კულტურული ანთროპოლოგია, რიდერი IV

ანთროპოლოგია, რიდერი XIV

მოცემულ თავში ვეცდებით,

ვუპასუხოთ შეკითხვებს:

 როგორ და რატომ
ქორწინდებიან
ადამიანები?
 რატომ არის
ქორწინება
უნივერსალური
მოვლენა?
 ვისზე შეიძლება და
არ შეიძლება
სურათი 1 ედვარდ ს. კურტისი. კურტისის კოლექცია, ინუიტების ოჯახი, 1928 დაქორწინება?
 რა არის ოჯახი და რა
სახის ოჯახები
გვხვდება

ქორწინება და ოჯახი მსოფლიოში?

სარჩევი

ქორწინება............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
naiarebi `gamonaklisi~ ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
qorwinebis iSviaTi saxeebi .............................................................................................................................................. 3
ratom aris qorwineba universaluri movlena............................................................................................. 4
Sromis genderuli danawileba .................................................................................................................................... 5
sqesobrivi konkurencia ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
bavSvebis xangrZlivi damokidebuleba mSoblebze................................................................................... 5
sxva ZuZumwovrebi da frinvelebi: mSobiarobis Semdgomi moTxovnebi ............................... 6
rogor qorwindebian adamianebi .................................................................................................................................. 7
niSnoba ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
qorwinebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi ............................................................................................................................ 9
anTropologiuri uCveulobebi: mikronezieli iapebi ......................................................................... 12
ქორწინების შეზღუდვა: ინცესტის ტაბუ ................................................................................................................... 13
bavSvobis megobrobis Teoria ..................................................................................................................................... 14
froidis fsiqoanalizis Teoria.............................................................................................................................. 15
ojaxis ngrevis Teoria ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
TanamSromlobis Teoria................................................................................................................................................... 16
inbridingis Teoria ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
visze უნდა davqorwindeT? ............................................................................................................................................. 18
colqmruli urTierTobebi: gansxvavebebi siyvarulSi, intimurobasa da sqesobriv
eWvianobaSi ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
egzogamia da endogamia .................................................................................................................................................... 20
ramden qorwinebaSi unda iyos adamiani? .......................................................................................................... 21
poliginia........................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
poliandria ................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
ojaxi....................................................................................................................................................................................................25
ojaxis saxeebi ........................................................................................................................................................................... 26
gafarToebuli (didi) ojaxebis sacxovrebeli ........................................................................................ 26
didi ojaxis arsebobis SesaZlo mizezebi ................................................................................................... 27
Sejameba ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 28

1
qorwinebis kulturuli fenomeni, ama Tu im formiT, msoflios yvela
sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. mainc, ratom qorwindebian adamianebi yvela kulturaSi?
mocemul TavSi am Zveli da rTuli SekiTxvisaTvis pasuxis gacemas SevecdebiT.
qorwinebis universaluroba imas rodi niSnavs, rom yvela sazogadoebis
yvela wevri aucileblad unda daqorwindes. Tumca, adamianebis umetesoba
cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc qorwindeba. amasTan, qorwinebis universaluroba ar
gulisxmobs imas, rom qorwinebisa da ojaxis wesebi yvela sazogadoebisTvis
erTnairia. piriqiT, sazogadoebebs Soris Zalze mravalferovani gansxvavebebia im
TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor qorwindebian, visze qorwindebian da erTdroulad
ramden qorwinebaSi SeuZliaT yofna adamianebs. erTaderTi sayovelTaod
gavrcelebuli wesi qorwinebaSi is aris, rom ojaxis wevrebze, mSoblebsa da da-
Zmaze daqorwineba akrZalulia.
sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi ojaxebic gansxvavdebulia. mSoblebisa da
Svilebis socialuri jgufebi yvela kulturaSi arsebobs. zog sazogadoebas
didi ojaxebi axasiaTebs, sadac ori an meti naTesauri jgufia gaerTianebuli,
sxvagan ki - mcire, damoukidebeli – e.w. “nuklearuli” (birTvuli) ojaxebia
gavrcelebuli. qorwineba dRes ojaxis arsebobis aucilebel safuZvlad aRar
miiCneva. dasavluri tipis sazogadoebebSi erTmSobliani ojaxebi ukve aRar aris
uCveulo. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom qorwineba “gaqra” – mTlianobaSi,
msoflioSi is kvlavac urTierTobis gabatonebul formad rCeba.

ქორწინება

“qorwinebaSi” anTropologebi sazogadoebis mier mxardaWeril sqesobriv

da ekonomikur kavSirs gulisxmoben, romelic ramdenadme permanentulia da mis
monawileebs ormxrivi uflebebi da movaleobebi akisriaT rogorc erTmaneTis,
aseve - Svilebis mimarT.
qorwineba socialurad mxardaWerili sqesobrivi kavSiria, romlis
monawileebsac TavianTi kavSiris saxalxod demonstrireba ar eridebaT. qals
uSiSrad SeuZlia Tqvas: `gaicaniT, es Cemi qmaria~. Tumca, kulturaTa umetesobaSi
almacerad Sexedavdnen qals, romelic ityoda: `gaicaniT, es Cemi sayvarelia~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi es kavSiri sxvadasxva mizeziT
SeiZleba daiSalos, dasawyisSi orive mxare mas mudmivad moiazrebs.
qorwineba moicavs rogorc sqesobriv, ise - ekonomikur urTierTobebs.
profesori piter merdoki werda: `sqesobrivi urTierTobebi SeiZleba ekonomikuri
safuZvlis gareSe warmoiqmnas. aseve SesaZlebelia TanamSromloba seqsis gareSe.
qorwineba ki orives erTdroulad moicavs”.

რogorc qveviT vnaxavT, qorwinebis dawyebis aRmniSvneli xdomilebebi

sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, vinebagos mkvidr
amerikelTa tomSi patarZali ubralod midis Tavisi saqmros mSoblebTan, ixdis

2
`saqorwino~ samoss da mas dedamTils aZlevs, misgan ki sanacvlod Cveulebriv
tansacmels iRebs. es aris da es.

naiarebi `gamonaklisi~

msoflioSi arsebul sazogadoebaTagan iseTebic gvxvdeba, sadac

anTropologebis dakvirvebiT, qorwinebis instituti permanentuli Tanacxovrebis
formiT ar aqvT. erT-erT aseT magaliTs samxreT indoeTSi mcxovrebi naiarTa
kasta warmoadgens. mecxramete saukuneSi, roca isini aRweres, naiarebi sqesobriv
da ekonomikur urTierTobebs qorwinebisgan damoukideblad ganixilavdnen.
momwifebis asakSi naiari gogonebi ritualur qmrebs iZendnen. kavSiri saxalxod
ikvreboda da ceremoniis dros saqmro Tavis sacoles kiserze oqros yelsabams
hkidebda. Tumca maTi urTierToba qorwilis ceremoniiT Semoifargleboda. col-
qmars erTmaneTis mimarT aranairi ufleba-movaleobebi ar ekisreboda da xSirad
qorwilis Semdeg aRarasodes naxulobdnen erTmaneTs.
patarZali naTesavebTan erTad agrZelebda cxovrebas, sadac Semdgomi
wlebis manZilze SeeZlo stumrad mieRo nebismieri aranaTesavi mamakaci, romelic
kastur moTxovnebs akmayofilebda. isini mis `qmrebad~ iTvlebodnen. es
SeiZleboda yofiliyo rogorc SemTxveviTi gamvleli, ise - mudmivi stumari.
“qmrebi” modiodnen saRamos da meore diliT kvlav midiodnen. Tu mamakaci qals
xSirad stumrobda, misgan saCuqrebsac moelodnen. xolo Tu is bavSvis mama, an
savaraudo mamebidan erT-erTi gaxldaT, sameano xarjebsac swored igi faravda.
Tumca bavSvis aRzrdaSi ar monawileobda da arc raime pasuxismgebloba gaaCnda
mis winaSe. rogorc wesi, qals am mxriv Tavisi naTesavebi exmarebodnen.
pasuxi imaze, hqondaT Tu ara naiarebs qorwinebis wesi, imazea
damokidebuli, Tu rogor ganvmartavT “qorwinebas”. qorwineba im gagebiT, rogorc
Cven gvesmis – e.i., regularuli sqesobrivi da ekonomikuri Tanacxovreba da
urTierTvaldebulebebi da uflebebi - naiarebs ar gaaCndaT. Tumca, isini “calke
sazogadoebad” ar iTvlebian. es indoeTis erT-erTi kasta iyo, romlis mamakacebic
meomrebi iyvnen. xangrZlivi samxedro samsaxuri qalebisaTvis potenciuri mudmivi
qmrebis raodenobas amcirebda. Tumca, amJamad mdgomareoba Seicvala. meomroba
aRar aris naiari mamakacebis mTavari saqmianoba, isini damkvidrebul cxovrebaze
gadavidnen da amJamad maT Soris normad stabiluri, mudmivi urTierTobebi
iTvleba.

qorwinebis iSviaTi saxeebi

qalisa da mamakacis Cveulebrivi kavSiris garda, zog sazogadoebaSi

arsebobda da arsebobs erTnairsqesianTa qorwinebebic. erTnairsqesianTa
qorwineba urTierTvaldebulebebsa da movaleobebs swored imdenadve

3
gulisxmobs, ramdenadac - gansxvavebulsqesianTa. urTierTobebSi xSirad winaswar
gansazRvraven, Tu vin aris `kaci~, an `qali~. magaliTad, Ceienis indielTa Soris
miRebuli iyo mamakacis mier meore colad “berdaSis”, anu im biologiuri
mamakacis SerTva, romelic qalis socialur statuss atarebda da Sesabamis
genderul rols asrulebda (dReisaTvis “berdaSis” nacvlad termini
“orsuliani” gamoiyeneba).

Tu ramdenad moicavda orsulian pirTan partnioruli urTierToba

sqesobriv kavSirs, naTeli ar aris, Tumca, gvaqvs sxva magaliTebic. kerZod,
sudaneli azandes tomi. britanelTa mier sudanis dapyrobamde azandes meomrebs,
romlebsac colis SerTvis saSualeba ar hqondaT, sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad `biWi colis~ SerTva SeeZloT. rogorc Cveulebrivi
qorwinebis dros, qmari colis mSoblebs saCuqrebs gadascemda, Tumca arc
imdenad Zvirs, rogorc es qalTan qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda. qmari
Cveulebrivad emsaxureboda colis mSoblebs da partnioris mier sayvarlis
gaCenis SemTxvevaSi, Ralatis gamo, sasamarTloSi Civili SeeZlo. sqesobrivis
garda, biWi - colebi colisTvis dakisrebul sxva saqmeebsac asrulebdnen.
qalebis qorwinebebi mraval afrikul sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca, qal
meuRleTa Soris sqesobrivi kavSiris damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi ar
gagvaCnia. aseTi qorwinebebi sazogadoebis mier miRebuli da gamarTlebuli
gaxldaT da qals saSualebas aZlevda, “mamakacis”, “qmrisa” da “mamis”
oficialuri statusebi mieRo. amis magaliTia kenieli nandebis tomi, sadac
qalebis qorwineba mamakacTan uZeo qorwinebis problemis mosagvarebel
saSualebad iTvleboda. maSinac ki, Tu qmari cocxali hyavda, qali, romelsac
vaJi ar uCndeboda, umcrosi asakis qalze qorwindeboda da mis mier gaCenili
vaJebis mamad iTvleboda. qorwineba sruldeboda yvela arsebuli wesis dacviT
da qali - qmari valdebuli iyo colisaTvis qmroba gaewia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
am `meuRleebs~ Soris sqesobrivi kavSiri didi albaTobiT, ar iyo, qali - qmari
iTvleboda im bavSvebis mamad, romlebsac misi coli gaaCenda.

ratom aris qorwineba universaluri movlena

iqidan gamomdinare, rom qorwineba yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs, SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom igi adaptaciuria. imis axsnas, Tu ratom aris qorwineba
adaptaciuri, ramdenime Teoria cdilobs. TiToeuli maTgani Tvlis, rom
qorwineba im problemebs wyvets, romlebic yvela sazogadoebis winaSe dgas:
Sromis genderul danawilebas, bavSvebis xangrZliv mijaWvulobas mSoblebze da
sqesobrivi konkurenciis problemas. am interpretaciebis Sesafaseblad saWiroa,
davadginoT, ramdenad optimaluri, an erTaderTia gamosavalia qorwineba
TiToeuli am problemidan.

4
Sromis genderuli danawileba

Sromis genderuli niSniT danawileba yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs.

qalebi da mamakacebi, Cveulebriv, gansxvavebuli saqmianobebiT arian dakavebulni.
Sromis amgvari dayofa xSirad miiCneva qorwinebis mizezad. am ganmartebis
momxreebs argumentad is mohyavT, rom qorwinebis saxiT, sazogadoebam Sromis
produqtebis ganawilebisa da gaziarebis efeqturi meTodi Seqmna. magram
qorwineba am problemis mogvarebis erTaderTi gza rodia.

sqesobrivi konkurencia

sxva mdedri primatebisagan gansxvavebiT, qals mTeli wlis manZilze

SeuZlia sqesobrivi kavSiris damyareba da daorsuleba. zogi mkvlevari Tvlis,
rom es faqtori ganapirobebda gamZafrebuli sqesobrivi konkurenciis warmoqmnas
mamakacebs Soris da Sesabamisad, sazogadoebam qorwinebis saxiT ipovna
gamosavali am situaciidan. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, qorwineba dawesda imisTvis,
rom erTmaneTi ar daexocaT qalebis gulisTvis da amiT sazogadoebis
reproduqcia safrTxis qveS ar daeyenebinaT.
am mosazrebasac aqvs Tavisi susti mxareebi. jer erTi, sakmaod rTuli
asaxsnelia, Tu ratom unda gamZafrebuliyo konkurencia mamakacebs Soris.
arsebobs sxva mosazrebebic, romelTa mixedviT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qalebi
naklebad dainteresebuli iqnebodnen seqsiT, gamZafrdeboda konkurencia
SezRudul resursebze; meorec, cnobilia, rom cxovelebis mravali saxeobis
mamrebi, TviT im saxeobebisac ki, romelTa mdedri individebi momatebuli
seqsualobiT gamoirCevian (rogorc maimunebis mravali saxeoba), am ukanasknelTa
mimarT agresiulebi ar arian. mesame, ratom ar SeiZleboda konkurenciis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi misi qorwinebisagan gansxvavebuli kulturuli
regulireba? magaliTad, SesaZlebeli iyo raRac Tanmimdevrobis dadgena, romlis
mixedviTac, Seicvlebodnen partniorebi. amgvari sistema gadawyvetda sqesobrivi
konkurenciis problemas, Tumca, meore mxriv, SesaZloa, gaCeniliyo problemebi
calkeuli pirovnebebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ar moisurvebdnen dadgenili wesis
mixedviT SeecvalaT partniori. eWvianobas kidev ufro meti konkurencia
SeiZleboda mohyoloda.

bavSvebis xangrZlivi damokidebuleba mSoblebze

5
 adamianebi Cvilobis asakSi primatebs Soris yvelaze didxans arian
damokidebulebi mSoblebze. bavSvis xangrZlivi damokidebuleba dedas umZimes
tvirTad awevs. es mas mraval saqmianobaSi uSlis xels. amrigad, qals, SesaZloa,
mamakacis daxmareba dasWirveboda saimisod, rom gadarCeniliyo. mamakaci
asrulebs iseT samuSaos, rac SeuTavsebelia bavSvis movlasTan. amrigad, bavSvis
xangrZlivi damokidebulebis gamo, SesaZloa, dadga sakiTxi qalisa da mamakacis
stabiluri kavSiris Sesaxeb. magram am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod sakmaod
mniSvnelovani argumentebi arsebobs. sazogadoebas, magaliTad monadire-
Semgroveblebis jgufs, araferi uSlida xels imaSi, rom qorwinebis gareSe
eTanamSromlaT erTmaneTSi da Svilian dedas daxmarebodnen iseve, rogorc
zogadad exmarebian jgufis nebismier wevrs.

sxva ZuZumwovrebi da frinvelebi: mSobiarobis Semdgomi

moTxovnebi

zeviT CamoTvlili Teoriebidan, arcerTi ar xsnis bolomde imas, Tu ratom

aris qorwineba saukeTeso gamosavali konkretuli problemis mogvarebisTvis.
amasTan erTad, Cven gvaqvs ZuZumwovrebsa da frinvelebze dakvirvebis Sedegebi,
romlebic eWvqveS ayeneben CamoTvlil Teoriebs. saqme isaa, rom cxovelebis
mraval saxeobaSi SeiniSneba xangrZlivi da myari megobroba sapirispiro sqesis
individebs Soris. maTze dakvirvebiT SegviZlia, garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben amgvar urTierTobebs. frinvelTa
saxeobebis umetesobas da ZuZumwovarTa zog saxeobas, magaliTad, mglebsa da
Taxvebs, `qorwinebis~ msgavsi urTierToba aqvT. gamokvleuli cxovelebisa da
frinvelebis 40-mde saxeobaSi sqesTaSoris kavSirs arc erTi CamoTvlili
faqtori ar ganapirobebda. cxovelebSi ar SeiniSneba Sromis genderuli
danawileba, xolo rac metia naSieris dedaze damokidebulebis dro da rac ufro
meti seqsualobiT xasiaTdebian mdedrebi, miT xSiria partniorebis cvlac. magram
miuxedavad Sromis danawilebis ararsebobisa, naSieris dedaze damokidebulebis
xanmokleobisa da mdedrTa arcTu maRali seqsualobis pirobebSic ki cxovelebsa
da frinvelebSi adgili aqvs individebs Soris sakmaod myar da xangrZliv kavSirs,
romelic adamianebis qorwinebas hgavs.
faqtori, romelic xsnis cxovelebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs da
SesaZloa, adamianebis qorwinebis universalobasac, gaxlavT mSobiarobis
Semdgomi periodis moTxovnilebebi. cxovelebis im saxeobebSi, sadac mdedri
Svilis gaCenidan maleve axerxebs sakvebis mopovebas, mdedri da mamri individebis
xangrZlivi megobroba iSviaTia. xolo saxeobebSi, sadac dedas naSieris gaCenidan
garkveuli drois manZilze ar SeuZlia sakvebis mopoveba, rogorc wesi,
stabiluri sqesTaSorisi urTierTobebi aRiniSneba. magaliTad, frinvelebSi
dedisaTvis sakvebis saSovnelad wasvla da bartyebis budeSi marto mitoveba maT
safrTxeSi Cagdebas niSnavs. magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas hyavs megobari mamri,
romelic sakvebs moitans an saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad darCeba budeSi,
mdgomareoba umjobesdeba da bartyebis gadarCenis SesaZleblobac izrdeba. im

6
cxovelebSi, romelTa naSiers dabadebidan ramdenime wuTSi Tavisuflad SeuZlia
dedasTan erTad gadaadgileba (magaliTad, antilopebi da cxenebi) an romlebSic
dedebs Tavad gadahyavT Silebi (magaliTad, kenguru da babuini), ar SeiniSneba
myari urTierTobebi. vfiqrobT, rom adamianebSic swored mSobiarobis Semdgomi
periodis faqtorma iCina Tavi. qals ar SeeZlo bavSvis tareba, radgan sxeulis
balniani safarvelis ZiriTadi nawili dakarguli hqonda da bavSvi mas veRar
moeWideboda. xolo imis gamo, rom adamianebi damokidebuli iyvnen sakvebis
mopovebis xSirad sakmaod saxifaTo meTodebze, dedebs naklebad SeeZloT am
periodSi sakvebis mopoveba.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu davuSvebT, rom qalebs Cvilisa da sakuTari Tavis
gamokvebis problema hqondaT, jer kidev kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, rom is
saukeTeso gamosavalia. Cven vTvliT, rom es asea, radgan sxva SesaZlo variantebi
naklebad efeqturia. magaliTad, Tu deda sxva qalTan SeTanxmdeboda
urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb, vercerTi ver SeZlebda sakmarisi sakvebis mopovebas
TavisTvis, amxanagisTvis da orives SvilebisaTvis. dedas da mamas ki SeuZliaT
gauziaron erTmaneTs mopovebuli produqti da bavSvic gamokvebon. meore SesaZlo
gadawyveta SeiZleba yofiliyo adamianebis jgufi, sadac mamakacebi da qalebi
erTmaneTs daexmarebodnen. magram am SemTxvevaSi dedas, SesaZloa, yovelTvis ver
epovna mamakaci, romelic mis Svils mixedavda im drois ganmavlobaSi, roca
sakvebis mosapoveblad iqneboda wasuli an Tavad moutanda sakvebs deda-Svils.
amrigad, rogorc Cans, swored mSobiarobis Semdgomi periodis faqtori aris is,
rac ganapirobebs cxovelebsa da adamianebSi SedarebiT myari sqesTaSorisi
kavSirebis arsebobas. bevrs SeiZleba saeWvod moeCvenos cxovelebze dakvirvebis
Sedegebis adamianebze ganzogadeba, magram Cven vTvliT, rom am SemTxvevaSi es
swori gadawyvetilebaa.

rogor qorwindebian adamianebi

rodesac vambobT, rom qorwineba socialurad miRebuli da mxardaWerili

sqesobrivi da ekonomikuri kavSiria, vgulisxmobT, rom yvela sazogadoebas
qorwinebis gza aqvs, Tumca es gzebic erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebulia.
mizezebis gamo, romlebic CvenTvis jerjerobiT bolomde naTeli ar aris, zog
kulturaSi qorwineba detalurad daxvewili ritualebiTa da ceremoniebiTa
aRiniSneba, zogSi ki es ambavi bevrad ufro araformalur saxes atarebs.
sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi qorwinebas axlavs garkveuli ekonomikuri
tranzaqciebic, zogjer qorwinebamde, zogjer qorwinebis dros, xolo zogjer _
qorwinebis Semdeg.

niSnoba

7
სურათი 2 ,,me Sen miyvarxar, magram bolomde patiosani rom viyo, Seviyvarebdi neibismier sayvarel
frinvels, romelic gamoCndeboda”.

daniSvnis ceremonia mraval sazogadoebaSi aRiniSneba. Tumca arian

iseTebic, magaliTad, taramiutis tomis inuitebi, trobriandis kunZulelebi da
axalgvineeli kvomas sazogadoeba, romlebic gansxvavebul socialur signalebs
iyeneben imis maniSneblad, rom qorwineba Sedga. inuit taramiutebs Soris daniSvna
Zalian mniSvnelovan ramed iTvleba. amis Sesaxeb momavali col-qmris mSoblebi
Tanxmdebian Svilebis sqesobrivi momwifebis an ufro adreul periodSi. rodesac
axalgazrdebi Sesabamis asaks miaRweven, vaJi YTavisi daniSnulis ojaxSi midis
da gamosacdeli vadiT cxovrobs maTTan. Tu yvelaferi kargad warimarTa anu
gogona daorsulda daaxloebiT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin wyvili
daqorwinebulad iTvleba. amis Semdeg, coli da qmari vaJis banakSi brundebian
sacxovreblad.
trobriandis kunZulebis mcxovreblebi, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
seqsualuri Tavisuflebis Sesabamisad, wyvilis urTierTobasa da qorwinebis
survils erTad cxovrebiT gamoxataven. maT erTad sZinavT, sazogadoebaSi erTad
Cndebian da saerTod did dros uTmoben erTmaneTs. rodesac qali vaJisagan
saCuqris miRebas Tanxmdeba, es misi mSoblebis dasturis niSanic aris. amis Semdeg,
wyvili vaJis saxlSi gadadis, sadac qali sakvebs iRebs da mTeli dRis
განმავლობაში dahyveba qmars. Sedegad vrceldeba xma, rom es ori adamiani col-
qmaria.
axalgvineel kvomas sazogadoebaSi miRebulia qorwinebis sacdeli vada.
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi sacole saqmros saxlSi cxovrobs da am periodSi
sakvebs mxolod TavisTvis amzadebs. saqmro Zveleburad ded-mamisa da naTesavi
qalebis momzadebul sakvebs miirTmevs. da ai, dgeba dRe, rodesac sadedamTilo
daaskvnis, rom es gogona misTvis sasurveli sarZloa da SvilisaTvis ki
sasurveli sacole, ris Semdegac sadedamTilo sarZlos uflebas aZlevs, mis
Svils sadili moumzados. es xdeba maSin, rodesac Svili saxlSi ar imyofeba.
rodesac igi saxlSi brundeba, mas sacolis mier gakeTebul sadils miarTmeven.
Wamis dros deda Svils amcnobs, rom es saWmeli misi colis gakeTebulia. saqmro
gadis ezoSi, ifurTxeba da xmamaRla gamoxatavs ukmayofilebas saWmlis
ugemurobis gamo. amis Semdeg, qal-vaJi daqorwinebulad iTvleba.
im sazogadoebebSi, sadac daniSvna ceremoniebis TanxlebiT xdeba, lxinis
mowyoba am ceremoniebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia xolme. amiT ori ojaxis

8
kavSiri sayovelTaod cxaddeba. cimbirel tungusTa tomebSi qorwilis dRes
xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Semdeg niSnaven. am dRes mTeli sanaTesao ikribeba.
ori ojaxis warmomadgenlebi cal-calke Slian TavianT karavs. mefis mier
patarZlis ojaxisaTvis saCuqrebis gadacemis Semdeg mziTvebiT irems tvirTaven
da saqmros karvisaken miaqvT. aq ceremoniis mTavari nawili iwyeba: patarZali
ikavebs Tavis adgils saqmros marjvniv da masTan erTad Camouvlis stumrebs,
romlebic karavSi did wreze sxedan. esalmebian TiToeul stumars, stumari
patarZals pirze da xelebze kocniT pasuxobs. sabolood, is adamianebi,
romlebic qorwilis dRis daniSvnis molaparakebaSi monawileobdnen, patarZals
samjer afurTxeben xelze, wyvili col-qmrad cxaddeba da lxini grZeldeba.

მraval sazogadoebaSi qorwineba mtrobis ritualur gamoxatvas Seicavs.

amgvari ceremoniis erT-erTi saxea ojaxebs Soris Seuracxmyofeli SeZaxilebis
gacvla. amis magaliTs polineziis kunZul pakapukaze vxvdebiT. amgvari damcinavi
Sairoba bevr sazogadoebaSi xdeba xolme. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mtruli
ganwyoba sruliad gulaxdilad gamoixateba. magaliTad, kenieli gusiiebis tomSi.
`siZis xuTi axalgazrda Tanmxlebi piri midis patarZlis saxlSi mis
wasayvanad. ori maTgani dauyovnebliv poulobs qals da mis gverdiT dgeba
sadarajod. danarCeni sami ki, mSoblebTan molaparakebebs awarmoeben. SeTanxmebis
Semdeg, sacole saxlis boZebs eWideba da uars acxadebs wasvlaze. igi ZaliT
gahyavT saxlidan da mihyavT saqmros saxlSi. gzaze patarZali xmamaRla tiris
da mwuxarebis niSnad TavSi xelebs icems~.
magram brZola amiT ar mTavrdeba. ormxrivi antagonizmi saqorwino
sarecelzec grZeldeba, TviT koitusis drosac ki. nefe valdebulia, Tavisi
mamakacuroba da vaJkacoba gamoavlinos, patarZalma ki misi es Tvisebebi unda
gamoscados. rogorc robert da barbara levinebi aRniSnavdnen, `patarZlisaTvis
umjobesad iTvleba, rac met xans SeunarCunebs vnebas Tavis mamakacs. am
ukanasknels aqvs stimuli. Tu qalma meore dRes siaruli ver SeZlo, mas
`namdvili mamakacis~ saxeli gauvardeba. mtrobis amgvari gamoxatulebebi,
rogorc wesi, im sazogadoebebSi Cndeba, sadac qal-vaJis naTesavebi an potenciuri
mtrebi arian an ukve mtroben erTmaneTs. `mtruli~ soflebis wevrebze
daqorwineba bevr sazogadoebaSia gavrcelebuli.

rogorc es magaliTi miuTiTebs, saqorwino ceremoniebSi xSirad aris

simbolizebuli kulturis mniSvnelovani elementebi. Tu gusiiebis ceremonia or
ojaxs Soris arsebuli mtrobis amsaxveli SeiZleba iyos, sxva sazogadoebaSi
piriqiT, ceremonia, SesaZloa, ojaxebs Soris harmoniis gamomxatveli da
wamaxalisebeli iyos. magaliTad, polineziur kunZul rotumaze saqorwino
ceremoniis mniSvnelovani nawilia qali klounebi. maT ceremoniis gamxiaruleba
da sasiamovno atmosferos Seqmna evalebaT, rac aadvilebs or mxares Soris
urTierTobas.

qorwinebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi

9
 `qali da kaci ki ar qorwindebian, aramed yanebi, venaxebi da pirutyvi~. ai,
ase miwierad gamoxatavdnen germaneli glexebi im faqts, rom mraval
sazogadoebaSi qorwineba mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri Sinaarsis movlenaa. Cvens
sazogadoebaSi amgvari ram SeiZleba gamovlindes an ar gamovlindes. cnobili
kulturebis 75%-Si qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT erTi an ramdenime ekonomikuri
gacvla xdeba, romelic an qorwinebamdea an qorwinebisas an mis Semdeg. es
gacvlebi sxvadasxva formis SeiZleba iyos: sacolis fasi, sacolis samsaxuri,
saCuqrebis gacvla, mziTevi da arapirdapiri mziTevi. kulturaTa Soris am
formebis gavrceleba ixileT meore suraTze.

სურათი 3 qorwinebis ekonomikuri transaqciis formebis gavrceleba amgvari transaqciebis mqone

sazogadoebebs Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom eTnografiul CanawerebSi arian sazogadoebebi (25%), sadac
qorwinebas araviTari ekonomikuri transaqciebi ar ukavSirdeba.

sacolis fasi, anu sacolis qonebaAaris gadasaxadi an saCuqari, romelsac

mamakaci uxdis sacolis ojaxs qalze uflebis mosapoveblad. transaqciis es
forma yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebuli. igi ekonomikuri transaqciebis mqone
sazogadoebebis 44%-Si aris miRebuli. TiTqmis yvela am sazogadoebaSi sacolis
fasi sakmaod mniSvnelovania, magram gansakuTrebiT xSirad afrikisa da okeaneTis
sazogadoebebSi gvxvdeba. gadaxdis sxvadasxva gza SeiZleba iyos. pirutyvi da
sakvebi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia. komerciuli gacvlis mniSvnelobis
zrdasTan erTad, gaizarda fulis rolic. nandis tomSi patarZlis fasi 5-7 suli
pirutyvis, 1- 2 cxvaris an Txis, kauris niJarebisa da erTi Zroxis safasur fulad
Tanxas Seadgens. TviT qalis qalTan qorwinebis SemTxvevaSic ki, qali qmari
valdebulia gadaixados gadasaxadi.
filipinebze mcxovrebi subanunebi sacolis `siZviriT~ gamoirCevian. igi
saqmros ramdenime wlis Semosavals udris, rasac 3-5 wlis manZilze sacolis
samsaxuri (am saxes Semdeg qveTavSi aRvwerT) emateba. saadmiralos kunZulebze
mcxovrebi manus sazogadoebaSi mamakacs ekonomikuri mxardamWeri (rogorc wesi,
ufrosi Zma an biZa) sWirdeba, romelic daexmareba mas valebis gastumrebaSi. es
SeiZleba moxdes qorwilis dResve an wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaiwelos, gaaCnia
fasis raodenobas.

10
 im qveteqstebis miuxedavad, rasac Cveni xedviT SeiZleba atarebdes sacolis
fasi, igi sulac ar ganapirobebs qalis maRal statuss. piriqiT, Cven vnaxavT, rom
es movlena qalis SedarebiT dabal statusTan aris dakavSirebuli. sacolis
fasi, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani iyos qalisa da misi ojaxisaTvis, radgan igi
garkveul SemTxvevaSi dazRvevis rols TamaSobs. Tu qorwineba dairRva da amaSi
qals brali ar miuZRvis, mis ojaxs ufleba aqvs, ar daabrunos miRebuli
safasuri. meore mxriv, qalis mxare SeiZleba miRebuli safasuris gamo zewolis
qveS moeqces da daaZalos qals arasasurvel qmarTan darCena, raTa Tanxis
dabruneba ar mouwios. rac metia sacolis fasi, miT rTulia SemdgomSi daSoreba.
sacolis fasi ufro metad im sazogadoebebSia gavrcelebuli, romlebic
mebaReobas misdeven da socialuri dayofa ar gaaCniaT. sacolis fasi arsebobs
iq, sadac qalis roli meurneobaSi metad mniSvnelovania da igi aqtiurad
minawileobs pirvelad saarsebo saqmianobebSi. miuxedavad amisa, zemoTqmuli ar
niSnavs imas, rom am sazogadoebebSi qals maRali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba
uWiravs. am sazogadoebebSi ojaxSi gadawyvetilebebis umetesobas mamakaci iRebs.
es ki qalebis dabali statusis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani indikatoria.
Semdegi qorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri transaqciebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli forma sacolis samsaxuri gaxlavT. igi aRniSnuli transaqciebis
mqone sazogadoebebis daaxloebiT 19%-Sia gavrcelebuli. sacolis samsaxuri
saqmros mier qalis ojaxisaTvis muSaobas gulisxmobs xandaxan qorwinebamde,
xandaxan qorwinebis dros da xandaxan qorwinebis Semdeg. misi xangrZlivoba
sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos. zog sazogadoebaSi igi ramdenime Tves grZeldeba,
sxvebSi ki ramdenime weliwads. Crdilo aliaskel eskimosebSi qmari colis
ojaxSi qorwinebis dagegmvis Semdeg midis. Tavisi valdebulebebis
Sesasruleblad mas ubralod SeuZlia selapi moklas da igi sacolis ojaxSi
miitanos. qorwineba aRsrulebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos samsaxuris nebismier
momentSi. xandaxan isec xdeba, rom sacolis samsaxuri sacolis fasis
Semamcirebeli faqtoris rolSi gamodis. Crdilo da samxreT amerikel indielTa
mraval sazogadoebaSi, ZiriTadad, swored sacolis samsaxuri iyo gavrcelebuli.
sazogadoebebis daaxloebiT 6%-Si gavrcelebulia ekonomikuri
transaqciis Taviseburi saxe - qalebis gacvla. igi gulisxmobs imas, rom colis
moyvanis SemTxvevaSi mamakaci valdebulia, Tavisi da an naTesavi qali gauSvas im
sazogadoebaSi, saidanac misi meuRle wamovida. amgvar sazogadoebaTa Soris arian
dasavleT afrikaSi tivis, brazialiasa da venesuelaSi ianomamos tomebi. isini
mebaReebi arian, egalitaruli wyobiT cxovroben da qalebi maT pirvelad
saarsebo saqmianobaSi Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asruleben.
sazogadoebebis daaxloebiT 11%-Si gavrcelebulia qorwinebis dros
saCuqrebis gacvla. saCuqrebi Tanabari Rirebulebis unda iyos. magaliTad,
andamanis kunZulebis mcxovreblebs Soris mas Semdeg, rac qal-vaJi daqorwinebis
survils gamoTqvams, maTi ojaxebi wyveten erTmaneTTan urTierTobas da iwyeben
sakvebisa da sxva nivTebis saCuqrad gagzavnas erTmaneTisaTvis mesame piris
meSveobiT. es gacvla grZeldeba manamde, vidre qorwineba aRsrulebulad ar
miiCneva da ori ojaxi naTesauri kavSiriT ar Seikvreba.

11
 mziTvebi es aris garkveuli Rirebulebis qoneba, romelsac patarZals
ojaxi aZlevs. mziTevi sazogadoebebis 8%-Sia gavrcelebuli. aqamde ganxiluli
transaqciebisagan gansxvavebiT, mziTvebi ar icvleba ojaxebs Soris. qalis ojaxi
mziTevs Svils aZlevs da sanacvlod arafers iRebs. es tradicia gavrcelebuli
iyo Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis evropaSi, aq mziTvis RirebulebiT irCevdnen
sasurvel sapatarZlos. es Cveuleba dResac SemorCenilia aRmosavleT evropis
nawilSi, safrangeTisa da italiis samxreTSi, sadac mziTvis rolSi xSirad miwa
gamodis; aseve indoeTis rig mxareebSi.
aseT sazogadoebebSi qalebi iSviaTad monawileobdnen pirvelad saarsebo
saqmianobaSi. aq SeiniSneba socialuri diferenciaciis maRali xarisxi da mamakacs
erTdroulad erTze meti colis yolis ufleba ar aqvs. rogor warmoiSva amgvar
sazogadoebebSi mziTvebis tradicia? erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, mziTvi qalisa da
misi Svilebis samomavlo uzrunvelyofis garantiaa, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu qali
pirvelad saarsebo saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovan rols ar Seasrulebs. meore
Teoriis mixedviT, mziTevi saukeTeso sasiZos mosazidad aris saWiro iseT
monogamiur sazogadoebaSi, sadac socialuri diferenciaciis maRali xarisxia.
iTvleba, rom ukeTesi mziTvis mqone qals ufro maRali statusis mqone mamakacze
daqorwinebis SesaZlebloba aqvs. igulisxmeba, rom mziTvi zrdis qalisa da misi
Svilebis reproduqtiuli warmatebis SesaZleblobebs. orive Teoria
dadasturebulia kroskulturuli kvlevebiT. iTvleba, rom meore Teoria ukeT
xsnis mziTvis warmoSobas. mraval diferencirebul sazogadoebaSi (maT Soris
CvenSic), sadac qalsa da mamakacs erTi meuRle hyavT, es tradicia aRar aris.
ratom xdeba ase, jer kidev gamosakvlevia.
zogierT sazogadoebaSi patarZlis mziTvi siZis ojaxidan modis. saqmros
mama saCuqrebs patarZlis mamas gadascems, es ukanaskneli ki maT Tavis Svils
aZlevs. amas arapirdapiri mziTvi ewodeba. igi saqorwino transaqciebis mqone
sazogadoebaTa daaxloebiT 12%-s axasiaTebs. maT Soris arian iraneli baserebi,
sadac sasiZos mama wyvilisaTvis axal sacxovrebels aSenebs. igi fuls patarZlis
mamas gadascems, es ukanaskneli ki am fuliT, an misi nawiliT mainc, Svilis
sacxovreblisaTvis saWiro WurWlebs, sabnebsa da xaliCebs yidulobs.

anTropologiuri uCveulobebi: mikronezieli iapebi

qorwineba yvelgan erTnairi ar gaxlavT. ori adamians `daqorwinebulad~

sxvadasxva kulturaSi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen. gansxvavebebia TviT kulturebis
SigniTac. rac Seexeba CrdiloeT amerikas, aq qorwinebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba
darwmunebiT iTqvas erTi ram: sazogadoebaSi arsebobs codna imis Sesaxeb, rom
ori adamiani daqorwinebulia. mraval sazogadoebaSi qorwineba yovelgvari
formaluri ceremoniebisa da sxvebis Carevis gareSe xdeba. daaxloebiT iseve,

12
rogorc CvenSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli `Tanacxovrebis~ dros. amis magaliTia
mikroneziaSi mcxovrebi iapebis tomi.
ufrosi asakis iapebi hyvebian, rom maT ramdenime gataceba hqondaT, sanam
iseT qals ipovnidnen, romelic maTTvis sasurveli aRmoCndeboda. rodesac
grZnoba civdeboda, orive axali partnioris Zebnas iwyebda. Zalian sasiamovno
iyo urTierTobis dawyebis procesi, adamianebi 25-30 wlamde naklebad
qorwindebodnen.
qorwineba ori mTavari mizeziT xdeboda: erTad yofnis surviliT
gamowveuli xangrZlivi da mtkice urTierTobebis aucileblobis grZnobiTa da
bavSvis yolis surviliT. rodesac wyvilis urTierToba stabiluri xdeboda,
isini qorwinebaze saubars iwyebdnen. qalebi xSirad ufro winaaRmdegebi iynvnen
qorwiebisa, vidre mamakacebi, radgan colis mZime movaleobebi naklebad
exalisebodaT, Tumca bolos mainc Tanxmdebodnen. mamakacs Tavisi qali saxlSi
mihyavda da mamas ucxadebda, rom maT qorwineba surdaT. mamebi, rogorc wesi,
winaaRmdegobas ar uwevdnen. saqmro da mamamisi midiodnen qalis ojaxSi da
sacolis mamas niJaris fuls sTavazobdnen, raTa misgan qorwinebis nebarTva
mieRoT. qalis mamis mier niJarebis miRebis Semdeg qorwineba aRsrulebulad
iTvleboda da wyvili vaJis saxlSi idebda binas.

ქორწინების შეზღუდვა: ინცესტის ტაბუ

holivuduri filmebSi warmodgenili suraTisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianTa

yoveldRiurobaSi qorwineba mxolod ormxrivi da Tavisufali nebiT gamoxatuli
siyvarulis Sedegi rodia da arc mxolod qonebasa da seqszea dafuZnebuli.
maSinac ki, rodesac siyvaruli, seqsi da ekonomikuri faqtorebi xels uwyobs
qorwinebas, SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes Semaferxebeli faqtorebic. erT-erTi aseTi
faqtori, romelic msoflios yvela kulturaSi gvxvdeba, incestis tabua,
romelic axlo naTesavebs Soris sqesobriv kavSirsa da qorwinebas krZalavs.
incestis tabus universaluri aspeqtebia sqesobrivi urTierTobebisa da
qorwinebis akrZalva mSoblebsa da Svilebs, aseve - da-Zmas Soris. amgvari
kavSirebi, Cveulebriv, arcerT sazogadoebaSi ar aris nebadarTuli. Tumca
cxadia, vicnobT istoriul gamonaklisebsac. magaliTad, incesti nebadarTuli
iyo samefo da aristokratuli ojaxebis wevrebs Soris. xolo mosaxleobis
danarCeni nawils ki ekrZaleboda. magaliTad, inkebisa da havais samefo ojaxebSi
qorwinebebi ojaxis SigniT xdeboda. msoflio istoriaSi incestis erT-erTi
yvelaze ufro cnobili magaliTi egviptis dedofali kleopatra gaxlavT.

13
 naTelia, Tu ratom iyo Zveli egviptis faraonTa ojaxSi nebadarTuli
mamisa da qaliSvilis an da-Zmis qorwineba. kleopatra sxvadasxva dros Tavisi
ori sxvadasxva Zmis coli iyo. mizezi, nawilobriv religiuri da nawilobriv
ekonomikuri gaxldaT. religiuri im mxriv, rom faraoni RmerTad iTvleboda da
Cveulebriv adamianTan daqorwineba misTvis miuRebeli iyo. ekonomikuri ki im
mxriv, rom samefo ojaxis qoneba ojaxis gareT ar gasuliyo. egviptis SemTxvevaSi
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Zv. w. 30 wlidan ax. w. 324 wlamde incesti nebadarTuli
iyo ara mxolod samefo ojaxSi. qorwinebaTa daaxloebiT 8%-s Cveulebriv
xalxSic ki Zmisa da dis qorwineba warmoadgenda.
nebarTva incestze dRes arc erT kulturaSi ar arsebobs. ra aris amis
mizezi da ratom gaxda incestis tabu universaluri faqtori? am movlenis axsnas
ramdenime Teoria cdilobs.

bavSvobis megobrobis Teoria

es Teoria 1920-ian wlebSi eduard vestermarkma gaavrcela. mis mixedviT,

adreuli bavSvobidan erTad gazrdili adamianebi, magaliTad, da-Zmebi, ar arian
erTmaneTiT sqesobrivad dainteresebulni da arc qorwindebian. es Teoria
SemdgomSi uaryves imis gamo, rom kvlevebis Sedegad, zog bavSvSi SeamCnies
sqesobrivi interesi mSoblebis an da-Zmebis mimarT. Tumca, mecnierTa azriT,
vestermarkis Teoria bolomde mcdari ar iyo.
ionina talmonma gamoikvlia sami kibucis (dabis tipis dasaxleba israelSi)
mosaxleobis meore Taoba. kibucebSi bavSvebi mSoblebisagan gancalkevebiT,
Tanatolebis did jgufebSi izrdebian. kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom 125
wyvilidan arcerTi ar iyo iseTi, romelic erTi jgufis wevrebma Seqmnes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi cdilobdnen, maT Svilebs maTive jgufis
wevrebTan hqonodaT urTierToba, erTad gazrdili bavSvebi ara mxolod ar
qorwindebodnen erTmaneTze, maT aranairi sqesobrivi urTierToba ar hqondaT.
talmonma daadgina, rom erTad gazrda da mudmivi siaxlove erTmaneTisadmi
interess aqrobs. erT-erTma axalgazrdam talmons uTxra: `Cven erTmaneTisaTvis
gadaSlili wignebiviT varT. Cven wakiTxuli gvaqvs mTeli wigni da yvelaferi
viciT erTmaneTze~. talmonis mer miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofdnen, rom Tu erTi
tomis axalgazrdebSi ar iyo interesi, samagierod es iyo ucxoTa mimarT, risi
mizezic maTi `idumaleba~ gaxldaT.
artur volfis mier CrdiloeT taivanSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi
adasturebs mosazrebas, rom erTad gazrda adamianebs Soris sqesobrivi interesis
gaqrobas iwvevs. taivanSi jer kidev arsebobs Zveli Cinuri tradicia tung-iang-
hsi anu `bavSvobidan aRzrdili rZali~. rodesac Rarib ojaxSi gogona ibadeba,
mas ori wlis asakSi xSirad yidian an aSvileben megobris an naTesavis ojaxSi,
sadac igi ojaxis vaJis momaval colad moiazreba. gogonas `patara Cits~ eZaxian
da Tavis momaval qmarTan erTad zrdian~.

14
 volfis kvlevam aCvena, rom amgvari dagegmva mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs
iwvevda qorwinebis Semdeg. col-qmars Soris naklebi ltolva da interesi iyo.
Sedegad maT cota Svili uCndebodaT, vidre im wyvilebs, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan moSorebiT gaizardnen. amgvarad dagegmili qorwinebebi SedarebiT
xSirad irRveoda.
amrigad, talmonisa da volfis Sromebma daadastura, rom erTad gazrdil
bavSvebs erTmaneTisadmi sqesobrivi ltolva naklebad hqondaT. es daskvna
damajereblobas matebs vestermarkis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom incestis tabu
axlonaTesauri kavSiris Tavidan acilebis meqanizmi ufroa, vidre akrZalvis.
hilda da seimur parkerebma gamoikvlies fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoebis is
pacienti mamakacebi, romelTac TavianT qaliSvilebTan sqesobrivi kavSiri
hqondaT. aRmoCnda, rom amgvari mamebi TavianTi qaliSvilebis aRzrdaSi
faqtobrivad ar monawileobdnen da iSviaTad xedavdnen maT, radgan drois
ZiriTad nawilis ojaxidan Sors atarebdnen. xolo im mamebs, romlebic
monawileobdnen Svilis aRzrdaSi, maT mimarT sqesobrivi ltolva ar axasiaTebT.
es kvlevac, rogorc vxedavT, eTanxmeba vestermarkis Teorias.
vestermarki msjelobda adreuli bavSvobidan Camoyalibebul
urTierTobebze, romlebic sqesobrivi ltolvis gaqrobas iwveven. sxva mecnierebma
dasves kiTxva, Tu ratom ar zRudavs incestis tabu biZaSvilebis qorwinebas.
Zalian xSirad biZaSvilebi erTmaneTis siaxloves izrdebian da tabu maTzec unda
vrceldebodes, radgan maT erTmaneTisadmi sqesobrivi ltolva ar unda gauCndeT.
magram es ase ar xdeba. biZaSvilebs Soris qorwineba mraval sazogadoebaSia
miRebuli.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu bavSvobis megobroba marTlac iwvevs sqesobrivi
interesis gaqrobas, kiTxva, Tu ratom ikrZaleba is, rac TavisTavad ar moxdeba,
pasuxgaucemeli rCeba. gaurkvevelia agreTve isic, rogor xdeba, rom mravali
wyvili inarCunebs erTmaneTisadmi interess qorwinebis mravali wlis Semdegac.

froidis fsiqoanalizis Teoria

froidi Tvlida, rom incestis tabu aris adamianis fsiqikis reaqcia

miuRebel, qvecnobier survilebze. misi azriT, vaJebi dedisaken iltvian (iseve,
rogorc qalebi mamisaken) da mamisadmi mtrobasa da eWvianobas grZnoben. magram
vaJma icis, rom am grZnobebis ayola ar SeiZleba, radgan amas mamis sapasuxo
reaqcia mohyveba. amitom, es grZnobebi unda daiTrgunos. maTi gandevna
qvecnobierSi xdeba. magram dedis dauflebis survili kvlavac agrZelebs
arsebobas da froidis azriT, incestis SiSi swored miuRebeli qvecnobieri
survilebis winaaRmdeg gamomuSavebuli meqanizmia.
froidis Teoria, SesaZloa, xsnides incestisadmi zizRs, an misi im
nawilisadmi mainc, romelic mSoblebisa da Svilebis urTierTobebs exeba, magram

15
igi ar xsnis dasa da Zmas Soris incestis akrZalvas. am Teorias ewinaaRmdegeba
vestermarikis hipoTezis damadasturebeli kvlevebic.

ojaxis ngrevis Teoria

es Teoria xSirad bronislav malinovskis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli.

igi Semdegnairad SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: ojaxis wevrebs Soris arsebuli
sqesobrivi konkurencia imdenad Zabavda situacias, rom ojaxi ver iarsebebda,
rogorc efeqturi erTeuli. imis gamo, rom ojaxi sazogadoebis simyares
ganapirobebs, sazogadoebam TviTon akrZala ojaxis SigniT daZabulobisa da
mtrobis gamomwvevi mizezi. amrigad, am Teoriis mixedviT, incestis tabu ojaxis
simtkicis mcvelad gamocxadda.
Tumca arsebobs eWvis safuZvelic. sazogadoebas SeeZlo, sxva gzebic
gamoenaxa am SesaZlo daZabulobis aRmosafxvrelad, magaliTad, garkveuli
wesebis SemuSavebiT, romlebic daaregulirebda sqesobriv urTierTobas da
mospobda konkurencias. sakiTxavia isic, Tu ratom unda yofiliyo da-Zmas Soris
kavSiri esoden damangreveli? rogorc viciT, Zvel egvipteSi arsebobda msgavsi
praqtika. da-Zmas Soris incesti ar daarRvevda mSobelebis Zalauflebas, Tuki
Svilebi zrdasrul asakSi erTmaneTze daqorwindebodnen. amrigad, incestis tabus
axsnas verc ojaxis ngrevis Teoria axerxebs.

TanamSromlobis Teoria

es Teoria wamoayena adreuli periodis anTropologma eduard tailorma

da SemdgomSi daamuSaves lesli uaiTma da klod levi strosma. igi emyareba
mosazrebas, rom incestis tabu xels uwyobs sxvadasxva ojaxs Soris qorwinebas,
amiT zrdis TanamSromlobas da saboloo jamSi gadarCenis xarisxs. tailoris
azriT, sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis aucilebeli rigi samuSaoebi mxolod
mravali adamianis TanamSromlobiT SeiZleba Catardes. ojaxebs Soris mtrobisa
da daZabulobis Sesamcireblad adamianebma miiRes incestis akrZalva, raTa
maqsimalurad gaezardaT ojaxebs Soris kavSiri da TanamSromloba. amrigad,
tailori incestis tabus ganixilavda rogorc arCevans `qorwinebasa da sikvdils~
Soris.
es mosazreba erTi SexedviT sakmaod mimzidveli Cans, magram arsebobs Tu
ara mtkicebulebebi mis sasargeblod? gavixsenoT Tundac gusiiebis magaliTi,
sadac mtrulad ganwyobili jgufebis warmomadgenlebi qorwindebian. aumjobesebs
Tu ara qorwineba TanamSromlobis xarisxs ojaxebsa da jgufebs Soris? imis
gamo, rom Tanamedrove adamianebi ojaxs gareT qorwindebian, rTulia imis Tqma,
Tu rogori situacia iqneboda gansxvavebul pirobebSi. samagierod, SegviZlia,

16
gamovikvlioT, Tu ramdenad moqmedebs jgufebs Soris TanamSromlobis xarisxze
maT wevrebs Soris qorwinebebi. am sakiTxis garSemo dagrovili codna cxadyofs,
rom es mosazreba ar dasturdeba. sazogadoebebs Soris maTi wevrebis
qorwinebebis SemTxvevaSi TanamSromloba da ganwyoba didad ar gansxvavdeba im
SemTxvevebisagan, rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi mxolod erTmaneTSi
qorwindebian.
magram maSinac ki, Tu gare qorwinebebi sxva jgufebTan TanamSromlobas
uzrunvelyofdnen, ra saWiro iyo ojaxis SigniT ganxorcielebuli qorwinebebis
akrZalva? ojaxebs SeeZloT, TavianTi wevri ojaxis gareT daeqorwinebinaT, Tuki
es saWiro iqneboda gadarCenisaTvis da Tu amis saWiroeba ar iyo, neba daerToT
incestur qorwinebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom incestis tabus SeuZlia gaaZlieros
kavSirebi ojaxebs Soris, TanamSromlobis saWiroeba bolomde ver xsnis mis
arsebobas. am sakiTxis mogvareba sxvagvaradac iqneboda SesaZlebeli; ufro metic,
es Teoria ar xsnis tabus sqesobriv mxares. sazogadoebebs SeeZloT daeSvaT
incesturi seqsic da ojaxis gare qorwinebebic.

სურათი 4 bavSvebi israelis

kibucidan.

inbridingis Teoria

incestis tabus erT-

erTi uZvelesi axsna
inbridingis Teoria gaxlavT,
romelic yuradRebas
incestis damangrevel genetikur Sedegebze amaxvilebs. erTi ojaxis wevrebi erTi
da imave mavnebeli recesiuli genis matarebelebi arian. rodesac adgili aqvs
inbridings anu axlonaTesaur kavSirs, imis albaToba, rom bavSvi genetikuri
darRvevebis gamo CvilobaSive gardaicvleba, izrdeba. es Teoria didi xnis
manZilze uaryofili iyo, radgan ZaRlebis gadarCevasa da jiSebis gamoyvanis
praqtikaze dayrdnobiT, inbridingi zianis momtani ar iyo. Tumca amisTvis im
argumentis moyvana, rom inbridingiT Cempioni ZaRlebi hyavdaT gamoyvanili,
arasworia. ZaRlebTan momuSaveebi ar iTvaliswinebdnen im lekvebs, romlebsac
isini uvargisebad Tvlidnen da xocavdnen. amJamad ukve sakmao informacia gvaqvs
(rogorc cxovelTa, ise adamianTa Sesaxeb) saimisod, rom vTqvaT, rac ufro
axlonaTesauria kavSiri, miT maRalia saxifaTo genetikuri darRvevebis albaToba
am kavSiris Sedegad dabadebul bavSvebSi.
genetikuri mutaciebi xSirad iCens Tavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi
recesiuli genis matareblebs es geni safrTxes ar uqmnis, Tuki misi partnioric
am genis matarebeli aRmoCnda, maT bavSvs xSirad aqvs genTa saxifaTo an

17
sasikvdilo kombinacia. sisxliT naTesavebi ufro xSirad arian xolme erTi da
imave saxifaTo genis matareblebi, amitom maTi kavSiris Sedegad dabadebuli
bavSvi ufro xSirad iRupeba.
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom incestis Sedegad bavSvebis 40%
seriozuli darRvevebiT daibada maSin, rodesac Cveulebrivi kavSirebis Sedegad
dabadebul bavSvebSi es maCvenebeli 5%-s Seadgenda. sxva naTesavebTan kavSiric
saxifaToa, magram ara imdenad, rogorc ojaxis wevrebs Soris. es mtkicebulebebi
adastureben inbridingis Teoriis samarTlianobas. am Teorias adasturebs is
faqtic, rom biZasa da Zmiswuls an diswuls Soris kavSiris Sedegad dabadebuli
bavSvi orjer ufro didi safrTxis winaSe dgas genetikuri TvalsazrisiT, vidre
biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebis kavSiris Sedegad dabadebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebis umetesoba cnobs inbridingis
damangrevel efeqts, mainc Cndeba kiTxva, icodnen ki Zvelma adamianebma imis
Sesaxeb, rom axlonaTesauri kavSiri saxifaTo iyo? uiliam durhamis
kulturaTaSorisma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom maT es icodnen. eTnografebi
yovelTvis ver axerxebdnen informaciis miRebas, magram durhamis mier Catarebul
gamokiTxvaSi mopasuxeTa 50%-ma STamomavlobaze mavne gavlena axsena.
reimond firti mogviTxrobs wynari okeanis samxreTSi mcxovrebi tikopias
xalxis Sesaxeb:
`iTvleba, rom axlo naTesavebTan kavSiris msurvelebi Tavad iaxloveben
sakuTar daRupvas anu `maras”. `mara~, zogadad, unayofobas gulisxmobs. incesturi
wyvilebis unayofoba uSvilobiT ki ara, Svilebis sisustiTa da sikvdilianobiT
aris gamowveuli. iTvleba, rom axlo naTesavebis qorwinebis Sedegad gaCenili
bavSvi susti iqneba da adre mokvdeba. am azrs myarad aqvs xalxSi fesvi gadgmuli
da misi damadasturebeli sabuTebic moipoveba~.
amrigad, SesaZloa, adamianebma SeniSnes inbridingidan wamosuli safrTxe
da mis sawinaaRmdegod incestis tabu SeimuSaves. magram miuxedavad imisa,
adamianebs gaazrebuli hqondaT Tu ara inbridingis mavnebloba, demografiuli
Sedegebi uzrunvelyofda tabus sayovelTaoobas, radgan reproduqciuli da
Sesabamisad adaptaciuri upiratesoba im jgufebis mxareze iqneboda, romlebic
tabus icavdnen. amrigad, Tu incestis tabu ojaxis simtkicis SenarCunebasa da
TanamSromlobaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs, inbridingis problemis
gadasawyvetad incestis tabu erTaderTi gza aRmoCnda.

visze უნდა davqorwindeT?

albaT, Cveni sazogadoebis yvela bavSvma icis zRapari konkias Sesaxeb,

sadac Raribi gogona xvdeba ufliswuls, maT erTmaneTi uyvardebaT da
qorwindebian. es lamazi zRapari realur cxovrebaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis
amsaxvelad ar gamodgeba. adamianTa sazogadoebaSi incestis tabus garda

18
arsebobs kidev sxva SezRudvebi, rac qorwinebas am zRapariviT iolsa da
Tavisufals ar xdis. sazogadoebebSi arsebobs mkveTrad gamoxatuli tendenciebi
da upiratesobebi, romelTa mixedviTac irCeven saukeTeso partniors.
Cveni sazogadoebis msgavs Tanamedrove urbanizebul sazogadoebaSic ki,
sadac meuRlis arCeva TiTqos Tavisufalia, adamianebi ufro metad sakuTari
klasisa da geografiuli aris SigniT amjobineben daqorwinebas. a.S.S.-Si
dadgenilia, rom adamianebi ufro metad imaTze qorwindebian, vinc SedarebiT
axlos cxovrobs. samezobloSi, rogorc wesi, erTi klasis warmomadgenlebi
cxovroben, ase rom, qowinebaTa umetesoba naklebad hgavs konkias zRapars.

colqmruli urTierTobebi: gansxvavebebi siyvarulSi,

intimurobasa da sqesobriv eWvianobaSi

amerikelebi Tvlian, rom qorwineba siyvarulze unda iyos damyarebuli.

aris Tu ara amgvari ideali yvela sxva sazogadoebaSi? pasuxi cnobilia – ara.
mraval kulturaSi romantikuli siyvaruli ar iTvleba sakmarisad
qorwinebisaTvis da xSirad mas arasasurveladac ki miiCneven. miuxedavad amisa,
siyvaruli yvela sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba gaCndes. axlo warsulis
kulturaTaSorisi kvlevebis Tanaxmad, msoflios sazogadoebebis 88%-Si arsebobs
romantikuli siyvarulis niSnebi pirovnuli mizidulobis gamoxatvis,
sasiyvarulo simRerebisa da grZnobebis folklorSi asaxvis saxiT. eTnografebma
Caiweres mravali monaTxrobi vnebisa da siyvarulis Sesaxeb. amrigad, Tu
siyvaruli TiTqmis universaluri grZnobaa, ratom ugulebelyofen mas xSirad
rogorc qorwinebis safuZvels?
amgvar ugulebelyofas, ZiriTadad, sami piroba warmoSobs. pirveli aris
is, rom col-qmari SeiZleba did ojaxSi cxovrobdes, am situaciaSi ufro
mniSvnelovania, ramdenad egueba axali wevri ucxo ojaxis danarCen wevrebs. xolo
is, Tu ramdenad uyvarT erTmaneTi meuRleebs, meorexarisxovani xdeba. meore
piroba isaa, rom xSirad pirveladi saarsebo saqmianobis ZiriTad nawils erTi
romelime meuRle asrulebs. da mesame romantikuli siyvaruli naklebad
mosalodnelia, rodesac mamakacs qalze meti seqsualuri Tavisufleba aqvs.
zogadad rom vTqvaT, romantikuli siyvaruli ugulebelyofilia uTanasworobis
pirobebSi, rodesac erT-erTi meuRle mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli meoreze,
an rodesac qals mamakacze naklebi seqsualuri uflebebi aqvs.
intimuroba romantikuli siyvarulisgan gansxvavebuli ramaa. is asaxavs, Tu
ramdenad axlos aris daojaxebuli wyvili erTmaneTTan. Wamen Tu ara erTad,
erTad sZinavT Tu ara, Tavisufal dros erTad atareben Tu ara da ramdenad
xSirad aqvT seqsi. zog sazogadoebaSi wyvilebi erTad did dros atareben. sxva
sazogadoebebSi meuRleebi erTad cota xans arian. mompovebel sazogadoebebSi
wyvilebs Soris meti vnebaa, vidre sxva sazogadoebebSi, magram amis mizezi

19
bolomde naTeli ar aris. sazogadoebis militarizaciac xels uSlis wyvilebs
Soris siaxloves.
rodesac saqme sqesobriv eWvianobas exeba, mamakacebi ufro agresiulebi
arian, vidre qalebi. biologiuri orientaciis mqone anTropologebi aRniSnaven,
rom mamebi yovelTvis fiqroben imaze, sad arian maTi Svilebi, am mizezis gamo,
mamakacebi metad cdiloben, konkurentebisagan Tavis dacvas. Cndeba kiTxva: rogor
unda aixsnas eWvianobis sxvadasxva xarisxi, romelic sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSia?
irkveva, rom, rac ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sazogadoebaSi qorwinebas, miT
metad aris sqesobrivi urTierTobebi SemosazRvruli qorwinebiT, metad asaxavs
qonebriv interesebs da mamakacebic metad eWvianebi arian.
ra kavSirSi arian es aspeqtebi erTmaneTTan? axdens Tu ara romantikuli
siyvaruli, rogorc qorwinebis safuZveli, gavlenas eWvianobaze? ganapirobebs Tu
ara romantikuli siyvaruli intimurobas, Tu igi naklebad xSiri kontaqtebis
Tanmxlebi movlenaa? Cven jer kidev Sors varT dazustebuli pasuxebisgan. viciT,
mxolod is, rom siyvaruli da intimuroba ar gamoricxavs ojaxur Zaladobasa
da ojaxur uTanxmoebas.

egzogamia da endogamia

xSirad qorwinebis erT-erT moTxovnad meuRlis naTesauri wris an sazogadoebis

gareT arCeva gvevlineba. amas egzogamiis wesi hqvia. mas mravali forma SeiZleba
hqondes. igi SeiZleba gulisxmobdes an sanaTesaos gareT an soflis an soflebis
jgufis gareT qorwinebas. meuRleebi xSirad erTmaneTisagan sakmaod daSorebuli
adgilebidan arian. magaliTad, indoeTis sofel rani xeraSi sxva 200 soflidan
gamoTxovili 266 qali cxovrobs. es soflebi rani xeras irgvliv 12-24 milis
daSorebiT arian ganlagebuli. xolo am soflidan 220 qali ki irgvliv mdebare
200 sofelSia gaTxovili. egzogamiuri qorwinebebis Sedegad rani xara, romelic
150 ojaxisagan Sedgeba, irgvliv mdebare 400 sofelTan aris dakavSirebuli.
egzogamiuri wesebis momqedebis dros Zaladoba sazianod iTvleba. mikroneziaSi,
iapis kunZulebze, is adamianebi, romlebic qalis xaziT arian dakavSirebulebi,
`erTi muclis xalxad~ iwodebian. uxucesebi amboben, rom Tu erTi sanaTesao
jgufis ori warmomadgeneli daqorwindeba, maT gogoebi ar gauCndebaT da jgufi
amowydeba.
im sazogadoebebSi, sadac mosaxleoba mWidrod ar aris dasaxlebuli,
adamianebs meuRlis sapovnelad xSirad sakmao manZilis gavla uwevT.
mompoveblebisa da mebaReebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom mosaxleobis
simWidrove da col-qmris sazogadoebebs Soris manZili erTmaneTTan aris
dakavSirebuli. rac naklebia mosaxleobis simWidrove, miT metia manZili. imis
gamo, rom mompoveblebi naklebad mWidrod cxovroben, vidre mebaReebi, maT

20
meuRlis mosaZebnad ufro Sors siaruli uwevT. kungebs Soris momavali col-
qmris jgufebi erTmaneTisagan, saSualod, 65 kilometriT arian daSorebulebi.
endogamia ki piriqiT, adamianebs avaldebulebs, rom Tavisi sazogadoebis
an jgufis SigniT ipovon meuRle. endogamiis magaliTebia indoeTis kastebi. maRal
klasebs miaCndaT, rom dabal kastebTan kavSiri maTTvis `wambilwvelia~ da
Sesabamisad akrZaluli iyo. kasturi endogamia aRiniSneba afrikis zog nawilSic.
magaliTad, aRmosavleT afrikaSi mcxovrebi masaebis tomSi meomari mWedlis
qaliSvils colad ar moiyvans. ruandaSi, tutsis mmarTveli kastis
warmoamdgeneli arasodes daqorwindeba tvas monadire kastis warmomadgenelze
daAa. S.

სურათი 5 indoeTis Stat madia pradeSSi zogierT

dagegmil qorwinebaSi nefe-dedofali jer kidev
bavSvebi arian

ramden qorwinebaSi unda iyos

adamiani?

Cven miCveulebi varT, rom erTi mamakaci erT qalTan unda iyos
daqorwinebuli. Cveni sazogadoeba monogamuria. magram mecnierebisTvis cnobili
sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi mamakacebs ufleba aqvT, erTdroulad ramdenime
coli hyavdeT. amas poliginia hqvia. Tumca poliginiuri sazogadoebebis
umetesobaSi mamakacebis didi nawili monogamiur qorwinebaSi imyofeba, radganac
qalebi ubralod ar arian imdeni, rom yvela mamakacs erTze meti coli hyavdes.
poliginiis sawinaaRmdego movlenaa, poliandria. is gulisxmobs, rom qals
SeuZlia erTdroulad erTze meti qmari hyavdes. poliandriuli sazogadoebebi
cotaa. poliginia da poliandria mravlobiTi qorwinebis, anu poligamiis saxeebia.
jgufuri qorwineba, romlis drosac ramdenime mamakaci ramdenime qalzea
daqorwinebuli, iSviaTia da arc erT cnobil sazogadoebaSi ar aris
gavrcelebuli. qorwinebis oTxi SesaZlo saxe naCvenebia meeqvse suraTze.

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 სურათი 6

poliginia

Zvel aRTqmaSi
mravalcolianoba Cveulebrivi
movlenaa. magaliTad, mefeebi
daviTisa da solomonis msgavsad,
Zvel aRTqmaSi aRwerili sazogadoebis, mraval sxva poliginiur sazogadoebaSic,
mravalcolianoba mamakacis simdidrisa da maRali statusis maniSnebelia. amgvar
sazogadoebaSi mxolod zogierTs Tu SeuZlia da moeTxoveba erTze meti colis
uzrunvelyofa. zogierTi muslimuri sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT arabul enaze
molaparakeni, poliginias dResac am damokidebulebiT ganixilaven. magram
mamakacs yovelTvis ar sWirdeba simdidre, rom mravalcoliani iyos. zog
sazogadoebaSi qali mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ekonomikaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi
mamakaci cdilobs, erTze meti coli hyavdes, radgan damatebiTi qorwinebebis
Sedegad, simdidris zrdas elian.
samxreT wynari okeanis regionSi mcxovrebi sivais sazogadoebaSi
pirovnebebis statusi lxinebis mowyobiT ganisazRvreba. mTavari sakvebi Roris
xorcia da Rorebis moSeneba prestiJuli saqmianobaa. es saqme colebis yoliT
dainteresebas ganapirobebs, radgan Rorebis sakvebi mcenareebi qalebs mohyavT.
amrigad, sivais sazogadoebaSi mamakacis statuss ganapirobebs ara colebis
raodenoba, aramed Rorebisa, romelTa raodenoba colebis raodenobazea
damokidebuli.
mravalcoliani sivai mamakacebi didi pativiT sargebloben, magram isini
xSirad Civian, rom ramdenime colis movla rTulia. ai, ras hyveba vinme sinu,
sivais tomis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli:
`mravalcolian ojaxSi simSvide didxans ver iqneba. Tu qmars erTi Rame
erT colTan eZina, meore coli mTeli Semdegi dRis ganmavlobaSi dabRverili
dadis. Tu kaci imdenad sulelia, rom zedized ori Rame gaatara erT colTan,
meore coli mas sakvebs aRar moumzadebs da etyvis: `Seni coli xom isaa, saWmelic
man gaWamos. radgan CemTan dawola ar gekadreba, arc Cemi gakeTebuli saWmeli
iqneba Seni sakadrisi~. xSirad colebi erTmaneTs eCxubebian. biZaCems adre xuTi
coli hyavda da yvelaze axalgazrda gamudmebiT eCxubeboda danarCenebs.
erTxelac man ise Zlierad daartya ufros cols, rom goneba daakargvina. Semdeg
igi gaiqca da misi ZaliT dabruneba mogviwia~.
eWvianoba xSirad SeiniSneba poliginiur sazogadoebebSi, magram ara
yvelaSi. margaret midis TqmiT, axalgvineeli arapeSebis qalebi, romlebic
poliginiur qorwinebaSi imyofebodnen, iseTi mSvidebi da kmayofilebi iyvnen,
TiTqos es ambavi maT srulebiTac ar exebodaT. eWvianobis ararseboba, SesaZloa,

22
sororuli poliginiiT iyos ganpirobebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom mamakacma
colad debi SeirTo. rogorc Cans, erTad aRzrdili debi qorwinebaSic
agrZeleben TanamSromlobas. eWvianobis Semcireba SesaZloa sxva Cveulebebmac
ganapirobos, kerZod ki:
1. colebis cal-calke cxovreba. sororul poliginiaSi colebi, rogorc
wesi, erTad cxovroben. afrikaSi, tongas sazogadoebaSi, sadac arasororuli
poliginiaa gavrcelebuli, qmari Tavis pirad qonebasa da yuradRebas anawilebs
colebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva saxlSi cxovroben, Tanasworobis principis
dacviT. qrous tomis indielebSi sororuli poliginiaa gavrcelebuli da
colebi erTad cxovrobdnen.
2. colebTan mkacrad aris daculi Tanasworoba rogorc sqesobriv, ise
ekonomikur da pirovnul sakiTxebSi. magaliTad, madagaskarel tanalaebs Soris
qmari valdebulia, Tavis yovel colTan TiTo dRiT darCes. am wesis darRveva
col-qmrul Ralatad iTvleba. ukmayofilo qals SeuZlia qmars uCivlos da
anazRaurebis saxiT qmris qonebis mesamedi moiTxovos. colebs Soris aseve
Tanabrad nawildeba miwac da qmari valdebulia, daamuSavos Tavisi colebis
nakveTebi.
3. ufros colebs xSirad gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT.
polineziaSi mcxovreb tongas sazogadoebaSi pirvel cols `mTavari coli~
ewodeba. misi saxli qmris saxlis marjvniv dgas da `mamis saxlad~ iwodeba. sxva
colebs `patara colebi~ hqviaT da maTi saxlebi qmris saxlis marcxnivaa. qmari
rCevas, pirvel rigSi, swored ufros cols ekiTxeba. gamgzavrebis win da
mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg swored masTan erTad sZinavs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am Cvevas TiTqosda umcrosi colebis eWvianoba unda gamoewvia, isini
kmayofilebi arian, radgan maT sxva upiratesoba aqvT: axalgazrdebi da
mimzidvelebi arian. am wesis Sedegad, ufrosi coli, romelmac garegnuli eSxi
dakarga, kompensaciis saxiT prestiJs iRebs.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom miuxedavad eWvianobis sixSirisa, poliginiur
sazogadoebebSi adamianebi Tvlian, rom mravalcolianobas sagrZnobi
upiratesobebi aqvs. filip da jenet kilbraidebis mier keniaSi Catarebulma
kvlevebma aCvena, rom mamakacebic da qalebic, romlebic poliginiur qorwinebaSi
imyofebodnen, ekonomikur da politikur upiratesobebs flobdnen. imis gamo, rom
poliginiuri ojaxebi sakmaod didia, maT samuSao Zalis didi raodenoba aqvT da
SeuZliaT meti saqoneli awarmoon bazrisTvis. am ojaxebs meti gavlena aqvT
sazogadoebebSi da politikaSic monawileben. koni andersonma aRmoaCina, rom
samxreT afrikaSi qalebi poliginiur qorwinebas im mosazrebiT arCevdnen, rom
sxva colebi maT bavSvisa da sacxovreblis movlaSi daexmarebodnen. zogierTi
qalis TqmiT ki, poliginiuri qorwinebis mizezi mamakacebis nakleboba iyo.
riT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi poliginia
daSvebuli da xSirad sasurvelic ki aris? ralf lintonis azriT, poliginiis
mizezi gaxlavT mamakacebis survili, hyavdeT meti qali. magram maSin ratom ar
aris gavrcelebuli igi yvela sazogadoebaSi? sxva axsnebidan gamovyofT im
ramdenimes, romlebic mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeben poliginias.

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 erT-erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, poliginia mSobiarobis Semdgom periodSi
seqsis akrZalvis Sedegia. amgvar sazogadoebebSi wyvilma qalis mSobiarobis
Semdeg garkveuli vadiT (erTi wliT mainc) sqesobrivi kavSirisagan Tavi unda
Seikavos. jon uaiTings miaCnia, rom kavSiris Sewyveta bavSvis janmrTelobaze
zrunviT aris ganpirobebuli. ai, ras gvamcnobs hasas tomis qali:
`qali qmarTan ar unda iwves, sanam bavSvs ZuZus aWmevs. Tu igi ase moiqceva,
bavSvi susti da gamxdari gaizrdeba. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvi ori wlis gaxdeba,
igi ukve moRonierebuli iqneba da col-qmars isev SeuZlia erTad yofnaA. ori
wlis Semdeg bavSvis gaCena sirTules aRar warmoadgens~.
qalebis mier aRwerili simptomebi e.w. kvSaiorkoris avadmyofobis saxeliT
aris cnobili da ZiriTadad tropikul mxareebSi gvxdeba. igi organizmis
cilisgan gamofitvas iwvevs. es avadmyofoba gansakuTrebiT xSirad im bavSvebSi
viTardeba, romlebsac diareac aReniSnebaT. seqsisagan TavSekavebis dros deda
mTel yuradRebas bavSvs uTmobs. bavSvis mier dedis rZiT miRebuli cila
mniSvnelovnad amcirebs kvaSiorkoris simptomebs. rogor moqmedebs sqesobrivi
kavSirisgan Tavis Sekaveba poliginiurobaze, vnaxoT iorubas tomis qalis
monaTxrobidan:
`rodesac Cven mSobiarobis Semdeg qmarTan kavSirze uars vacxadebT, amas
bavSvebis janmrTelobis gamo vakeTebT. amasobaSi ki qmari aucileblad ipovis
sxva qals. sjobs, es qalic ojaxis kontrolqveS iyos, vidre qmari Tavis fuls
ucxosTan xarjavdes~. Tumca poliginia mxolod fexmZimobis dros seqsis
akrZalviT ver aixsneba.
meore axsnis mixedviT, poliginia qalebisa da mamakacebis raodenobaTa
uTanasworo Sefardebis Sedegia. sqesTaSorisi disbalansi, SesaZloa, omebis gamo
gaCndes, radgan omSi swored mamakacebi monawileoben da ufro xSiradac
iRupebian. Tu cnobilia, rom arakomerciul sazogadoebebSi TiTqmis yvela
adamiani daqorwinebulia, poliginia, SesaZloa, qalebis `zedmeti~ nawilisaTvis
meuRlis moZebnis erT-erTi gza iyos. marTlac, cnobilia, rom sazogadoebebi,
sadac mamakacebi cotaa, xSiradac omoben da poligamiiTac xasiaTdebian.
sazogadoebebi, sadac qalebi da mamakacebi Tanabari raodenobiTaa, SedarebiT
naklebs omoben da monogamias misdeven.

poliandria

jorj piter merdokis `msoflios eTnografiul magaliTebSi~ CamoTvlili

kulturebidan poliandria mxolod oTxSi (anu kulturebis raodenobis 1%-ze
naklebSi) aRiniSneba. poliandrias ori saxe aqvs, fraternaluri, romlis drosac
qmrebi erTmaneTis Zmebi arian da arafraternaluri. fraternaluri poliandria
arsebobs tibetSi, indoeTSi mcxovreb todas xalxsa da Sri-lankeli sinhalebis
sazogadoebaSi. tibetelebs Soris, romlebic fraternalur poliandrias

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misdeven, bavSvis biologiuri mSoblis vinaobas aravin adgens. rogorc
mozrdilebi, ise – bavSvebi mamebad yvela qmars, an – ufros Zmas Tvlian.
poliandriis SesaZlo mizezad SeiZleba dasaxeldes qalebis simcire.
todas xalxi mdedrobiTi sqesis axalSobilebs xocavda. sinhalebSic igive adaTi
arsebobda, magram qalebis Semcirebis Semdeg maT am wesze uari Tqves. qalebis
raodenobis simciresa da poliandrias Soris kavSiri gasagebs xdis am
ukanasknelis iSviaTobas: iSviaTia sazogadoebebi, sadac qalebi ufro cotani
arian, vidre kacebi.
meore SesaZlo axsna Zlier SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi poliandriis
adaptaciuroba SeiZleba iyos. melvin goldstinma Seiswavla tibetelebis
sazogadoeba, romelic zRvis donidan 4000 metris simaRleze cxovrobs.
dasamuSavebeli miwis raodenoba aq Zalian mcirea da TiTo ojaxze erT akrze1
naklebi farTobis nakveTi modis. tibetelebis TqmiT, fraternaluri poliandria
maT saSualebas aZlevs, ojaxis miwa da saqoneli ojaxSive darCes. miuxedavad
imisa, rom tibetelebi amaze ar fiqroben, poliandria mosaxleobis zrdasac
amcirebs. mamakacebisa da qalebis raodenoba daaxloebiT Tanabaria, magram am
ukanasknelTa daaxloebiT 30% gaTxovili ar aris. marTalia, maT SeiZleba
hyavdeT Svilebi, magram bevrad naklebi, vidre gaTxovilebs. tibetelebi rom
monogamiurebi yofiliyvnen, Sobadoba ufro maRali iqneboda da SezRuduli
resursebis pirobebSi gamosakvebi pirebis ricxvi moimatebda.

ojaxi

ojaxebi yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. Tumca sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi

ojaxebi sxvadaxvanairia. ojaxi aris sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri erTeuli,
romelic minimum erTi mSoblisa da Svilisagan an col-qmrisagan Sedgeba. ojaxis
wevrebs erTmaneTis mimarT yovelTvis aqvT garkveuli ufleba-movaleobebi,
gansakuTrebiT _ ekonomikuri kuTxiT.
ojaxis wevrebi erT saxlSi cxovroben,
magram saerTo sacxovrebeli
ganmsazRvreli faqtori sulac ar
gaxlavT. magaliTad, Cvens sazogadoebaSi
swavlis periodSi bavSvebma SeiZleba
mSoblebisagan moSorebiTac icxovron.
zogi wevri ki SeiZleba iZulebuli gaxdes,
calke icxovros.

1 აკრი - დაახლოებით, 4000 კვ.მ.

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 ojaxi bavSvisaTvis saswavlo garemoa. ZuZumwovrebis zogierT saxeobas
gaCenisTanave SeuZlia damoukideblad cxovreba, magram ara yvelas. adamianis
naSiers didxans sWirdeba movla. bavSvebs TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT Tandayolili
Cvevebi, rac aucilebelia gadarCenisaTvis. maT es yvelaferi unda iswavlon. is
Cvevebi da qcevebi, romlebic bavSvma unda Seiswavlos, ZiriTadad kulturulia.
ojaxi zrunavs bavSvze da icavs mas, sanam igi im kulturul qcevebs, rwmenasa da
Rirebulebebs aiTvisebs, romlebic aucilebelia misi da misi sazogadoebis
gadarCenisaTvis.

ojaxis saxeebi

anTropologiaSi cnobili sazogadoebebis naxevarze metSi ojaxis

gabatonebuli forma gafarToebuli (didi) ojaxia. is SeiZleba moicavdes or, an
met monogamiur, an poligamiur ojaxs, romlebic sisxliT naTesaobiT arian
dakavSirebulni. gafarToebuli ojaxi Sedgeba mSoblebisa da maTi daojaxebuli
Svilebisagan, romlebic erT WerqveS cxovroben. birTvuli ojaxebi mSoblebisa
da Svilebs Soris kavSiriT aris Sekruli. Tumca gafarToebuli ojaxi zogjer
da-Zmebs Soris kavSiriTac myardeba. amgvari ojaxi SeiZleba Sedgebodes ori
Zmisagan, romlebsac TavianTi ojaxebi hyavT. gafarToebuli ojaxi SeiZleba
Zalian didi iyos da sami-oTxi Taobis naTesavebisgan Sedgebodes.

gafarToebuli (didi) ojaxebis sacxovrebeli

amgvari ojaxebisagan Semdgar sazogadoebaSi qorwineba ar iwvevs

mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs cxovrebis wesSi. ise, rogorc CvenTan, sadac wyvili
calke gadadis sacxovreblad da faqtobrivad axal ojaxs qmnis. did ojaxebSi
axlad daqorwinebulebi ukve arsebul ojaxur erTeulSi Sedian. margaret midi
Semdegnairad aRwers samoaze arsebul situacias:
`qorwinebis Semdeg axali sacxovreblis aSeneba aucilebeli sulac ar
aris. icvleba ojaxebs Soris damokidebuleba da coli sacxovreblad qmris
saxlSi gadadis, esaa da es. axali wyvili imave saxlSi agrZelebs cxovrebas,
ubralod bambukis sarebs, koRoebis badesa da loginisaTvis saWiro masalebs
iReben. coli saxlis sxva qalebTan erTad muSaobs da sxvebTan erTad elodeba
kacebis mosvlas. qmari ojaxis sxva mamakacebTan erTad Sromobs. am wyvils aravin
aRiqvams calke ojaxad”.
samoaze, iseve rogorc gafarToebuli ojaxis mqone sxva sazogadoebebSi,
wyvili nakleb gavlenas flobs saojaxo meurneobis marTvaze. xSirad es saqme
ufros mamakacs akisria. axal ojaxs arc sakuTari qonebis Segroveba da
damoukideblobis mopoveba SeuZlia, igi didi korporatiuli struqturis
nawilia.

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 `ase midis axalgazrda xalxis cxovreba. bolos da bolos, rodesac
ufrosebi gardaicvlebian, saxlis patronebi es col-qmari gaxdeba da axla isini
iqnebian ufrosebi. Semdeg maTi Svili moiyvans cols, icxovrebs maTTan erTad,
imuSavebs maTi erTiani ojaxis sakeTildReod da maT sikvdils daelodeba, raTa
Tavad aiRos xelSi marTvis sadaveebi”.
didi ojaxi birTvul ojaxze ufro myaria. damoukidebeli birTvuli
ojaxisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic iSleba ufrosi wevrebis (mSoblebis)
sikvdilTan erTad, didi ojaxi mudmivad imatebs umcros wevrebs, romlebic
ufrosebis sikvdilis Semdgom Tavad xdebian ufrosebi.

didi ojaxis arsebobis SesaZlo mizezebi

didi ojaxebi ZiriTadad arseboben iseT sazogadoebebSi, sadac

ganviTarebulia dafuZnebuli miwaTmoqmeduri ekonomika. amrigad, ganmapirobebeli
roli SeiZleba ekonomikur faqtorebs eniWebodeT. m. f. nimkofma da rasel
midltonma wamoayenes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba waaxalisos
miwaTmoqmedebam didi ojaxis Seqmna da arseboba. ojaxis qoneba anu miwa ar unda
danawildes, radgan es zaralis momtani iqneba ojaxis wevrebisaTvis. sapirispiro
mdgomareobaa monadire-Semgroveblebis mobilur sazogadoebebSi. maTTvis
gafarToebuli ojaxis Seqmna mosaxerxebeli ar aris; piriqiT, umjobesia, rom
sazogadoeba birTvul ojaxebad iyos dayofili, raTa ukeT SeZlon gadaadgileba.
Tumca miwaTmoqmedeba gafarToebuli ojaxis arsebobis yvela SemTxvevas
ar xsnis, vinaidan mraval miwaTmoqmed sazogadoebaSi amgvari ojaxebi ar
SeiniSneba. samagierod, maTi naxva SeiZleba aramiwaTmoqmed sazogadoebebSi.
amitom gaCnda meore Teoria, romelsac `SeuTavsebel sazogadoebaTa Teoria~
hqvia. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, didi ojaxebi warmoiqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
sazogadoebaSi SeuTavsebeli saqmianobebi arseboben. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
rodesac dedas ar SeuZlia saxlis mixedva, radgan yanaSi aqvs samuSao an rodesac
mama salaSqrod, savaWrod aris wasuli da ojaxi umamakacod rCeba.
kroskulturuli kvlevebi cxadyofen, rom swored amgvari sazogadoebebi
xasiaTdebian gafarToebuli ojaxebis arsebobiT. zogi maTgani miwaTmoqmedia,
zogi ki _ ara. komerciul sazogadoebaSi, romelsac SeuTavsebeli saqmianobebi
axasiaTebs, didi ojaxi SeiZleba arc ki arsebobdes. am SemTxvevaSi, ojaxs
SeuZlia SeiZinos momsaxureba, romelic gadaWris mis problemebs.
Tumca momsaxurebis SeZena yvelas ar SeuZlia. komerciul sazogadoebebSic
bevri dgeba ojaxis gafarToebis aucileblobis winaSe, miT umetes, Tu ekonomika
rTul periods gadis. rogorc erT-erTma popularulma Jurnalma aRniSna:

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 `ra unda mosvloda amerikul ojaxs, myudro saxlSi mcxovreb mamas, dedas,
or Svilsa da sulel ZaRls? ra da _ ekonomikuri wnexi: samuSaodan
gaTavisuflebebi, axalgazrda xalxisaTvis naklebi samuSao, meti momuSave deda,
sacxovreblis nakleboba da cxovrebis fasis zrda. am faqtorebma, daSorebaTa
ricxvis zrdasTan da qorwinebis dagvianebis tendenciasTan erTad, aTasobiT
amerikeli aiZula, mravalTaobian ojaxebSi ecxovra.

Sejameba

1. amJamad cnobil yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs qorwinebis Cveuleba.

qorwineba aris sazogadoebrivad miRebuli sqesobrivi da ekonomikuri
kavSiri qalsa da mamakacs Soris, moicavs ormxriv ufleba-movaleobebs
meuRlebsa da maT Svilebs Soris.
2. qorwinebis gamocxadeba sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxvanairad xdeba.
zogan es rTuli ceremoniaa, zogan ki ceremonia saerTod ar arsebobs.
variaciebi SeiZleba moicavdes bavSvebis daniSvnas, sacdel saqorwino
periods, lxinis mowyobasa da bavSvis dabadebas.
3. saqorwino SeTanxmebebi SeiZleba ekonomikur elementebsac Seicavdnen.
amgvari SeTanxmebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe aris sacolis fasi _
saqmros mier sacolis ojaxisaTvis gadaxdili fuli an saqoneli. sacolis
samsaxurSi igulisxmeba saqmros mier sacolis ojaxisaTvis garkveuli
periodis manZilze gaweuli samsaxuri. zog sazogadoebaSi, sacolis
sanacvlod, ojaxs qals saqmros ojaxidan aZlevdnen. sxva sazogadoebebSi
ojaxebi erTmaneTs saCuqrebs uZRvnian. mziTvi aris sacolis ojaxis mier
gaRebuli Tanxa an saqoneli. arsebobs arapirdapiri mziTvic, romelic
saqmros ojaxis mier gadaecema sacoles, Cveulebriv sacolis mamis xeliT.
4. arc erT sazogadoebaSi ar aris miRebuli sqesobrivi kavSiri an qorwineba
da-Zmas, dedasa da vaJs, mamasa da qaliSvils Soris.
5. yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs wesebi, romlebic karnaxoben adamians, Tu
visze ar SeuZliaT daqorwineba, visze SeuZliaT da xandaxan, Tu visze unda
daqorwindnen. zog sazogadoebaSi saqorwino SeTanxmebas wyvilis
naTesavebi deben. bevrgan Tvlian, rom ori ojaxis gaerTianeba metad
mniSvnelovani ram aris imisTvis, rom igi romantikul siyvaruls miandon.
zog sazogadoebaSi arsebobs egzogamiis wesi, rac sazogadoebis gareT
daqorwinebas uSvebs. zogan ki arasebobs endogamiis wesi, romelic
sazogadoebis SigniT daqorwinebas moiTxovs.
6. Cven qorwinebas erTi mamakacisa da erTi qalis kavSirad miviCnevT. amas
monogamia hqvia, magram sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi nebadarTulia mamakacis
mier ramdenime colis yola (poliginia). poliandria ewodeba qorwinebas,
romlis drosac erT qalze ori an meti mamakacia daqorwinebuli. es
sakmaod iSviaTi movlenaa.
7. sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi ojaxis gabatonebuli saxea gafarToebuli
ojaxi. igi Sedgeba ori an meti erTmSobliani, monogamuri, poliginiuri an

28
poliandriuli ojaxisagan, romlebsac erTmaneTTan sisxliT naTesaoba
akavSirebT.

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