Lenard Angelo R.

Susano
ME111 – B37

The Definition of Pure substance, State and Phase.

 A pure substance is a substance that is homogenous in composition and homogenous and
invariable in chemical aggregation.
 A substance is said to be a pure substance if its chemical composition does not change even in
solid, liquid, or gaseous phase. An example is water that has two atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of oxygen as it is in solid, liquid, or gaseous state.
 State of pure substance or system refers to its condition as quantified or identified through the
thermodynamic properties of the substance.
 Phase is a quantity of substance that is homogenous throughout.
 Relevant reversible work modes refer only to the important work modes for the system in
question and irreversible work modes are not considered
 Reversible work mode refers to the amount of energy added in a forward process that can be
removed by the reversed process

Three Phases of Matter or Pure Substance

1. Solid Phase
2. Liquid Phase
3. Vapor or gaseous phase

Manners of Changing the Phases

 Melting or fusion is the change of phase from solid to liquid.
 Freezing or solidifying is the change of phase from liquid to solid.
 Vaporization is the change of phase from liquid to gaseous phase.
 Condensation is the change of phase from vapor to liquid; during the process it is also called as
condensing
 Sublimation is the change of phase from solid to vapor or vice versa.

Change of phase at constant pressure

 Change of phase at constant pressure means that a pure substance changes its phase from solid
to gaseous phase without changing the applied or existing pressure
 A typical example of change of phase at constant pressure is water that changes
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37

Phase Rule
 The following equation is known as Williard Gibbs’s phase rule used to determine the number of
phases of a pure substance that exists in equilibrium.
 This equation is also used for the determination of the minimum number of properties to
establish the state of a substance

 Degrees-of-Freedom refers to the number of independently variable intensive property that can
be changed without the disappearance of at least on phase of a pure substance in equilibrium.
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37

 Invariant is a state of a substance that has no degree of freedom, or no independently variable

intensive property that can be changed without the disappearance of at least one phase.
 Univariant is a state of a substance that has one degree of freedom or has one independently
variable intensive property that can be changed without the disappearance of at least, one
phase.
 Divariant is a state of a substance that has two degrees of freedom or has two independently
variable intensive properties that can be varied without the change of phase.

Diagrams
 Diagrams hereto are graphical representation of the relation of thermodynamic properties for
the change of phase at constant pressure such as pV, Tv, Ts, Pt, and ph diagrams.
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37

Thermodynamic Properties of each state

 For Subcooled or Compressed Liquid
- To obtain the properties v, u, h, and s, p and t must be given.
- Properties are obtained from the steam tables. If the given substance is water
- Values of properties for subcooled liquid must be lower than the properties of saturated
liquid as indicated in the following relations:

- Subcooled temperature, t, is lower than the saturation of temperature corresponding to the

existing pressure p,
- Quality, x, if computed is negative.
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37

- Subcooled liquid condition is indicated by point sc in the Ts diagram as shown in Figure 3.9.

 For Saturated Liquid

- To obtain the properties, the given property is either pressure or temperature.
- Properties to be obtained are indicated as follows: v, u, h, and s,.
- Temperature is equal to the saturation temperature corresponding to an existing pressure
- The quality of vapor, x = 0
- Moisture content, y = 100%
- Values of properties of saturated liquid are lower than the properties of wet vapor and are
higher than the properties of subcooled liquid.

- Properties for water are obtained from steam tables.

- Saturated liquid condition is indicated by f in figure 3.10 in Ts diagram

 For Wet Vapor or Wet Steam

- To obtain the properties, properties of either pressure and quality of vapor or temperature
and quality of vapor may have been given.
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37

- Properties to be obtained are v, u, h, and s.

- Temperature of wet vapor must be equal to the saturation temperature corresponding to an
existing pressure.
- The quality is within the range: 0 % < x < 100 %.
- Moisture content is within the range: 100 % > y > 0 %.
- Values of properties are in accordance with the following relations:
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37

 For the Saturated Vapor

- To obtain the properties of saturated vapor, properties of either pressure or temperature
may have been given.
- The properties to be obtained are indicated by v g, ug, hg, and sg.
- The temperature of saturated vapor must be equal to the saturation temperature
corresponding to the existing pressure, and equal to the temperature of saturated liquid
and wet vapor.
- The quality of saturated vapor is x = 100 %
- The moisture content is y = 0 %
- The properties of saturated vapor are lower than the properties of superheated vapor and
higher than the properties of wet vapor as indicated in the following relations:
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37

 For the properties of Superheated Vapor

- To obtain properties v, u, h, and s, pressure and temperature must be given.

- The given temperature must be higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to
the existing pressure or given pressure.
- Values of properties of superheated vapor must always be higher than the properties of
saturated vapor as indicated by the following relations.
Lenard Angelo R. Susano
ME111 – B37