by the Engineer. 2 Corrosion protection shall be as shown on the Drawings.
6 All materials shall be proportioned by weight.
9.4.2.7 Sprayed Concrete and Mortar
9.4.2.2 Rock Bolts Generally
1 Sprayed concrete (Shotcrete) shall be a mixture of water,
1 All bolts, required to provide support for excavated or natural
cement, sand and aggregate, projected onto the area of placement,
rock faces, shall be deformed high tensile steel bars conforming to the
without interruption, by means of a purpose made machine. Sprayed
relevant requirements of Sub-section 5.2 "Reinforcing Steel" or other
concrete (Shotcrete) with 28 day cube compressive strength of 25 MPa
type in accordance with Drawings.
with an aggregate smaller than 12.5 mm particle size shall be used.
2 Rock bolts can be continuously threaded or threaded to allow
2 Sprayed mortar (Gunite) shall be a mixture of water, cement and
extension to be fitted as required. One end of the bolt shall be threaded
sand projected onto the area of placement without interruption, by
for a tensioning locking nut, sufficient to ensure that a 10 to 50mm
means of a purpose - made machine. Sprayed mortar (Gunite) with 28
thread length extends beyond the locking nut. The thread on the bolt
day cube compressive strength of 25 MPa with sand of maximum
shall be ISO metric coarse series to BS 4190. The washer shall be flat
particle size 7mm shall be used.
mild steel plate 150 by 150 by 8mm thick with free fit holes. Nuts shall
conform to BS 490 and washers shall conform to BS 4320. 3 Materials, equipment and application procedures shall generally
conform to the latest revision of ACI 506.2 - "Specifications for
3 Rock bolts may consist of tensioned or untensioned dowel bars
Shotcreting" unless otherwise specified hereunder.
anchored by resin or grout or mechanically anchored.
4 Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and mixing
4 Protection of rock bolts against corrosion shall be as shown on
water shall conform to the requirements of Sub-section 5.1 - "Concrete
Drawings.
Materials and Mixes”. The mixture of coarse and fine aggregate for
9.4.2.3 Resin-Anchored Rock Bolts
applications up to 250 mm in thickness and applications exceeding
1 The point resin anchor shall be formed using a cartridge system. 250 mm in thickness shall conform to the following grading
The remaining length of the bolt shall be grouted with cement if requirements:
required by the Engineer. The grout may be injected after the
installation of the bolt and anchor, or the resin and cement grout may Percent Passing By Weight
be placed in the hole and the bar pushed through the cement grout into Standard Sieve Size Thickness up Thickness
the resin.
to 250 mm exceeds 250 mm
2 If the Engineer so directs, rock bolts shall be de-bonded along
the length of bar which is not required for anchorage purposes by 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 100 100
means of a suitable plastic sheath preventing the formation of a bond
between the grout and the bar. 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100 90-100
3 If untensioned dowel bars are used, all voids shall be completely
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95-100 65-82
filled with grout.
4 If resin-anchored rock bolts are used, the tests specified in 2.36 mm (No. 8) 80-95 45-68
ASTM D4435 shall be carried out. The Contractor shall ensure that
the resin is not adversely affected by the cement grout. 1.18 mm (No. 16) 45-80 30-53
9.4.2.4 Mechanically Anchored Rock Bolts
0.600 mm (No. 30) 30-60 20-38
1 These shall be of the expansion shell type and full details of the
type of bolt and anchorage to be used shall be submitted for approval 0.300 mm (No. 50) 10-30 7-22
prior to installation. If approved, mechanical anchorage bolts shall be
0.150 mm (No. 100) 2-10 2-10
used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions as approved
or modified by the Engineer who may require mechanically anchored 0.075 mm (No. 200) 0-3 0-3
rock bolts to be cement grouted.
Table 9.4.2.1: Gradation of Sprayed Concrete (Shotcrete)
Combined Aggregates

9-4
5 The Cement content per cu.m. of aggregate shall be not less than
375 kg.
6 If approved by the Engineer, water-reducing, non-chloride
accelerator admixture, complying with ASTM C494/C494M, Type E,
and containing not more than 0.1 percent chloride ions, may be used.
7 Reinforcement shall conform to the requirements of Sub-section
5.2 – “Reinforcing Steel”.
8 Prior to proceeding with the shotcreting works, the Contractor
shall prepare three test panels for approval, using the proposed
materials, mix design and equipment. Each test panel shall be
approximately 750mm square, using plywood or other similar material
for the back form against which the shotcrete is to be sprayed. The
thickness of sprayed material shall be a minimum of 75mm or the
thickness that is to be used in the structure, whichever is greater.
9 After curing the test panels, cores shall be taken for compression
testing at 7 and 28 days. The cores shall be at least 75mm in diameter
and shall be measured and tested in accordance with AASHTO T 22.
In addition to compression testing, the cores shall be carefully
examined visually for soundness or evidence of non-uniformity in the
consistency of the concrete or mortar.
9.4.2.8 Fiber Reinforced Sprayed Concrete
1 When approved by the Engineer or indicated on the Drawings,
Fiber reinforced sprayed concrete shall be used for slope stabilization
in accordance with the requirements of ACI 506.1R “Guide to Fiber
Reinforced Shotcrete” standard.
2 Materials, equipment and application procedures shall generally
conform to the latest revision of ACI 506.1 - "Guide to Fiber
Reinforced Shotcrete" unless otherwise specified hereunder
3 Steel and synthetic fibers can be used in sprayed concrete to
improve flexural strength and reduce propagation of cracks. Fibers
shall be obtained from approved manufacturers and shall conform to
ASTM A 820 for steel fibers and ASTM C1116 for synthetic fibers.
4 Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and mixing
water shall conform to the requirements of Sub-section 5.1 - "Concrete
Materials and Mixes” and the requirements of subsection 9.4.2.7.
5 Prior to proceeding with the shotcreting works, Test Panels shall
be prepared and tested by the Contractor in compliance with Items 8
and 9 of subsection 9.4.2.7.
6 Fiber washout tests or flexural toughness testing shall be carried
out according to ASTM C 1018.
7 Fiber-reinforced concrete shall be mixed in compliance with
fiber-reinforced concrete manufacturer, instructions and
recommendations.
8 Fiber-reinforced concrete shall be free of fiber lumps when
delivered on site.
9 The application of fiber reinforced shotcrete shall comply with the
requirements of Subsection 9.4.3.9.
9.4.2.9 Wire Netting
1 All wires shall be mild steel conforming to BS 1052, having a
minimum nominal diameter of 2.7mm. The maximum mesh shall be
100mm x 80mm, the wire shall be hot-dip galvanized in accordance
with ASTM A767/A767M, Class II (610g zinc/sq.m., 2.0 oz. zinc psf),
after fabrication and bending.
2 The hexagonal wire mesh netting shall be triple twisted and
suitably woven to produce a flexible uniform net pattern, free of any
damage. Both longitudinal sides of the netting sheets shall be edged
with a wire of equivalent standard to that of the netting but greater in
diameter. The lacing-wire used for fixing adjacent netting sheets shall
also be of equivalent standard.
9.4.3 Construction Requirements
9.4.3.1 General
1 Before any of the works is commenced, the Contractor shall
submit a detailed method statement to the Engineer for his approval.
The method statement shall include adequate details concerning the
materials, work procedures, means and methods and frequency of
testing for grouts and anchors; intended by the Contractor, to carry out
the work and achieve the specified requirements.
9.4.3.2 Rock Bolting Procedures
1 After drilling holes of the required diameter and depth, and after
inspection and approval of the holes and their locations, rock bolts
shall be installed and anchored by one of the approved means as
described below, depending upon the type of rock bolts being installed.
2 Grouting equipment shall be of a type capable of producing a
grout of colloidal consistency by means of high local turbulence while
imparting only a slow motion to the body of the grout. The injection
equipment shall be capable of continuous operation with little
variation of pressure and shall include a system for re-circulating the
grout while actual grouting is not in progress. Compressed air shall
only be used if approved. Equipment shall have a delivery pressure
not exceeding 1 MN/sq.m. All baffles to the pump shall be fitted with
1.2 mm sieve strainers. All equipment and piping shall be thoroughly
washed with clean water after every series of operations and more
frequently if directed. Intervals between washings shall not exceed 3
hours.
3 Mixing of grout shall proceed by water being added to the mixer
first, followed by the cement. When these are thoroughly mixed any
admixture or sand shall be added. Mixing shall continue for at least 2
minutes until a uniform consistency is obtained. The water: cement
ratio of the mix shall not exceed 0.45 by weight. Mixing by hand will
not be permitted.
4 Grout shall be injected continuously and in such manner as to
avoid causing segregation of the grout. The method of injection shall
ensure complete filling of the boreholes and complete immersion of
the bolt in the grout. The volume of the spaces to be filled by the
injected grout shall be compared with the quantity of grout injected.
Grout shall be allowed to flow from the free end of the borehole until
its consistency is equivalent to that of the grout injected. The opening
shall then be firmly closed. Injection tubes shall be sealed off under
pressure until the grout has set.
5 Polyester resin gel and cure times shall be suited to the working
temperature and method of installation of the bolt. The main resin and
filler content shall be enclosed in an outer sheath or skin and the
catalyst shall be enclosed in a separate container within the main
sheath. The resin and catalyst shall be mixed by rotating the bolt by
means of a power tool for such time and at such speed as will ensure
the thorough intermixing of the two constituents. The viscosity of the
resin shall be such that complete disintegration of the resin sheath is
9-5
achieved and the pieces of sheath material do not have a detrimental
effect on the final strength of the anchorage.
6 Expansion shells for mechanical anchorage shall be of an
approved type and shall be installed in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions as approved or modified by the Engineer.
Where such bolts are used in close proximity to a rock face where
blasting is taking place, the security of the anchorages shall be checked
after blasting and the bolts re-tightened or replaced, if necessary in a
new hole.
7 Each hole shall be drilled straight and each bar shall lie centrally
in the hole and not be in contact with the rock. The diameter shall be
10 mm greater than the bolt diameter if grouted with cement. For resin
anchored bolts, the hole size shall be determined according to the
anchorage or cartridge size and in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations. Allowance shall be made for the hole size to be
slightly greater than the bit size. Tolerance on the diameter of hole
shall be plus or minus 2 mm. The hole shall be thoroughly flushed
and cleaned after drilling.
8 The rock surface around each hole shall be trimmed flat in a
plane normal to the axis of the rock bolt to ensure an even bearing
surface for the cover plate. Where this procedure is not possible, a
conical aligning seating shall be used. Epoxy mortar packing between
the bearing plate and rock shall be used where directed.
9 Anchored rock bolts shall be tensioned by either applying a
specified torque to the nut or by using a hydraulic jack. The Engineer
shall instruct the Contractor as to which method is to be used in
particular cases.
10 Where the torque method of tensioning is used, the required
tension shall be agreed by the Engineer and tests shall be carried out
to establish the applied torque required to achieve this load. Care shall
be taken to ensure that the threads on the bar and nut are clean and free
from obstructions.
11 Where tension is to be applied by hydraulic jack, the Engineer
may require tests to establish the jack gauge calibration. In calculating
the initial load to be applied, loss of tension due to the transfer of load
to the locking nut and washer shall be allowed for.
12 Permanent load measuring instruments shall be incorporated in
selected rock bolts as directed and the tension in these bolts shall be
monitored. Monitoring shall be carried out at hourly intervals for the
first 4 hours, then at 4-hour intervals up to the first 24 hours, then at
daily intervals up to 20 days after tensioning or at such other times as
may be directed.
13 Where the Engineer directs that the lengths or part of the length
of a rock bolt shall be de-bonded from the surrounding grout, this de-
bonding shall be achieved by means of a plastic sheath closely fitting
around the steel bolt.
14 All relevant data shall be recorded and presented in an approved
form. If the Engineer is not satisfied that the anchorage of the bolt is
adequate, the Contractor shall take approved remedial measures to
ensure adequate anchorage.
9.4.3.3 Pull Out Tests for Anchored Bolts
1 Before commencement of any work requiring rock bolts, pull
out trials shall be carried out to measure the ultimate load carrying
capacity of all types of bolts to be used. Pull out tests shall be carried
out according to ASTM Standard method D4435 or BS equivalent.
9-6
2 Trials shall be carried out in rock of a similar nature to that in
which the rock bolts will be used. The deformation of rock bolts and
the load shall be continually monitored until failure. A minimum of 4
tests on each type of bolt to be used shall be performed. Details of
proposed procedures shall be submitted for approval before
commencement of the trials. The anchorage must be capable of
carrying twice the specified working load.
3 These tests will be used to assess the suitability of proposed
anchorage systems in the particular location where the bolts are to be
used. Where rock conditions change, such that anchorage
characteristics are affected, further trials shall be carried out as
directed.
4 During construction approximately 5% of all bolt types shall be
tested to twice the specified working load. If significant failures are
obtained in the tests results, the Contractor shall carry out further tests
and shall take approved remedial measures as directed by the Engineer.
5 A protective barrier (wire netting) shall be erected around the
testing equipment to protect and safeguard against any injury to any
personnel involved in the testing works and any other measures as
deemed necessary by the Engineer.
9.4.3.4 Pull Out Tests for Untensioned Bolts
1 The efficiency of grouting shall be checked by pulling out the
bolts (according to ASTM D4435) after such time as will ensure that
the cement grout or mortar remains bonded to the bolt when the bolt
is withdrawn from its hole. A total of 10% of all untensioned bolts
shall be tested in this way. The grouted boreholes shall then be
cleaned out and bolts free from hardened grout reinstalled to the
Engineer's satisfaction.
2 If, in the Engineer's opinion, an unacceptably high percentage
of the initial 10% selection of bolts is not fullygrouted along their
length, the Engineer will require further tests to be carried out.
9.4.3.5 Rock Anchoring Procedures
1 Care shall be taken to avoid mechanically damaging, work
hardening or heating tendons while handling. All tendons shall be
stored clear of the ground and protected from the weather, from any
other materials and from splashes from the cutting operation of an
oxy-acetylene torch, or arc-welding processes in the vicinity. In no
circumstances shall tendons be subjected to any welding operation, or
on-site heat treatment or metallic coating such as galvanizing.
2 When tendons have been stored on site for a prolonged period,
the Engineer may require tests to show that the quality of the tendons
has not been significantly impaired by corrosion, stress-corrosion, loss
of cross-sectional area or changes in any other mechanical
characteristics.
3 All tendons shall be free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil,
paint, grease, soap or other lubricants, or other harmful matter at the
time of incorporation in the rock anchor. Cleaning of tendons shall be
carried out either by wire brushing or by passing through a pressure
box containing carborundum powder. Solvent solutions shall not be
used for cleaning without approval.
4 Low relaxation and normal relaxation wire shall be in
sufficiently large diameter coils to ensure that the wire pays off
straight. In cases where, in the opinion of the Engineer, straight as-
drawn wire is not essential, wire in small diameter coils corresponding
to the diameter of the blocks in the drawing machine may be used.
5 Pre-stressing strand, however manufactured, shall be in
sufficiently large diameter coils to ensure that the strand pays off
straight.
6 Pre-stressing bars as delivered shall be straight. Any small
adjustments for straightness necessary on Site shall be made by hand
under the supervision of the Engineer. Bars bent in the threaded
portion will be rejected. Any straightening of bars shall be carried out
cold.
7 All cutting to length and trimming of ends shall be by high speed
abrasive cutting wheel, friction saw or any other mechanical method
approved by the Engineer. In rock anchor systems, the cutting action
shall be not less than one diameter from the anchor, and the heating
effect on the tendon shall be kept to a minimum.
8 The tendon or tendons shall be accurately located and
maintained in position. Spacers are to be used to keep the tendons in
their correct position in the borehole.
9 The tendon or tendons shall terminate at the back of the hole in
the rock secured in a ribbed steel cylindrical anchorage block or be
grouted into place over the 'anchorage length' defined for the working
load required. The end of the borehole shall be filled with a polyester
resin or cement mortar. The length of anchorage shall be sufficient to
take the load on the tendons with a safety factor of 2. The remaining
length of tendon, (the free length) shall be encased in a corrosion-
protected grease-packed, plastic de-bonding sheet.
9.4.3.6 Tensioning Tendons
1 All wires or strands stressed in one operation shall be taken,
where possible, from the same parcel. Each cable shall be tagged with
its number and the coil number or numbers of the steel used. Cables
shall not be kinked or twisted, and individual wires and strands shall
be readily identifiable at the end of the member. No strand that
becomes unraveled shall be used.
2 A tendon when tensioned contains a considerable amount of
stored energy, which, in the event of any failure of the tendon,
anchorage or jack, may be released violently. The Contractor shall
ensure that adequate precautions are taken during and after tensioning
to safeguard persons from injury and equipment from damage which
may be caused by the sudden release of this energy.
3 Hydraulic jacks shall be used for tensioning tendons. The
tensioning apparatus shall meet the following general requirements:
i. The means of attachment of the tendon to the jack shall
be safe and secure.
ii. Where two or more wires or strands are stressed
simultaneously, care shall be taken that they are of
approximately equal lengths between anchorage points
at the datum of load and extension measurement. The
degree of variation shall be small compared with the
expected extension.
iii. Tensioning shall be such that a controlled total force is
imposed gradually and no dangerous secondary stresses
are induced in the tendons, anchorage or concrete.
iv. The force in the tendons during tensioning shall be
measured by direct reading load cells or obtained
indirectly from gauges fitted in the hydraulic system to
determine the pressure in the jacks. Facilities shall be
provided for the measurement of the extension of the
tendon and of any movement of the tendon in the
gripping devices. The load-measuring device shall be
calibrated to an accuracy within plus or minus 2% and
checked at frequent intervals agreed with the Engineer.
Elongation of the tendon shall be measured to an
accuracy within 22% or 2 mm, whichever is more
accurate.
v. Complete records shall be kept of all tensioning
operations, including the measured extensions, pressure-
gauge, or load-cell readings and the amount of pull-in at
each anchorage.
vi. Anchorage of the tendons at the rock face end of the
borehole shall conform to BS EN 13391.
vii. The form of anchorage system shall facilitate the even
distribution of stress in the concrete bearing pad.
viii. Split wedge and barrel-type anchors shall be of such
material and construction that, under the loads imposed
during the tensioning operation, the strain in the barrel
will not allow such movement of the wedges to reach the
limit of their travel before causing sufficient lateral force
to grip the tendon, or before the limit of travel of the
wedges causes an excessive force in the tendon.
ix. If proprietary forms of anchorage are used, the anchoring
procedure shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions and recommendations and as approved by
the Engineer.
x. All bearing surfaces of the anchorages of whatever form
shall be clean prior to the tensioning operation.
xi. Any allowance for draw-in of the tendon during
anchoring shall be in accordance with the Engineer's
instructions and the actual slip occurring shall be
recorded for each individual anchorage.
xii. After tendons have been anchored, the force exerted by
the tensioning apparatus shall be decreased gradually
and steadily so as to avoid shock to the tendon or the
anchorage.
xiii. Provision shall be made for the protection of anchorages
against corrosion.
9.4.3.7 Grouting for Rock Anchors
1 The space in the borehole around the tendons shall be grouted
with a cement grout such that the void shall be completely filled.
2 Grouting shall be carried out as soon as practicable after the
tendons have been stressed.
3 Grouting procedures, injection of grout and strength of grout
shall be as specified for rock bolting.
9.4.3.8 Testing of Rock Anchors
1 Before commencement of any part of the permanent anchorage
works, two trial anchors shall be installed and tested to ensure that they
can carry the specified load with a safety factor of 2. Anchor pull tests
shall be performed according to ASTM D4435 Standard method or BS
equivalent.
9-7
2 Load/elongation curves shall be plotted and interpreted by the
Contractor and presented with all relevant data in a form approved by
the Engineer.
3 If either of the trial tests shows that the anchor has a safety factor
of less than 2, then the anchorage length and formation shall be
modified and two further tests shall be carried out.
9.4.3.9 Application of Sprayed Concrete and Mortar
1 Carry out shotcreting in a sequence and according to a program
to be approved by the Engineer.
2 Provide good lighting, rigid and sufficiently wide working
platforms in area where shotcreting is taking place.
3 Protect properly surfaces which are not to be coated and keep
them free from sprayed concrete.
4 Clean and wet all surfaces thoroughly with a strong blast of air
and water, immediately prior to the application of sprayed concrete.
5 Safety: if the exposed rock profile is considered by the Engineer
to be unsafe, then ensure that the personnel manning the sprayed
concrete operation are protected from falling rock. In this respect the
Contractor is advised to consider the use of a remote controlled-
sprayed concrete machine.
6 Control the thickness and the alignment of the sprayed material
by either guide wires, mortar spotting or plastic studs, to indicate depth.
Drill through the concrete lining to establish the thickness of the lining
at points selected by the Engineer. Build up each layer of sprayed
concrete or mortar by making several passes of the nozzle over the
working area. Project the sprayed concrete or mortar from the nozzle
in a steady uninterrupted flow. Should the flow become intermittent
for any reason, the nozzle man shall direct it away from the work until
it again becomes constant.
7 Layer thickness is governed mainly by the requirement that the
concrete or mortar should not sag. Where thick layers are applied it is
important that the top surface be maintained at approximately a 45
degree slope. The minimum allowable thickness of layer according to
the American Shotcrete Association ASA recommendations is 25mm.
There is no stated maximum thickness for shotcrete layer.
8 Where necessary a layer of sprayed concrete or mortar may be
covered by succeeding layers, but it shall first be allowed to take its
initial set. All laitance, loose material and rebound must first be
removed. Remove any laitance, which has taken final set by grit
blasting. Finally clean and wet the surface using adequate blast of air
and water. The time between applications of successive layer shall
not exceed 24 hours. A longer break may be accepted if it can be
shown by tests that sufficient bond can be achieved.
9 Under no circumstances shall rebound material be worked back
into the construction. Keep the work continually free of rebounded
material, by use of a high pressure air jet or any other necessary means.
10 The distance of the nozzle from the work shall be between
600mm and 1000mm. It shall be, as a general rule, aimed
perpendicular to the application surface. Commence application for
vertical or near vertical surfaces, at the bottom. Embed completely
the reinforcement, at least, in the first layer.
11 Provide suitable screening of the nozzle and the application
surface during windy and draughty conditions.
12 Keep the spraying equipment in good condition by cleaning
frequently. This shall be done at least once per shift. The spraying
9-8
nozzle shall be in such condition that an even and continuous flow of
material is obtained. Change nozzle cover as soon as excessive wear
is found in the cover. The arrangement for the addition of water at the
nozzle must give a uniform wetting of the material. If the dry mix
process is used, add liquid admixtures, if approved, with the mixing
water at the nozzle. If dry admixture is used, add it into the dry mix
at the latest possible time. In either case, employ accurately calibrated
and adjustable mechanical means to dispense the admixture in the
correct approved proportions.
13 The capacity of the compressor plant and water supply shall be
large enough to ensure a constant and sufficiently high pressure. The
water pressure should be somewhat higher than the air pressure.
Manometers should be provided to measure the air and water pressure.
14 Damp cure sprayed concrete or mortar for at least 7 days.
15 Make the profile of the finished surface even. Fill any area of
excessive overbreak with sprayed concrete, or other approved cavity
filler, to bring the finished surface level with the general profile of the
surrounding finished sprayed concrete or mortar.
16 Sprayed concrete or mortar surfaces shall not be trowelled,
screeded or disturbed in any way unless specified otherwise.
17 Construction joints shall be tapered to a thin edge over a width
of approximately 300mm, unless specifically instructed by the
Engineer. No square joints are allowed. Clean and wet the entire joint
thoroughly prior to the placement of adjacent sprayed material.
18 Testing of sprayed concrete: During the work, three test panels
as described for preliminary testing (under Paragraph 9.4.2.7) shall be
made on a daily basis and shall represent each application crew,
change in mix design, or change in procedure. After curing along with
and in the same manner as the structure, the panels shall be cored in
the same manner as described for preliminary testing and shall be
tested in accordance with AASHTO T 22. The average thickness of
cores shall also be determined for the completed shotcrete and gunite
layers. Should cores from any of the test panels fail to meet strength
requirements, the materials in the structure itself shall be cored, taking
at least 4 cores for each 100 sq.m. represented by the failed test panel.
If the average strength of these cores meets strength requirements and
no single core is less than 75% of design strength, the materials shall
be accepted; otherwise the materials in the structure shall be cut out
and replaced.
19 Cut and replace any work which is not accepted by the Engineer.
9.4.3.10 Reinforcement Mesh
1 The reinforcing mesh shall be made up from 5mm diameter steel
bars. Weld the bars to form a 150mm square grid and fix it firmly to
the rock by an approved means such that it is rigidly held during the
subsequent application of sprayed concrete. Ties, anchors and
supports shall be of a material approved by the Engineer.
2 Avoid spraying through the reinforcement as the reinforcement
can make hollows and arching effect, which hinder the production of
a homogeneous concrete layer. Fix reinforcement as late as possible.
If a number of reinforcement layers are used then they shall be fixed
and concreted one at a time. When shooting through bars is
unavoidable, hold the nozzle closer than usual and at a slight angle in
order to permit better encasement, and facilitate the removal of
rebound. Clean reinforcement of any previously deposited rebound
material which may prevent a proper bond.
3 The method of fixing shall be such that sprayed concrete can be 9.4.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
compacted soundly behind the reinforcement at all points. i. Rock Bolts (lin.m)
4 The minimum cover of mesh reinforcement to the rock surface ii. Rock Anchors (lin.m)
is to be 25mm. The minimum cover to mesh reinforcement from the iii. Sprayed Concrete (Shotcrete) with mesh
required finished surface of the sprayed concrete is to be 20mm.
reinforcement (thickness) (sq.m)
iv. Sprayed Mortar (Gunite) with mesh
9.4.3.11 Paint
reinforcement (thickness) (sq.m)
1 Wherever shown on the Drawings, sprayed concrete shall v. Fiber reinforced Sprayed Concrete (Shotcrete)
be painted with the indicated material type and color, to the with fiber reinforcement (thickness) (sq.m)
Engineer’s approval.
vi Wire Netting (sq.m)
vii Reinforcing Mesh (sq. m)
9.4.3.12 Wire Netting
viii. Painting (sq.m)
1 Wire netting is to be used to secure loose rock on the cut slopes
it may be used in conjunction with rock bolts and sprayed concrete. 9.5 Rock Grouting
The netting is to be secured to the rock face in a manner approved by
the Engineer. 9.5.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes installation, drilling and grouting
9.4.4 Method of Measurement
rock as slope stabilization.
1 Rock bolts shall be measured by lin.m. of each category
installed, including borehole drilling, grouting and de-bonding if 9.5.2 Materials
required.
1 Grout shall consist of a mixture of cement and water. For
2 Rock anchors shall be measured by lin.m. of each specified grouting of large holes fine sand aggregate passing 1.18mm AASHTO
capacity installed including borehole drilling, tensioning, securing and standard sieve may be added if approved by the Engineer. Chemical
grouting. admixture and filler may only be used with prior approval of the
3 Drilling boreholes, de-bonding of rock bolts, trial bolts and trial Engineer.
rock anchors, testing and monitoring of rock bolts and rock anchors, 2 The compressive strength of the grout measured in accordance
grouting of rock bolts and rock anchors, and other ancillary items and with BS EN 12390-1 and BS EN 12390-2 shall exceed 15 MPa at 7
work shall not be measured separately for direct payment, but shall be days.
considered as subsidiary work the costs of which will be deemed to be
3 Grout mixes shall have the minimum cement content consistent
included in the rates for rock bolts and anchors.
with the required workability. The grout shall not be subject to
4 Shotcrete (concrete) or gunite (mortar) and fiber reinforced bleeding in excess of 2% after 3 hours, nor 4% maximum, when
shotcrete shall be measured by the square meter, applied. The area measured at 18˚C in a covered cylinder approximately 100 mm
shall be computed from the Drawings for the designated nominal diameter with a height of grout of approximately 100 mm, and the
thickness, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. The rates shall water shall be reabsorbed by the grout during the 24 hours after mixing.
be deemed to include for all ancillary work, including preparation of
rock surfaces, provision and maintenance of spraying equipment, 9.5.3 Construction Requirements
application of shotcrete or gunite with the provision, installation and
fixing of reinforcement wire mesh (including laps at joints), fiber 1 Rock grouting is the injection under pressure of grout to
reinforcement, finishing and protection of surfaces, determination of consolidate areas of fractured rock. Grouting shall normally proceed
the completed layer thickness from cores, and all tests. from the bottom of the rock slope upwards.
5 Painting of the shotcrete (if required) shall be measured by the 2 Details of methods to be adopted and materials to be used,
sq.m. of area painted, based on the Drawings unless otherwise directed sequence, spacing, diameter and depth of holes to be adopted shall be
by the Engineer. Rates shall include for all primers and preparatory submitted to the Engineer for prior approval before proceeding with
work. any pressure grouting. Grouting work shall be under the direct control
of skilled and experienced operatives.
6 Wire netting shall be measured by the sq.m. of net area, installed,
based on the Drawings unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. 3 The rock slope shall be trimmed and prepared as specified in
Rates are deemed to include for all fixings and laps at joints. Section 2, Paragraph 2.3.3.6 before grouting is begun.
4 Clean water shall be used as the flushing medium for drilling,
9.4.5 Basis of Payment with flows not less than 15 l/minute.
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as 5 The Contractor shall ensure that, at all times, grouting work is
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rates for the various under the direct control of skilled and experienced operatives. The
items stated in the Bill of Quantities which rates shall be full Engineer may vary the methods, materials and grouting pressures if,
compensation for slope and foundation preparation, drilling, fixing in his opinion, the conditions dictate a change of technique. All holes
and for materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items to be grouted shall be numbered, as directed and grouting operations
necessary for the proper completion of the work. shall take place in the following order:

9-9
 i. Drilling of holes
ii. Washing of holes
iii. Water testing
iv. Pressure grouting
6 The hole spacing shall normally be 1.6m to 5.0m with additional
holes as required to intersect individual weaker areas. Hole depth shall
be limited to the range 3-10m and hole diameter shall be within the
range 38-78mm, drilled with either rotary or rotary-percussive drilling
equipment. Water or air flush may be used unless otherwise directed
by the Engineer.
7 Holes shall be jetted using a water flow, under such pressure as
may be directed. The injection of water shall be followed by injection
of air under pressure, these operations alternating until air bubbles
appear at an adjacent hole. All other holes shall be capped and water
forced under pressure into the first hole, until unwanted material from
fissures washes out from the uncapped hole. This process shall
continue until no more fine material is removed, or until directed. The
outlet hole shall then be capped and the other holes opened. The
sequence shall be repeated until connections between all holes have
been established and all fine material removed. After washing, all
holes shall be capped.
8 Holes shall be water tested in stages or as the Engineer may
require. For stage testing, a twin packer and nozzle pipe system shall
be used. Water testing equipment shall be capable of ensuring steady
pressures and a delivery of water of 100 l/min at the required pressure.
The equipment shall include all necessary tanks, gauges and water
meters. Water shall be pumped at the proposed grouting pressure into
the hole to be tested and the flow measured for 5 or 10 minutes as
directed. The Contractor shall keep a record of the water flow
expressed in l/min for each stage tested. Additional testing may be
required as the grouting operation proceeds.
9 All grout mixes shall be prepared using high speed, high
shearing action mixers to ensure uniform consistency. When storing
mixed grout for short periods, prior to pumping, only purpose made
agitator tanks shall be used. Where clay or bentonite are incorporated
in the grout, separate mixing tanks shall be provided in which the
bentonite-water mix can be prepared and kept agitated until required.
10 Ram type pressure pumps shall be used for grouting. Precise
control of pump pressure and delivery over the whole range of
pressures and volumes are required. Valves shall be readily accessible
for ease of maintenance. All hoses and piping should be of small
diameter to ensure high velocity flow without segregation. Injection
may be carried out by either the single line or circulating system. Each
borehole shall be provided with a short standpipe threaded at its outer
end to accept a manifold with a pressure gauge, relief valve and valve
enabling delivery from the pump to be cut off from the hole. Pressure
gauges shall also be provided at pumps.
11 Once grouting has commenced, it shall be continued without
interruption until completion. Grouting shall commence with a mix
of 8:1 water: solids ratio. The mix shall be thickened progressively
until pressure begins to build up. If pressure build up occurs too
quickly, the mix may be thinned again. The final injection shall use a
1.5:1 water: solids mix. If no pressure build up occurs with a 1.5:1 mix,
sand may be mixed with the grout, provided that the sand: cement ratio
does not exceed 2:1 by weight. When the desired pumping pressure
is achieved, with extremely low grout flows, final injection shall take
place with a neat 1:1 water: solids mix.
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12 Grouting can be considered complete when the absorption of
grout at the required pressure is less than 2 l per min over a period of
10 minutes.
13 Grouting shall proceed with caution until experience of the
ground conditions has been gained. Thereafter, if conditions allow,
injection shall proceed at high pressure to achieve maximum flow
from the start of injection. Grout pressure, as measured at the mouth
of the hole, shall correspond to 0.4 bar/ per meter depth of hole for
those areas where the strata to be treated have no structures in the
vicinity. In the vicinity of structures the pressure shall be 0.25 bar per
meter depth. Uplift gages shall be installed and continuously
monitored as grouting proceeds.
14 If the required grouting pressure is not attained using a sand-
cement mix, grouting shall be suspended and the hole washed. After
several hours, grouting may proceed again using the sand-cement mix
until the desired pressure is achieved. Should there be any grout
leakage between two holes occurs, both holes shall be grouted
concurrently or the initial hole grouted whilst the second hole is
capped. When injection is interrupted before it is complete, the hole
shall be washed using not less than 500 liters of clean water.
15 After grout consumption has reached the limits previously
specified, the Engineer will require additional holes to be core drilled.
The diameter of the retrieved grouted rock cores shall not be less than
50 mm. Three representative samples for each 3 m of core shall be
taken and unconfined compression tests shall be carried out on each
core sample. The mean strength of each group of cores shall not be
less than 3 MN/sq.m. If this value is not reached then additional
grouting of the rock shall be performed until further tests indicate that
the strength of grouted rock cores achieves 3 MN/sq.m. For every 8
treatment holes or at the Engineer's discretion, at least one hole shall
be cored and the cores tested as outlined above. In the core drilled
hole the Engineer may require a water test to be carried out.
16 Complete details of drilling, water testing and grouting
operations including pressures, mixes and grout takes, shall be
recorded on daily progress sheets. A graphical record of such results
shall be compiled and copies of all progress sheets and records shall
be submitted promptly for approval.
9.5.4 Method of Measurement
1 Rock grouting shall be measured by the volume of grout used
and the linear meter of rock drilling carried out at the diameter
required. Measurement shall be based on the actual quantities of grout
material used and boreholes drilled, as approved by the Engineer. The
rates shall be deemed to include for water jetting of rock faces and
boreholes, and any other ancillary work.
9.5.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rate in the Bill of
Quantities for ‘Rock Grouting’, which rate shall be full compensation
for drilling, pumping, testing, and materials, labor, equipment, tools
supplies and other items necessary for the proper completion of the
work.
9.5.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Drillholes for grouting rock (diameter, length) (lin.m)
 ii. Rock grout (cu.m)
9.6 Reinforced Concrete Slope Protection
9.6.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for construction of
reinforced concrete slope protection.
9.6.2 Materials
9.6.2.1 Concrete
1 Concrete for reinforced concrete slope protection shall be Class
25 as specified in Sub-section 5.1 and Clause 5.1.3. The slump limits
shall comply with the requirements stipulated in Sub-section 5.7,
Paragraph 5.7.2.7.
9.6.2.2 Reinforcement
1 Reinforcement for reinforced concrete slope protection and
elsewhere if required, shall conform to the relevant requirements of
Sub-section 5.2 - “Reinforcing Steel ".
9.6.3 Construction Requirements
1 Reinforced concrete slope protection shall be constructed at the
locations shown on the Drawings. Placing, finishing and curing of
concrete shall conform to all relevant requirements of Section 5,
except that only hand finishing methods will be required.
2 After the slopes have been properly trimmed and prepared
according to the Drawings, and before laying concrete, the Contractor
shall furnish screed rails or other grade-indicating devices to control
the minimum depth of concrete and uniformity of the top surface.
4 Reinforcing steel shall be cut and fixed in accordance with the
requirements of Sub-section 5.2.
5 Joints shall be laid out or referenced accurately. Construction
joints shall be placed at designated contraction joints where possible
or at expansion joints, if the construction joint falls within 5 m from a
free edge or expansion joint. Joints for poured joint filler may be
formed in place or sawn in the fresh concrete.
6 Surface finish shall be either a uniform floated or broomed
finish, as directed by the Engineer.
7 Concrete shall be cured using water curing with wet burlap for
7 days. Curing compound can be used in urgent conditions only, to
the approval of the Engineer.
9.6.4 Method of Measurement
1 Reinforced concrete slope protection shall be measured by cu.m.
Measurement shall be based on the area and thickness shown on the
Drawings.
9.6.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rates indicated in the
Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for slope
preparation, excavation, backfilling, supply, mixing, testing, laying,
finishing, curing, protection of concrete, provision and fixing of
reinforcement, and for materials, transportation, hauling, labor,
equipment, tools, and other items necessary for the proper completion
of the works.
9.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Reinforced concrete slope protection (cu.m)
9.7 Sacked Concrete Revetment
9.7.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for construction of
sacked concrete revetments at embankment slopes, bridge abutments
and similar locations.
9.7.2 Materials
9.7.2.1 Sacks
1 Sacks for sacked concrete revetments shall be made from burlap
of minimum 200 gm per sq.m. Sack dimensions shall be
approximately 0.6 m by 0.9 m measured when empty. Relatively
clean reclaimed sacks may be used if approved.
9.7.2.2 Concrete
1 Concrete for sacked concrete revetments shall be Class 15 as
specified in Sub-section 5.1.
9.7.3 Construction Requirements
1 The sacks shall be filled with concrete loosely (uncompacted)
placed so as to leave room for tying and sewing. Approximately 0.035
cu.m. of concrete shall be placed in each sack. The sacks shall be
closed by sewing, tied with strong twine. Immediately after closing,
the sacks shall be placed and trampled lightly to cause them to
conform to the earth surface and the adjacent sacks already in place.
2 After the slopes have been properly prepared and approved, the
sacked concrete elements shall be placed. The sacks shall be laid in
accordance with the details shown on the Drawings. All dirt and
debris shall be removed from the top of the sacks before the next
course is laid. Sacks shall be placed so that the tied ends will not be
adjacent to one another. Not more than 6 courses of sacks shall be
placed in any tier until initial set in the first course of any such tier has
taken place.
3 Care shall be taken in placing and shaping the sacks so that the
minimum dimensions shown on the Drawings are obtained, and the
finished sacked concrete revetment has minimum voids.
9.7.4 Method of Measurement
1 Sacked concrete revetment shall be measured by cu.m. of
concrete filled sacks, installed. Measurement shall be based on the
dimensions shown on the Drawings.
9.7.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rates indicated in the
Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for slope
preparation, excavation, backfilling, and for materials, transportation,
9-11
labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary for the 9.9 Ditch Lining
proper completion of the works.
9.9.1 Description
9.7.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for stone, concrete and
i. Sacked concrete revetment (cu.m) concrete paving slabs laid as linings to ditches and water courses.

9.8 Paving Tile Slope Protection 9.9.2 Materials

1 Paving slabs for channel and ditch lining shall be Class 25
9.8.1 Description concrete fabricated in accordance with the relevant requirements of
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for paving tiles, laid as Sub-section 5.1 and to the dimensions shown on the Drawings.
protection to embankments, bridge abutments and similar locations. 2 Stone for ditch lining and wash checks shall be as specified for
riprap in Sub-section 9.1.
9.8.2 Materials 3 Grout for ditch lining and wash checks shall consist of 1:3
cement:sand mortar, by volume.
1 Precast paving tiles (slabs) used for slope protection shall be
manufactured as specified in Section 12. 4 In situ concrete for ditch lining and wash checks shall be Class
25, as specified in Section 5.
2 Preformed joint filler shall conform to AASHTO M 33:
"Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete". Hot-poured joint
filler shall conform to ASTM D6690: "Joint and Crack Sealants, Hot
9.9.3 Construction Requirements
Applied, for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements". 9.9.3.1 General

9.8.3 Construction Requirements
1 Embankment slopes where precast tiles are to be laid shall first be
rolled. Close to any structures, to prevent possible damage, a hand
rammer shall be used; otherwise use of a mechanical roller shall be
permitted.
2 Embankment slopes at bridge abutments and elsewhere as
shown on the Drawings shall be trimmed to proper line and grade. A
blinding layer of Class 15 concrete, as specified in Sub-section 5.1,
shall be placed over the full area of surface to be paved, to a minimum
depth of 50 mm. Precast tiles shall then be laid to the lines and levels
shown on the Drawings, on a bedding of 20 mm thick, 1:3 cement:
sand mortar and joints shall be properly aligned and finished, all as
specified in Section 12.
9.8.4 Method of Measurement
1 Paving tile slope protection shall be measured by sq.m. of tiles,
laid, including all necessary base course, bedding, blinding and joint
filling. Measurement shall be based on the dimensions shown on the
Drawings.
9.8.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rates indicated in the
Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for slope
preparation, excavation, backfilling, and for materials, transportation,
labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary for the
proper completion of the works.
9.8.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Paving Tile Slope Protection (sq.m)
1 Ditch and watercourse channel sides shall be trimmed to
profiles as shown on the Drawings.
9.9.3.2 Precast Slabs
1 Precast concrete slabs shall be laid to the lines and levels shown
on the Drawings, on a bedding of 20mm thick 1:3 cement:sand mortar.
Joints shall be 10mm wide and filled with 1:3 cement:sand mortar.
Joints shall be cured by an approved method for at least 4 days.
9.9.3.3 Stone Ditch Lining and Wash Checks
1 Ditch lining and wash check stones shall be placed with ends
and sides abutting and the joints between each row breaking with the
joints in the preceding row. The larger spaces between stones shall be
filled with fragments. The stones shall be rammed and compacted.
2 After the stone surface has been approved the spaces between
stones shall be completely filled with grout, brushed or broomed into
the spaces. The grout shall be cured as specified in Sub-section 9.1.
9.9.4 Method of Measurement
1 The approved ditch lining works shall be measured by the
square meter of lining of paving slabs or wash checks installed.
Measurement of slabs or wash checks shall be made perpendicular to
the ditch centerline along the top surface at the upstream edge of each
wash check. Blinding and bedding will not be separately measured,
but shall be deemed included with the rate for ditch lining.
9.9.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rate for ‘Ditch Lining’
in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for
slope preparation, laying, grouting, blinding, bedding, and for
materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary
for the proper completion of the work.

9-12
 Allowable
Property Test Method
9.9.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities Value

i. Paving slab protection and ditch Grab Strength 82Kg ASTM

lining (type, thickness) (sq.m) D4632/D4632M
ii. Grouted stone ditch lining
(type, thickness) (sq.m) Seam Strength 73Kg ASTM
iii. Grouted stone wash checks D4632/D4632M
(type, thickness) (sq.m)
Puncture Strength 36Kg ASTM D751

9.10 Filter Layers and Membranes Burst Strength 2N/mm2 ASTM D3786

9.10.1 Description Trapezoid Tear 23 Kg ASTM

D4533/D4533M
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for granular filter
material or filter membrane as an underlayer to loose riprap or gabions. Apparent Opening Size: ASTM D 4751
1. Soil with 50% or less
9.10.2 Materials particles by mass <0.6mm
1 Granular filter material shall be a mixture of sand and hard, passing 75 µm sieve
clean gravel or crushed rock. The coarser material shall have a loss on
2. Soil with more than
abrasion value of no more than 40% measured by ASTM <0.927mm
50% particles by mass
C131/C131M.
passing 75 µm sieve
2 Filter material particle size distribution shall be as given in
Table 9.10.2.1. Permeability, K KFabric>KSoil ASTM
D4491/D4491M
AASHTO Sieve % passing (by mass)
Ultraviolet Degradation at 70% Strength ASTM
50 mm 100
150 hours Retained D4355/D4355M
37.5 mm 95 - 100
Table 9.10.2.2: Fabric Filter Membrane Properties
19 mm 50 - 100
vi. Apparent Opening Size: [No. 40 (0.425-mm)]
9.5 mm 15 - 55
[No. 60 (0.250-mm)] [No. 70 (0.212-mm)] sieve,
4.75 mm 0 - 25 maximum; ASTM D4751.
2.36 mm 0 - 10 vii. Permittivity: [0.5] [0.2] [0.1] per second,
minimum; ASTM D4491/D4491M.
75 µm 0-5
viii. UV Stability: 50 percent after 500 hours' exposure;
Table 9.10.2.1: Filter Material Gradation ASTM D4355/D4355M.
3 Filter membrane shall be a thermally bonded non-woven fabric 6 Separation Geotextile: Woven geotextile fabric, as shown on
produced from continuous filament synthetic fibers. The hydraulic the drawings, manufactured for separation applications, made from
properties shall allow water passage of 50-100 liter per sq.m. per sec. polyolefins or polyesters; with elongation less than 50 percent;
under a 100mm head. The pore size distribution shall be 50% not complying with AASHTO M 288 and the following, measured per test
greater than 70 µm. methods referenced:
4 The mechanical properties of the membrane fabric (that will i. Grab Tensile Strength: (1100 N);
have a minimum thickness of 1.0mm) shall be as given in Table ASTM D4632/D4632M.
9.10.2.2. ii. Sewn Seam Strength: (990 N);
ASTM D4632/D4632M.
5 Subsurface Drainage Geotextile: Nonwoven needle-punched iii. Tear Strength: (400 N); ASTM D4533.
geotextile, as shown on the drawings, manufactured for subsurface iv. Puncture Strength: (400 N);
drainage applications, made from polyolefins or polyesters; with ASTM D4833/D4833M.
elongation greater than 50 percent; complying with AASHTO M 288 v. Apparent Opening Size: No. 60 (0.250-mm) sieve,
and the following, measured per test methods referenced: maximum; ASTM D4751.
i. Survivability: Class 2; AASHTO M288. vi. Permittivity: 0.02 per second, minimum;
ii. Grab Tensile Strength: (700 N); ASTM D4491/D4491M.
ASTM D4632/D4632M. vii. UV Stability: 50 percent after 500 hours' exposure;
iii. Sewn Seam Strength: (630 N); ASTM D4355/D4355M.
ASTM D4632/D4632M.
7 Geotextiles for earthworks reinforcement or pavement base
iv. Tear Strength: (250 N); ASTM D4533.
applications shall be woven polyester multi-filament or multi-filament
v. Puncture Strength: (250 N);
fabrics with a high rupture strength and low axial strain. The geotextile
ASTM D4833/D4833M.

9-13
shall have an adequate high tensile strength in all directions to resist
loading imposed by uneven filling. The type and specific properties of
the geotextile membranes shall be specified in the particular
specifications.
8 Geogrid material, which is polymeric, planar structures consisting
of an open network of connected tensile elements, used in earthworks
reinforcement or pavement base applications shall be either uniaxial
for single dimension loading or biaxial for two dimensional loading.
The design procedure and construction and type of geogrid to be used
for earthwork and slope reinforcement shall be in compliance with
international standards and guides such as the BS 8006-1 “Code of
practice for strengthened/reinforced soils and other fills”, Federal
Highway Publication No. FHWA-NHI-10-024-FHWA GEC 011 –
Volume I “Design and Construction of Mechanically Stabilized Earth
Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes”, the German National Guide
entitled “Recommendations for Design and Analysis of Earth
Structures using Geosynthetic Reinforcements – EBGEO”, or other
equivalent international standards. The geogrids shall satisfy the
below minimum requirements:
i. The geogrids shall be resistant to deterioration by
acids, alkalis, salts, and various types of fuels.
ii. The Contractor/Manufacturer shall supply test
results for load against strain for the material
identifying all test conditions including strain rate
and temperature of materials tested and test method
and shall submit full technical details of the geogrid
proposed for use in the works. These details shall
include the following:
a. grid dimensions.
b. thickness of longitudinal and transverse ribs.
c. strength of the material determined as stress
strain, at strains of 2 and 5% both transverse
and longitudinally in accordance with BS EN
ISO 10319.
d. weight in kilograms per meter squared for
material.
e. the supplied roll of dimensions.
f. the minimum amount of carbon black tested in
accordance with BS 2782 Part 4
g. the approximate peak strain, expressed as a
percentage.
h. the creep of the material under load determined
in accordance with BS EN ISO 10319 for
strain shall not exceed 10%.
i. the cross sectional shape of the ribs and of the
rib joints.
j. durability of geogrids in accordance with BS-
PD6533 “Guide to methods for assessing the
durability of geotextiles” standard.
iii. Alternative types of reinforcing geogrids may be
submitted for the Engineer’s approval. The
following details shall be provided:
a. The coefficient of friction between the
reinforcing material and the fill.
b. An evaluation of the long term and short term
tensile properties of reinforcement.
c. Resistance to mechanical damage.
9-14
d. Load/strain characteristics.
e. Resistance to abrasion.
f. Resistance to ultra-violet light.
g. Effects of temperature.
h. Connections between facing panels and
reinforcing material and between one section
of reinforcing material and another.
i. Site damage trials.
j. Any special fill properties required, including
grading limits, angle of internal friction and
cohesive strength.
k. Methods of tightening the reinforcement
before placing fill.
l. Proposed sequence of placing fill.
m. Estimate of movement of panels during
construction.
n. Tolerance on the finished line of the wall
o. Assessment of the durability of reinforcement
with respect to chemical and biological attack
and design life.
p. Any other information required by the
Engineer.
9 The Engineer has the right to request any additional and
independent quality testing on the proposed Geosynthetic material
(geotextiles or Geogrid material) to confirm the physical and
mechanical properties of the material.
10 The specific type of geotextile to be used in earthworks or
pavement applications shall be as shown on the drawings or as
specified in the particular specifications.
9.10.3 Construction Requirements
9.10.3.1 Granular Filter
1 Sand and gravel filter material shall be spread evenly on a
prepared bedding avoiding segregation of particle sizes. The layer
shall be lightly compacted and finished to an even surface. Bedding
and filter layer shall be of the thickness shown on the Drawings.
9.10.3.2 Fabric Membrane and Geotextiles
1 The surface to receive the fabric membrane or geotextile
membrane shall be smooth and free from sharp projections. The
membrane shall be loosely laid with its long dimension parallel to the
length of the protection work. Adjoining sheets of fabric membrane or
geotextile membrane shall be overlapped a minimum of 0.5m or 15%
of the sheet width, whichever is less. To prevent slippage of the fabric
the areas of overlap shall be secured as recommended by the
manufacturer and approved by the Engineer.
9.10.3.3 Geogrids
1 The Contractor shall prepare a detailed method statement for the
installation of geogrids and sequence of operations, for the Engineer’s
approval, prior to execution to ensure that the geogrid material will be
installed in strict adherence with the manufacturer’s recommendations
and it will not undergo deterioration during placing and that any joints
are formed effectively.
2 Jointing shall be by a bodkin whereby two overlapping sections
are coupled together using a bar passed through the aperture of the
grid. Joints shall be formed at the highest mechanical and durability
efficiency possible.
3 The geogrid shall extend across the full width of the
embankment or area being treated in one continuous piece and no part
bits of rolls shall be used. This shall be accommodated by increasing
the lap lengths.
4 Prior to installation of the geogrid, the site shall be cleared in
accordance with Specification Section 2 “Earthworks”
5 Before placing geogrids, any abrupt changes in ground profile
should be levelled. Any regulating layer of fill placed shall not impair
the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the natural ground.
6 Geogrids supplied in rolls shall be supported at a minimum of 2
points to prevent excessive bending unless a central steel tube is used
for support. Site handling of geogrids shall ensure that damage to the
product such as surface abrasions, splitting, notching or tearing is
prevented.
7 The installation of the geogrid shall be consistent with the
direction of major stress.
9.10.4 Method of Measurement
1 Granular filter layers shall be measured by the square meter, of
the thickness installed on the basis of the area shown on the Drawings.
Rates are deemed to include for preparation of the ground.
2 Fabric membrane filter shall be measured by the square meter
of net area laid, based on the dimensions shown on the Drawings.
Rates are deemed to include for preparation of the ground and overlaps
at joints.
3 Geotextile membrane shall be measured by the square meter of
net area laid, based on the dimensions shown on the Drawings. Rates
are deemed to include for preparation of the ground and overlaps at
joints.
4 Geogrids shall be measured by the square meter of net area laid,
based on the dimensions shown on the Drawings. Rates are deemed to
include for preparation of the ground and overlaps at joints.
9.10.5 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rate for “Filter Layers”,
“Geotextiles” and “Geogrids” in the Bill of Quantities, which rate
shall be full compensation for ground preparation, placing and fixing
and for materials, labor, equipment, tools supplies and other items
necessary for the proper completion of the work.
9.10.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
i. Granular filter layer (thickness) (sq.m)
ii. Fabric membrane. (sq.m)
iii. Geotextile membrane. (sq.m)
iv. Geogrid. (sq.m)
9.11 Barriers for Sand Dunes
9.11.1 Description
1 This Sub-section describes requirements for construction of
barriers for sand dunes, to protect against wind erosion and adverse
weather conditions, formed of fences, bituminous blankets and
vegetation generally as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the
Engineer.
2 The Engineer will determine the types and locations of the
protective barriers to be constructed in particular areas, based on trials
and studies of the prevailing conditions.
9.11.2 Materials
9.11.2.1 Fences
1 Fences shall be made of rolled prefabricated bundles made of
wood slats, slender poles, stalks or perforated plastic sheets bound
together and attached to vertical or horizontal supports, and presenting
up to 50 percent openings. Samples of the fencing material shall be
submitted to the Engineer for approval.
9.11.2.2 Bituminous Materials
1 Petroleum resin emulsion shall be 1 part petroleum resin
emulsion diluted with 4 parts of water.
2 Asphalt emulsion: The proportion of water to dilute an asphalt
emulsion shall be according to the manufacturer’s recommendation
for the type of asphalt emulsion to be used.
3 The technical data sheet of the proposed emulsion shall be
submitted to the Engineer for approval.
9.11.2.3 Vegetative Materials
1 Slow growing perennial shrubs shall be drought resistant and
adapted to the climate and soil and shall be as described in Section 16.
2 Long-lived trees shall be of species recommended in “Planting
list for proposed highway landscape”.
9.11.2.4 Water
1 Water shall be clean and free of deleterious substances.
9.11.2.5 Blanket Covers
1 Blanket covers shall be made of bituminous or concrete
pavements, prefabricated landing mats, membranes, aggregate, and
seashells, as shown on Drawings.
9.11.3 Construction Requirements
9.11.3.1 Fencing
1 The fence bottom shall be installed about 30cm above ground
level
2 The entire windward surface of the dune shall be stabilized with
dust-control materials, such as bituminous material (refer to Paragraph
9.11.2.2), prior to erecting the first fence.
9-15
3 To maintain the effectiveness of the fencing system, a second Sand Dunes’’ in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full
fence shall be installed on the crest of the sand accumulation. compensation for ground preparation, placing and fixing and for
materials, labor, equipment, tools supplies and other items necessary
4 Existing old fences shall not be removed during or after the
for the proper completion of the work.
addition of new fences.
5 The proper spacing and number of fences required to protect a 9.11.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities
specific area shall be determined by trial and observation.
i. Fences for dune stabilization
6 Mock-ups of the proposed fencing system shall be constructed
(height, type). (lin.m)
to the Engineer’s satisfaction prior to final approval of the fencing
ii. Bituminous stabilization of dunes. (sq.m)
system.
iii. Vegetative stabilization of dunes. (sq.m)

9.11.3.2 Stabilization with Bituminous Materials iv. Dune stabilization with blankets. (sq.m)

1 Trial section shall be laid over an area of 25 square meters, using

approved bituminous material, at the specified rate below and to the
satisfaction of the Engineer, prior to commence the actual works.
2 Destroy the dune symmetry by spraying the bituminous
materials at either the center or the ends of the dune.
3 Spray the bituminous emulsion at the rate of 2.25 liters per
meter square to obtain the desired stickiness of the sand.
9.11.3.3 Stabilization with Vegetative Treatment
1 The upwind boundaries of the vegetated area shall be protected
by fences or dikes, to prevent the engulfment of the vegetation.
2 Selected seed shall be spread as directed and protected by mulch
sprayed with a bituminous material.
3 Seed on slopes shall be anchored by mulch or matting.
9.11.3.4 Blankets
1. After placement of blanket covers, a spray application of
bituminous material shall be required to prevent blanket
decomposition and subsequent dust.
9.11.4 Method of Measurement
1 Fencing shall be measured by the linear meter installed.
2 Stabilization with bituminous materials shall be measured by
the square meter of area sprayed.
3 Stabilization with vegetative treatment shall be measured by the
square meter of area, installed (to the approved frequency by the
Engineer), watered, completed, and accepted. All trials ordered by the
Engineer prior to the final vegetative treatment works shall not be paid
separately, but shall be deemed to be included in the rate for the
approved final treatment works.
4 Stabilization with blankets shall be measured by the square
meter of area, installed, using the specified materials and to the
dimensions shown on the Drawings, or ordered by the Engineer. All
trials ordered by the Engineer prior to the installation of the final
blanket works shall not be paid separately, but shall be deemed to be
included in the rate for the approved final blanket works.
9.12 Mechanically Stabilized Earth
Retaining Walls
9.12.1 Description
9.12.1.1 General
1 This work shall consist of constructing retaining walls using a
proprietary system of precast concrete panels restrained by tie-backs
into a compacted earth fill, as approved by the Engineer. They shall
be constructed in accordance with the manufacturer’s drawings and
specifications and be within the tolerances for lines, grades and
dimensions shown in the Contract Documents or as established by the
Engineer. The wall shall consist of a type of mechanically stabilized
earth wall system acceptable to the Engineer, and which must be
constructed by a specialized firm having a minimum of five years of
documented successful experience in the design and construction of
such wall systems. The Contractor shall provide a complete set of
typical detailed shop drawings and complete specifications of the
proposed wall system for the approval of the Engineer 90 days prior
to ordering materials to construct these walls.
2 The design shall address the climate and soil conditions existing
in Oman and provide a minimum design life of seventy-five years.
The specification as presented to the Engineer shall also state any
requirements for the thickness of reinforcing strips and/or limitations
on the backfill used in the structure to ensure the design life. The final
thickness shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.
3 The term “reinforced soil wall” shall be deemed to have the
same meaning as “mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls”.
4 The works shall include the following:
i. Reinforced Earth components (panels, high adherence
galvanized steel strips, connection and joint materials)
ii. Selected backfill
iii. Pre-casting panels
iv. Leveling pads
v. Wall erection
vi. Monitoring

9.11.5 Basis of Payment 5 Only materials supplied by accredited sub-contractor or supplier

shall be used as Reinforced Earth Components
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rate for ‘Barriers for

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6 The Contractor shall submit for prior approval a detailed
Method Statement that describes all means, method and techniques to
be adopted for construction and installation of the “mechanically
stabilized earth retaining walls”. The Method Statement shall include
details of equipment to be used, method of installation of each
reinforced earth component taking into consideration the
manufacturer’s recommendations, backfill materials to be used
backside of wall, testing and reporting, work program and any other
information required by the Engineer.
9.12.1.2 Standards and Codes
1 The following standards and codes in their latest edition shall
be particularly applied to works covered by this Specification.
i. ASTM A36/A36M - Structural Steel
ii. ASTM A123/A123M - Zinc (Hot Galvanized)
Coating on Products Fabricated from Rolled,
Pressed and Forged Steel Shapes, Plates Bars and
Strips
iii. ASTM A153/A153M - Zinc Coating (Hot Dip) on
Iron and Steel Hardware
iv. ASTM A325 - High Strength Bolts for Structural
Steel Joints Including Suitable Nuts and Plain
Hardened Washers
v. ASTM A1011/A1011M - Standard Specification for
Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon,
Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy and High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability
vi. ASTM A615/A615M - Deformed and Plain Billet-
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
vii. ASTM D1752 - Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork
Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and
Structural Construction
viii. AASHTO T90 - Determining the Plastic Limit and
Plasticity Index of Soils
9.12.2 Materials
9.12.2.1 General
1 The Contractor shall make his own arrangements to provide the
face panels, reinforcing and tie strips, fasteners, joint filler, and all
necessary attachments as recommended by the Manufacturer and
approved by the Engineer.
2 Materials and construction of reinforced earth components shall
comply with Section 5 of these Specifications.
9.12.2.2 Concrete Face Panels
1 Concrete shall be Class 30 in accordance with Section 5 of these
Specifications, except as specified herein.
2 All appurtenances and lifting and handling devices shall be set
in place to the dimensions and tolerances shown on the approved shop
drawings prior to casting.
i. Reinforcing steel shall comply with Sub-Section 5.2 of the
Specifications.
ii. Concrete Finish – The concrete surface pattern and finish
for the exposed faces shall conform to Section 5 of the
Specifications. The rear face of the panel shall be roughly
screeded to eliminate surface distortions in excess of 6.5
mm. The color and texture of the finish shall be approved
by the Engineer based on three trial panels provided by the
Contractor prior to producing the final panels.
iii. Tolerances – All units shall be manufactured within the
following tolerances:
a- All dimensions within +5 mm.
b- Angular distortion with regard to the height of the panel
shall not exceed 7 mm in 2 m.
iv. Compressive Strength – Acceptance of the concrete face
panels with respect to compressive strength will be
determined in accordance with Section 5 of the
Specifications, except that a minimum of one set of test
cubes shall be taken from each lot of 50 panels or part
thereof.
v. Additional Compressive Tests: An additional 4 specimens
shall be field-cured in the same manner as the concrete
facing panels. Compression tests on these specimens shall
be used to determine the length of curing time required and
acceptability. Panels will be accepted after 7 days,
provided the compressive strength of field-cured cylinders
exceeds 65% of the required 28-day strength. Panels with
defects that indicate imperfect molding, honeycombing, or
open texture concrete, or that do not correspond with the
quality of the approved test panel will be rejected.
vi. Rejection – Units shall be subject to rejection by the
Engineer if not in conformance with these Specifications
or if any of the following defects are evident by visual
inspection:
a- Defects that indicate imperfect moulding.
b- Defects indicating honeycombed or open texture concrete.
vii. Marking – The date of manufacture shall be clearly scribed
on the rear face of each panel.
viii. Handling, Storage and Shipping – All units shall be
handled, stored and shipped in such manner as to eliminate
the danger of chipping, cracks, fractures and excessive
bending stresses. Panels in storage shall be supported on
firm blocking located immediately adjacent to tie strips or
toggles to avoid damage to these tie strips and toggles. Any
panels, including fastening hardware, damaged during
handling, storage, or shipping shall be rejected by the
Engineer.
ix. Joint spacing and details for expansion, contraction,
construction and control joints in the coping and the
concrete barrier parapet shall be as recommended by the
manufacturer and as approved by the Engineer.
x. Test Panels: The Contractor shall construct and submit at
least 3 test panels. The materials, including formwork,
used in construction of all test panels shall be as for those
proposed for use in the Works. The test panel finish shall
be approved by the Engineer prior to production of any
panels for incorporation in the Works. The rear face of
each panel shall have a dense, rough texture without
honeycombed areas. The approved panels shall remain
available on Site throughout the duration of the Contract,
as a standard for judging the completed works.
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9.12.2.3 Concrete Footings
1 The class of concrete shall be as shown on the approved shop
drawings and shall conform to Section 5 of these Specifications.
9.12.2.4 Steel Reinforcing and Tie Strips
1 Tie strips shall be shop fabricated of hot rolled steel conforming
to the minimum requirements of ASTM A1011/A1101M, Grade 36 or
equivalent. Reinforcing strips shall be hot rolled steel and shall
conform to the requirements of ASTM A36/A36M or equivalent. The
tie strips and reinforcing strips shall be hot dip galvanized conforming
to the requirements of ASTM A123/A123M.
2 The properties of the backfill material to be used shall be one of
the main factors in determining the strip thickness required to meet the
specified design life.
3 Prior to galvanizing, the tie strips and reinforcing strips shall be
cut to length and tolerances shown on the plans and the holes for bolts
shall be punched in the locations shown. All reinforcing and tie strips
shall be carefully inspected to ensure they are true to size and free from
defects that may impair their strength and durability.
4 The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with a Certificate of
Compliance certifying that these materials comply with the applicable
Specifications.
5 Physical and Mechanical Properties: Reinforcing strips and tie
strips shall have a minimum yield point of 2,400 kg/sq.cm
(235 MN/sq.m); minimum tensile strength of 3,700 - 4,500 kg/sq.cm
(363-441 MN/sq.m); 0.06% maximum phosphorus; and 0.05%
maximum sulfur. The weight of zinc coating shall be not less than
500 gm/sq.m.
9.12.2.5 Reinforced (Polymer) Grids
1 General: Shapes and dimensions of these elements shall
conform to the dimensions and tolerances shown on the Drawings.
2 Grid reinforcing elements shall be manufactured by stretching a
punched polyethylene sheet in one direction under controlled
conditions to produce a high tensile strength orientated structure.
3 Mechanical Properties: The grid shall have a short term strength
of not less than 79 kN/m width, determined from tensile testing at 20
degrees Celsius under a constant rate of extension of 50 mm/minute.
For each batch of reinforcing material delivered to Site, or at such
other times as may be required by the Engineer, the Contractor shall
submit a test certificate from an approved independent testing
laboratory confirming that the required strength characteristics have
been met. The 120 year characteristic strength shall be not less than
29 kN/m width.
4 Physical Properties: The weight of grid shall not be less than
0.85 kg/sq.m. It shall be immune to attack from ultra-violet light for
a minimum period of 3 years and shall be immune to attack from all
chemicals naturally found in soils and to biological attack from micro-
organisms. The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with the
manufacturer's warranty to this effect. The minimum roll width shall
be 1 m. Methods of joining reinforcing material shall be approved and
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
9-18
5 Upon manufacture, the reinforcing elements shall be placed in
approved wrapping material which shall prevent ultra-violet light
from reaching the reinforcing elements. The reinforcing elements
shall be identified with their date of manufacture. Upon delivery to
Site the Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of the
manufacturer's certificates clearly stating the dates of manufacture of
the reinforcing elements. No reinforcing elements shall be
incorporated into the Works if at the time of proposed incorporation
the elements are more than three years old.
9.12.2.6 Fasteners
1 Fasteners: Bolts and nuts shall have hexagonal heads and
conform to AASHTO M 164, Type 2, except as modified hereunder.
Bolts shall be 12 mm in diameter, 30 mm in length with 20 mm of
thread length. Fasteners shall be hot dip galvanized to
AASHTO M232M/M232, Class C. Bolts shall have a minimum yield
point of 6,400 kg/sq.cm (627 MN/sq.m); minimum tensile strength of
8,000 kg/sq.cm (784 MN/sq.m); and minimum elongation of 12%.
9.12.2.7 Non Metallic Friction Ties and Fixings
1 The stabilized earth wall structure shall be reinforced with
friction strips of polyethylene coated polyester fiber strips or similar
material approved by the Engineer. The reinforcing strips shall have
the ultimate strength indicated on the Drawings, and manufacturer’s
test certificates shall be provided to verify this
2 Reinforcing strips shall be fixed to the facing panels using
plastic coated steel anchor loops and toggles, unless otherwise noted
on the approved shop drawings and in accordance with approved
samples. The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with a Certificate
of Compliance certifying that these materials comply with the
applicable Specifications.
9.12.2.8 Joint Filler (For Use with Concrete Face Panels)
1 Filler for vertical joints between panels shall be flexible open
cell polyethylene foam strips, unless otherwise noted on the approved
shop drawings.
2 Filler for horizontal joints between panels shall be resin bonded
cork filler conforming to ASTM D 1752 (Type II) unless otherwise
noted on the approved drawings.
9.12.2.9 Backfill and Filter Material
1 Reinforced Earth selected backfill material can be either natural
soil or material of industrial origin. Backfill shall not contain chalk,
unburnt colliery shale, pulverized full ash, material from swamps,
marshes or bogs, organic or other materials which, in the opinion of
the Engineer, would result in the structure becoming unfit for its
intended use. Prior to placing the granular fill, the Contractor shall
certify to the Engineer that the material conform to the requirements
as per specifications and drawings.
2 Selected Filter Material for Drainage Layers: Filter backfill
material shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 2.
3 Backfill for Steel Reinforcing Strip System
 i. The selected fill shall conform to the following 9.12.3 Construction Requirements
gradation and shall have a coefficient of uniformity
9.12.3.1 Wall Excavation
not less than 2 (Cu=D60/D10 ≥ 2) :
1 Structure excavation shall be in accordance with the
Sieve Size % Passing
requirements of Section 2. Limits and construction stages shall be as
250 mm 100 shown on the Drawings.
100 mm 75-100
0.075 mm 0-15 9.12.3.2 Foundation Preparation

ii. The Contractor may request that the acceptance
limits be increased for material not meeting the
requirement for % passing a 0.075 mm sieve
provided an analysis is submitted, showing that the
material passing the 0.075 mm sieve is less than 10%
smaller than 0.015 mm, or alternatively that the
material is less than 20% smaller than 0.015 mm and
the angle of internal friction as determined by ASTM
D 2850 is 25 degrees minimum.
iii. Materials shall have a minimum resistivity when
measured in accordance with ASTM G 57 of 5,000
ohm-cm.
iv. Materials having a resistivity less than the above but
greater than 1,000 ohm-cm may be acceptable
provided that the pH value of the material measured
in water extracted from a water-soil mixture is
between 5 and 10 when tested in accordance with
ASTM G 51, and that the water extracted from the
water-soil mixture has a chloride content of less than
200 ppm and a sulphates content of less than
1,000 ppm when tested in accordance with
AASHTO T 26.
v. The total sulphide content of the fill shall be less than
0.3 gm/kg.
vi. Organic matter content, (difference between total
carbon content and mineral carbon content) shall not
be greater than 100 ppm.
vii. If required by the Engineer, the Contractor shall
carry out a test for Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD). The BOD value shall not exceed
0.004 gm/liter.
4 Backfill for Reinforcing Polymer Grid System
i. Frictional Fill: This material shall contain a
maximum of 10% passing the 0.075 mm (No.200)
sieve.
ii. Gradation Requirements: Backfill material shall
conform to the following gradations:
Sieve Size % (by weight) Passing
125 mm 100
90 mm 85-100
9.5 mm 25-100
0.600 mm 10-65
0.075 mm 0-10
1 The foundation for the structure shall be graded level for a width
equal to or exceeding the length of reinforcing material or as shown
on the plans. Prior to wall construction, except where constructed on
rock, the foundation shall be compacted with a smooth wheel
vibratory roller.
2 Any foundation soils found to be unsuitable shall be removed
and replaced in accordance with the procedures in Section 2.
3 When concrete face panels are specified, at each panel
foundation level a concrete leveling footing shall be provided as
shown on the plans. The footing shall be cured a minimum of 24 hours
before placement of wall panels.
9.12.3.3 Erection of Concrete Face Panels
1 Precast concrete panels shall be aligned vertically using inserts
cast into the top edge of panels. Panels shall be placed in successive
horizontal lifts in the sequence shown on the approved plans as
backfill placement proceeds. As fill material is placed behind a panel,
the panels shall be maintained in vertical position by means of clamps
placed at the junction of adjacent panels and temporary wooden
wedges placed in the horizontal or vertical joint at the junction of the
two adjacent panels on the external side of the wall. External bracing
may also be required for the initial lift. Vertical tolerances
(plumbness) and horizontal alignment tolerances shall not exceed 25
mm when measured along a three meter straight edge. The maximum
allowable offset in any panel joint shall be 25 mm. The overall vertical
tolerance of the wall (plumbness from top to bottom) shall not exceed
25 mm per three meter of wall height.
9.12.3.4 Backfill Placement
1 Backfill placement shall closely follow the erection of each lift
of panels. The filling material will be graded and compacted before
the placement of a new layer. The gradation of the selected granular
backfill should be tested periodically during construction to assure
compliance with specifications. This gradation testing should be
performed, at least once for every 500 cubic meter of material placed
and/or whenever the appearance or behavior of the material changes
noticeably. Material shall be laid with layers of uniform thickness,
taking care to avoid segregation and water content variations.
2 As shown on the shop drawings, reinforcements shall be placed
normal to the face of the wall.
3 Backfill shall be placed in accordance with Section 2 of these
Specifications and compacted in accordance with the requirements
shown below and on the Drawings. The maximum lift thickness shall
not exceed 250 mm (before compaction) and shall closely follow panel

9-19
erection. The Contractor shall decrease this lift thickness if
necessary to obtain the specified density.
4 At the end of each day’s operations, the Contractor shall shape
the last level of backfill so as to permit run-off of rainwater away from
the wall face.
5 Backfill outside roadway embankment areas shall be compacted
to at least 90% AASHTO T 180 maximum density. Backfill within
roadway embankment areas shall be compacted to 95% AASHTO T
180 maximum density except for backfill in sub-grade zones which
shall be compacted to 100% AASHTO T 180 maximum density.
6 The acceptance criteria for control of compaction shall be given
by first the equivalent Relative Density as determined by ASTM
D4253. Then by large-scale plate bearing test, which defines the type
of the equipment, energy, lift thickness, etc. Before beginning
compaction, it is necessary to check that the moisture of the backfill
material is the optimum (± 1.5%) value of modified AASHTO
standard.
7 The compaction shall be carried out in such a way as to obtain
a uniform density, rollers shall move to and from, always parallel to
the wall and assuring that the overlapping between one run and the
next shall not be less than 10% of the roller width. Backfill compaction
shall be accomplished without disturbance or distortion of
reinforcements and panels. Compaction in a strip one meter wide
adjacent to the backside of the wall shall be achieved using an
approved manually operated vibrating compactor.
8 If a reinforcing polymer grid and connections are used, they
shall be handled and installed in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions and recommendations, copies of which shall be submitted
to the Engineer before commencement of these Works. The
reinforcing grid shall not contain any cuts, kinks, twists, blisters or
other defects which, in the opinion of the Engineer, would render it 2
unsuitable for its intended use.
9.12.3.5 Trial Embankment
1 If shown on the Drawings, or if required by the Engineer, a trial
embankment shall be constructed prior to start filling. The Contractor
shall perform a full scale trial compaction test.
2 The allocation of the testing area, the system for the execution
of the embankment and the testing program shall be fixed by the
Engineer considering the following:
i. The equipment shall be the same to be used during
all the construction.
ii. The trial area shall be leveled and compacted, at
approved locations or at locations adjacent to the
Site.
3 The Engineer shall approve the materials and procedures on the
basis of the trial results.
9.12.4 Monitoring
9.12.4.1 General
1 The scope of the required monitoring is related to verifying and
certifying the compliance of the work with the design assumptions and
construction procedures. In the meantime, some monitoring is devoted
9-20
to guide the construction phases of the embankment in order to
minimize the effect of settlements. Those aspects will control the
following:
i. Selected backfill
ii. Settlements
iii. Horizontal displacements and overall stability
iv. Material durability
9.12.4.2 Selected Backfill
1 Each layer must be subjected to control tests and meet the
requirements before placement of the following layer.
2 The testing frequency, as specified, must be considered as a
minimum and must be increased whenever the appearance and/or
behavior of the material noticeably changes.
3 The location of testing and/or sampling will be determined by
the Engineer, Test certificates in proper forms shall be promptly sent
to the Engineer during the construction.
4 As indicated in the following table, the frequency of the testing
can be reduced after 5000 m3. However, this can be done only when
the gradation and physical properties of the material becomes
practically constant.
9.12.4.3 Settlements
1 Survey of settlements will be done during the construction,
particularly where the embankments lay on compressive soils
intending to settle. Settlements shall be monitored by means of two
different procedures:
i. Topographic measurements on the wall face
ii. Vertical settlements on the foundation
2 Topographic measurements will be performed with leveling
instruments and reference points installed on the wall face and with
benchmarks located in stable areas.
3 An appropriate quantity of fixed reference points (steel plates)
shall be installed on the panels every 7.5 meters elevation within each
selected cross-section, for those measurements, a tolerance of ± 2 mm
is required.
4 Foundation settlements shall be monitored using steel bars fixed
on concrete at a distance of 1-2 meters from the wall facing. The
vertical steel bar is to be protected by means of pipes. Measurements
shall be taken from the top of the steel bars.
9.12.4.4 Horizontal Displacements
1 Possible horizontal displacements will be measured within the
foundation soil and on the wall surface. Inclinometers shall be placed
in similar locations to the settlements devices. They shall be installed
within the solid bedrock. The measurements shall be frequent and
related to the construction program. Possible horizontal displacements
can easily be checked by a pendulum (plumb bob).
9.12.4.5 Durability
1 These investigations are only related to reinforcing strips and
are generally carried out at the time of the regular detailed inspections
of the structure, with a frequency of approximately 10 to 15 years. It
may also be opportune to make such investigations if the structure has
serious anomalies, the origin of which is likely to be sought in the
mechanical failure of the strips.
2 The investigation method may vary according to whether the
structure is or is not equipped with durability test samples. This
monitoring and investigation is performed with special techniques and
investigation method. In order to collect reliable and complete
information in long term, it is vital that these operations be entrusted
to a qualified specialist laboratory.
3 At every investigation, a certain number of test samples are
extracted and the backfill sample is taken in the vicinity of these test
samples. Durability test samples are samples of reinforcing strips of
60 cm long, of the same type as those used in the structure. They are
placed in the backfill of the Reinforced Earth mass during the
construction and can be extracted for the monitoring of corrosion
phenomena.
4 As a general rule, durability test samples are located either at
the lower part of the structure or, if the latter is at considerable height,
at each change in the section of the strips.
(high side) of such walls. Horizontal limits for measurement purposes
shall be from end of wall to abutment or from end to end of walls.
3 Standard coping, including concrete, reinforcement, joint filler,
incidentals and erection shall be measured by linear meter, complete
and in place.
4 Concrete barrier parapet (on stabilized earth walls), including
concrete, reinforcement, fasteners, joint filler and incidentals and
erection shall be measured by linear meter of concrete barrier,
complete and in place.
9.12.6 Basis of Payment
1 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
provided for above will be paid for at the unit rate for ‘Mechanically
Stabilized earth Retaining Walls’ in the Bill of Quantities, which rate
shall be full compensation for ground preparation, placing and fixing
of reinforcement, fasteners, joint filler, material testing and certificates,
trial embankment, excavation, backfill, compaction, waterproofing,
integral incidentals (such as light pole foundations, sign structure
foundations, drainage structures and appurtenances), erection, and for
materials, transportation, hauling, labor, equipment, tools, supplies
and other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
9.12.7 Items in the Bill of Quantities

5 At every investigation, one indicator is extracted from each zone i. Mechanically Stabilised Earth Retaining Walls
in which test samples are located. In case of abnormal corrosion (MSERW)-Specify height (sq.m)
development, complementary investigations must be made; ii. Standard Coping on MSERW (lin.m)
excavations must be opened for examining the first beds of iii. Conc. Barrier Parapet on MSERW (lin.m)
reinforcements.
9.13 Coastal Protection
9.12.4.6 Testing Frequency 9.13.1 Description
Testing shall be as follows in Table 9.12.4.1: 1 Quarried stone shall consist of natural rock imported to site from
TEST Within first 5000m3 After first 5000 m3 approved quarry sites complying with the requirements of this section.

Grain Size 1 test each 500 m3 1 test each 5000 m3 2 Quarry run shall consist of natural rock fragments and
complying with the requirements of this section.
Resistivity 1 test each 500 m3 1 test each 5000 m3
3 3 Armour rock shall be the quarried stone placed in the top or
pH 1 test each 500 m 1 test each 5000 m3
outer layer(s) of the structure exposed to sea conditions.
Soluble Salt Content 1 test each 500 m3 1 test each 5000 m3
4 Underlayer shall be the quarried stone placed under the armour
In-situ Density 1 test each 500 m3 1 test each 5000 m3 rock layer(s).
Plate Bearing 1 test each 250 m3 1 test each 1000 m3
5 Core means the quarry run material forming the bulk portion of
Water Content 1 test each 1000 m3 1 test each 5000 m3 the slope and erosion protection fill sections protected by underlayers
and/or armour rock.
Table 9.12.4.1 – Testing Requirements
6 Filter fabric (geotextile) shall be a membrane placed between
9.12.5 Method of Measurement the underlayer and the seabed soil or the core stone that shall allow
passage of water while retaining of seabed soil or core stone in place
1 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls, including without clogging.
concrete face panels and footings shall be measured by the sq.m of net
area of as shown on the Drawings. 7 The Contractor shall submit for the Engineer’s approval a
Quality Control Manual for the proposed slope and erosion protection
2 Vertical limits of each wall for measurement purposes shall be construction.
between the top of the foundation on the outer face (low side) of the 8 The Contractor shall submit the following method statements
stabilized earth wall and the top of the proposed grade at the backside for the Engineer’s approval at least 45 days prior to the
commencement of work on site:

9-21

i. Method for preparation of seabed as the base.
ii. Method for placement of core material, underlayers and
rock armour protection.
iii. Method for surveying procedures to establish lines and
levels of the various slope and erosion protection
components.
iv. Method of quarry selection and armour stone production.
9 The Contractor shall submit the following test reports directly
to Engineer from approved testing services:
i. grading size of material
ii. aspect ratio of material
iii. apparent oven dry density of quarried stone
iv. Los Angeles abrasion
v. water absorption
vi. sodium sulphate soundness
vii. unconfined compressive strength
viii. methylene blue absorption
10 The Contractor shall submit detailed design drawings, plans,
longitudinal profiles and cross-sections across the slope and erosion
protection at 50m intervals and at transition zones between the
different design sections. The drawings shall be based on the up-dated
survey carried out at the slope and erosion protection area.
11 The Contractor shall submit bathymetric charts at the slope and
erosion protection at suitable scales of 1:1000 and 1:500 including
ACAD computer file diskettes in the form of point No., x, y, z.
12 The work shall be performed in accordance with:
i. The requirements of the Authorities
ii. BS 6349, BS EN 933-3 and ASTM D 1557.
iii. Recommendations of Construction Industry Research and
Information Association (CIRIA) Special Publication
No.83 (SP 83).
13 The Contractor shall employ and pay for a competent
independent geotechnical testing laboratory with proven track records
to perform testing on rock material to be placed in the core,
underlayers and armour layers of the structure.
9.13.2 Materials
9.13.2.1 Quarried Stone for Armour Layers and Underlayers
1 The Contractor shall use armour and underlayer stones
consisting of quarried rock, dense, sound, fresh, strong, free from
weathering, mechanical weaknesses or chemical decomposition. The
stones shall not be liable to decomposition under the action of sea
water. They shall also be free from any visible defects such as joints,
discontinuities, fractures, clay seams or bands and water soluble
material.
2 The contractor shall use rock materials in armour layers and
underlayers conforming to the classes defined by the engineer.
3 The contractor shall use quarry stone containing no more than
5% of stones with a length to thickness (l/d) ratio greater than 3, where
the length (1), is defined as the greatest distance between two points
on the stone and the thickness,(d), as the minimum distance between
9-22
two parallel straight lines through which the stone can just pass. Carry
out the test in accordance with CIRIA SP 83, Appendix 2.
4 The contractor shall use quarry stone for armour and
underlayers for testing having a minimum apparent oven dry density
of 2560 kg/m3 with 90% of the stones having a density of at least 2600
kg/m3 in accordance with CIRIA SP 83.
5 The loss of material using the Los Angeles Abrasion test in
accordance with ASTM C131/C131M shall not exceed 35%.
6 The water absorption of quarry stone, carried out in accordance
with BS 812: Part 2 shall be less than 3%.
7 Sodium sulphate soundness carried out in accordance with BS
EN 933-3 using the 63-125mm crushed rock and a 50mm sieve to
determine losses shall be less than 12%.
8 The average point load index Is (50) in the planar direction of
the most pronounced layering, should any visible anisotropy exist, and
for sampling testing and reporting in accordance with ISRM 1986
recommended method, shall be not less than 4.0 MPa with the average
minus the standard deviation of the point load index at least 3.0 MPa;
where at least ten valid test results obtained from pieces originating
from ten randomly selected stones have been used to calculate the
average and standard deviation.
9 Methylene blue absorption tests shall be carried out in
accordance with CIRIA SP 83, Appendix 2, in order to indicate the
presence of deleterious clay minerals, the results of this test shall not
exceed 1.0g/100g.
10 The contractor shall carry out for each quarry the three sets of
tests as listed in the relevant Clauses above. The contractor shall
submit the results for the Engineer's approval of the source of quarried
stone for underlayers and armour layers.
11 The contractor shall carry out at least three sets of the tests listed
in the above Clauses on each consignment of quarried stone for under-
layers and armour layers imported to site. A higher frequency of
testing may be required as instructed by the Engineer, if this, in the
opinion of the Engineer, is deemed necessary.
12 Materials failing to comply with any of the requirements listed
above shall not be used in the Works and shall be considered not in
compliance with this specifications.
9.13.2.2 Core Material
1 The contractor shall use core material consisting of well graded
quarry run complying with the gradation defined by the engineer.
2 The used fill material shall be quarry run material with
percentage of fines (passing sieve 0.075mm) shall not be more than
20%.
3 The contractor shall use selected quarry run with material
percentage lighter than 1.0 kg (80mm of equivalent diameter) not
exceeding 10% and complying with the size gradation defined by the
engineer.
4 The contractor shall use quarry run material complying with the
following requirements:
i. Apparent oven dry density > 2.3 t/m3
 ii. Water Absorption < 3.0 % 1 The contractor shall carry out sounding of the seabed at the
iii. Sodium Sulphate Soundness < 12.0 % slope and erosion protection site in order to produce a detailed seabed
iv. Los Angeles Abrasion < 35.0 % profile using echo sounder or side-scan sonar together with a surface-
v. Methylene blue absorption < 1.0g/100g towed sub-bottom or similar seismic profiler and a tide gauge and
collecting seabed samples. Obtain approval of the Engineer on the
5 The contractor shall carry out for each quarry three sets of the
results of soundings and bathymetry as well as seabed samples before
tests as listed in the above Clauses. The selection of the quarry source
the works commence, and finally incorporate the same in the drawings.
will be based on the results submitted and subject to Engineer's
approval. 2 Seabed clearances: Remove prior to commencing filling works,
all unsuitable material, wrecks, floating debris, silt, clay, loose sand
6 During construction, the contractor shall take sufficient sample
and loose material over the whole area of the slope and erosion
for every 5000 t of material produced or production for a working day
protection. Dispose of unsuitable material as directed by the Engineer.
whichever is greater. Three sets of the tests as listed in the above
Clauses shall be carried out and submitted to the Engineer. A higher 3 The contractor shall remove, in accordance with the instructions
frequency of testing may be required as instructed by the Engineer, if of the Engineer any silt, loose sand or clay that exists in the top layers
this, in the opinion of the Engineer, is deemed necessary. of the seabed. Remove any silt, loose sand and clay layers to the levels
and areas as instructed by Engineer.
7 Materials failing to comply with any of the requirements listed
above shall not be used in the Works and shall be considered not in 4 The contractor shall relocate or redirect, at his own expense, all
compliance with this specification. underwater services, installations etc. that may lie in the area to
receive rockfilling. He shall carry out all such redirection or relocation
in accordance with requirements of the relevant local authorities.
9.13.2.3 Filter Fabric - Geotextiles
5 The contractor shall ensure that the founding bed for slope and
1 The work shall consist of furnishing and placing a geotextile.
erosion protection is natural seabed material when working in the sea,
The geotextile is designed to allow passage of water while retaining
consisting of sand, a mixture of sand and gravel or rock. No filling on
seabed soil without clogging. The suitability of used geotextile should
silt, loose sand or clay layers shall be allowed.
be checked against these functional requirements before laying taking
into consideration the seabed soil conditions. 6 The contractor shall make his own arrangements for the supply
and transport of slope and erosion protection material either by land
2 Non-woven TERRAM 4000 or equivalent material can be used
or sea or both and use appropriate marine and/or land operated plants
with the following properties:
for filling.
i. Weight : 350 g/m2
7 The contractor shall protect all placed material from erosion by
ii. Tensile strength : 23 kN/ m2
the action of sea during construction. The Contractor shall be held
iii. O85 (diameter of holes in a fabric): a suitable hole diameter
responsible for all loss of material and displacements that may arise,
to prevent the wash out of seabed and core material ant to
and shall make good such losses and displacements at his own expense.
retain them in place without clogging.
Furthermore, the Contractor shall be responsible for any obstruction
3 The contractor shall provide evidence of the resistance to that may be caused by the deposition of any material washed out from
deterioration of the geotextiles from exposure to ultraviolet light and the filling and remove the same in accordance to the instructions of
seawater. the Engineer.

4 The contractor shall carry out sampling of geotextiles for testing 8 The contractor shall take all the necessary precautions to protect
in accordance with sampling procedures indicated in ASTM - D4354- the environment and any damage to the environment arise from the
99. Works shall be the Contractor's responsibility.

5 The contractor shall carry out for geotextiles three sets of tests
to certify the required properties and submit the results for the
approval of the Engineer.
6 The contractor shall carry out at least three sets of tests to verify
the required properties on each consignment of geotextile imported in
the site. A higher frequency of testing may be required as instructed
by the Engineer, if this, in the opinion of the Engineer is deemed
necessary.
7 Materials failing to comply with any of the requirements listed
above shall not be used in the works and shall be considered not in
compliance with these specifications.
9.13.3 Construction Requirements
9.13.3.1 General
9.13.3.2 Placement of Core Material
1 The contractor shall place materials used to form the core to the
profiles and levels shown on the Drawings with a tolerance of zero
above the theoretical level.
2 The contractor shall take measurement of each material profile
as placed before any subsequent layer of material is placed to ensure
compliance with the specified tolerances.
3 The contractor shall carry out placement of core material
underwater in such a manner to minimize segregation of material and
to ensure its proper mixing. The placement methods are subject to
Engineer's approval.
4 The contractor shall place core material 0.75m above mean sea
level and higher in layers not more than 1.0m in loose depth and
compact as specified.

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5 Before compaction, the contractor shall moisten each layer as
All Armour
necessary. He shall compact each layer with the minimum number of Design Profile
Depth of Placing Below Layers and
roller passes as agreed with the Engineer. to Actual Mean
Low Water Level Individual
6 The contractor shall carry out compaction by heavy vibratory Profile(m)
compactor not less than 12 t capacity. Measurements (m)

9.13.3.3 Placement of Armour and Underlayer Stones

+ 0.35 Dn 50
1 For placing above high low water level, the contractor shall Dry: above water level 0.3 Dn 50
- 0.25 Dn 50
place the stone to grade and in such a manner to ensure that the larger
rock fragments are uniformly distributed and the smaller rock + 0.6 Dn 50
fragments fill the spaces between the larger fragments to achieve a Less than 5m 0.5 Dn 50
well keyed, densely packed structure of the specified dimensions. - 0.4 Dn 50
Hand placing or barring will be required only to the extent necessary
to secure the results specified. More than 5m 0.5 Dn 50 1.0m
2 The contractor shall not drop or tip into position quarried stone,
Where, Dn50 is the diameter of a placement with equivalent volume
but shall place them individually into the structure in order to achieve
to the block with median weight.
an adequate stability and deformation to maintain lines and levels
shown on Drawings. He shall tightly pack the stones together so as to
Table 9.13.3.1: Vertical Placing Tolerances
achieve as near as possible a target unit weight of stone placed of 1.6
t/m3 and do not place them so that they can rock or obtain their stability 3 The contractor shall make provisions for diving inspections for
on a plane by frictional resistance alone prior to placing further stones. any part of the structure where achievement of tolerances may
3 The contractor shall fill any void below finished profile level in otherwise appear in doubt.
excess of mean rock size with an appropriate stone or stones. 9.13.3.5 Storage, Handling, and Laying of Geotextiles
4 The contractor shall place rock materials to the levels,
dimensions and slopes shown on drawings, and the surface profile 1 The contractor shall store and handle geotextile in accordance
measured in accordance with the surveying procedure outlined in with ASTM D4873/D4873M.
Paragraph 9.13.3.4, to be within the vertical placing tolerances given 2 For Geotextiles placement, the contractor shall use overlaps in
in Table 9.13.3.1. accordance with manufacture requirements, and in no case less than
5 The tolerance on two consecutive mean actual profiles shall not 50 cms.
be negative. Notwithstanding any accumulation of positive tolerances 3 The contractor shall place bedding layer as soon as possible
on underlying layers, the thickness of the layer shall not be less than after placement of the geotextile, according to the approved method
80% of the nominal thickness when calculated using mean actual statement of the construction procedure.
profiles.
4 Where seams are required, the contractor shall make them in
9.13.3.4 Surveying Technique
accordance with the manufacture requirements. All seams shall be
1 The contractor shall carry out survey measurements using a subjected to the approval of the Engineer.
probe with a spherical end of diameter 0.5 (Dn 50). For land-based
5 The contractor shall remove and replace any damaged or
survey this shall be connected to a staff; for underwater survey it will
punctured section before or after laying.
be a weighted ball on the end of a sounding chain.

2 The contractor shall carry out measurement profiles at intervals

of 25m along the length of the structure and at intervals of 3m across
the measurement profile.
9.13.4 Method of Measurement
1 Underlayer, Rock Armour, Quarry Run and Bedding Layer shall
be measured by the Cu.m of BUND material and rubble base (Quarry
run), rock armour, and bedding layer, placed to the lines and levels as
shown on the Drawings.
2 Dredging for embedded toe protection shall be measured by the
cu.m of material dredged in sand, clay or any other material except
rock to the lines and levels as shown on Drawings. Rates inserted by
the Contractor shall be deemed to include for all over cutting in width
and depth and for sweeping the dredged areas.
3 Fabrics and membranes (geotextile) shall be measured by the
sq.m of the area covered to any width or girth including extra material
for lapping and jointing. No deduction is made for voids not
exceeding 1.00 m2.

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9.13.5 Basis of Payment
1 General: In addition to basis of payment of each particular item,
all marine works are also deemed to include:
i. all surveying works and seabed sounding
ii. clearance of the seabed; removal of unsuitable material,
objects or obstructions
iii. inspection for and relocation of any existing underwater
services
iv. protection from sea action,
v. losses due to erosion or damage,
vi. losses/damage due to wave conditions which may occur
during the Contract period including the Period of
Maintenance.
2 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
underlayer, quarry run, rock armour, and bedding layer will be paid
for at the unit rates indicated in the Bill of Quantities which rate shall
be full compensation for selection and supply of materials,
stone/rockfill, crushing, screening, testing, transportation, hauling,
stockpiling, relocation, placing, compacting, trimming the underlying
material and slope preparation, removal of discarded material,
excavation and backfilling, finishing and protection, labor, equipment,
tools, supplies and other items necessary for the proper completion of
the works.
3 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
Dredging for Embedded Toe Protection will be paid for at the unit
rates indicated in the Bill of Quantities which rate shall be full
compensation for supply and installation of all plant and equipment
required to carry out dredging, pumping and transportation of dredged
material to whatever distance required, hauling, stockpiling, disposal
of discarded material to approved locations, protection, labor,
equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary for the proper
completion of the works.
4 The amount of completed and accepted work measured as
Fabric and Membranes (Geotextile) will be paid for at the unit rates
indicated in the Bill of Quantities which unit rate shall be full
compensation for selection and supply of materials, fabrics and
membranes, sampling and testing, ground preparation for laying on
horizontal, sloping, vertical and curved planes, transportation, placing,
protection, labor, equipment, tools, supplies and other items necessary
for the proper completion of the works.

9.13.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities

i. Underlayer (cu.m)
ii. Quarry Run (cu.m)
iii. Rock Armour (cu.m)
iv. Dredging (cu.m)
v. Fabrics and Membranes(type) (sq.m)

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