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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

Grammar
CONJUNCTION
(LIÊN TỪ)
A. LÝ THUYẾT.
Liên từ là từ vự ng sử dụ ng để liên kết 2 từ , cụ m từ , mệnh đề hoặ c câ u lạ i vớ i nhau. Trong
tiếng Anh có 3 loạ i liên từ : Coordinating Conjunctions (liên từ kết hợ p), Correlative
Conjunctions (liên từ tư
ơng quan) và Subording Conjunctions (liên từ phụ thuộ c).
I. LIÊN TỪ KẾT HỢP
Liên từ kết hợ p đượ c dù ng để nố i nhữ ng cá c từ , cụ m từ , nhó m từ cù ng
loạ i hoặ c nhữ ng mệnh đề cù ng chứ c nă ng: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
for Đưa ra lí do (đứ ng ở giữ a câ u): vì, I do moring exercise
bởi vì, tại vì every day, for I want
to keep fit.
STUDY TIP and Thêm, bổ sung thô ng tin: và, với I do moring exercise
every day, for I want
* Mẹo giú p nhớ cá c liên từ
to keep fit.
kết hợ p: FANBOYS (F –
nor Bổ sung mộ t ý phủ định và o ý phủ I don’t like listening
for, A – add, N – nor, B –
định đã đượ c nêu trướ c đó : cũng to music nor playing
but, O – or, Y – yet, S – so)
không sports.
* Khi dù ng liên từ kết hợ p but Diễn tả sự đố i lậ p, ngượ c nghĩa: He works quickly bt
để nố i hai mệnh đề, chú ng nhưng, nhưng mà accurately.
ta thêm dấ u phẩ y sau or Nêu thêm lự a chọ n khá c: hoặc You can play games
mệnh đề thứ nhấ t trướ c (là), hay (là) or watch TV.
liên từ yet Đưa ra mộ t ý ngượ c lạ i so vớ i ý I took a book with
trướ c đó : vậy mà, thế mà me on my holiday,
Ex: Tom wants to study at
yet I didn’t read a
Oxford, but he has had
single page.
trouble meeting the
so Nêu kết quả , ả nh hưở ng củ a hà nh It was raining, so we
academic requirements.
độ ng, sự việc đã đượ c nhắ c đến: did not go out.
vì vậy

II. LIÊN TỪ TƯƠNG QUAN


Liên từ tương quan thườ ng đượ c sử dụ ng theo cặ p đẻ lien kết cá c cụ m
từ hoặ c mệnh đề có chứ c nă ng tương đương nhau về mặ t ngữ phá p.
Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
either … Chỉ sự lự a chọ n: (hoặc) … I want either the pizza or

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

or hoặc … the sandwich.


neither … Chỉ sự phủ định kép: không I want neither the pizza
nor …(cũng) không… nor the sandwich.
both … Chỉ sự lự a chọ n kép: cả … và - He was both tired
and …; cả … lẫn …, vừa … vừa … and hungry.
STUDY TIP - She speaks both
French and English.
Vớ i cấ u trú c neither … not only Diễn tả lự a chọ n kép: không I’ll eat them both: not
nor, either … or, not only … but những … mà còn only the pizza but also
… but also độ ng từ chua also the sandwich.
theo chủ ngữ gầ n nhấ t. rather Diễn tả lự a chọ n: hơn là I’ll have a cold drink
Vớ i cấ u trú c vớ i both … than rather than coffee.
and độ ng từ chia ở dạ ng whether Diễn tả sự thay thế: hay (là) I asked him whether he
số nhiều. … or had done the work or he
Ex: - Neither my mother had got help
nor I am going to attend as … as So sá nh ngang bằ ng: bằng, Bowling isn’t as fun as
his party. như (là), đúng như skeet shooting.
so … as So sá nh khô ng ngang bằ ng: Mark is not so tall as his
- Both my mother and không … bằng, không … như brother.
I are going to attend his (là)
party. - barely … Diễn tả quan hệ thờ i gian: He had barely come
when ngay khi … (thì) …, ngay lúc when he decided to
- hardly … … (thì) …, vừa mới … (thì) … leave.
when
- scarcely
… when
- no
sooner ...
than
- such … Diễn tả mố i quan hệ nhâ n - - She was so angry
that quả : … đến mức…, …đến that she couldn’t
- so … nỗi… speak.
that - It was such a difficult
exercise that no one
could solve it.

III. LIÊN TỪ PHỤ THUỘC


Liên từ phụ thuộ c đượ c dù ng để nố i kết cá c nhó m từ , cụ m tù hoặ c
mệnh đề có chứ c nă ng khá c nhau – nố i mệnh đề phụ vớ i mệnh đề
chính trong câ u.
1. Chỉ thời gian
Liên Cách dùng Ví dụ
từ

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

after Diễn tả mộ t hà nh độ ng After the train left, we went


xả y ra sau mộ t hà nh độ ng home.
khá c: sau khi
as Diễn tả hai hà nh độ ng - I saw him hand In hand
cù ng xả y ra: (trong) khi with a beautiful girl as I
was walking downtown.
- We watched as the plane
took off.
as Chỉ mộ t hà nh độ ng xả y ra As soon as the teacher
soon liền ngay sau mộ t hà nh arrived, they started their
as độ ng khá c: ngay khi (mà) lesson.
before Diễn tả thờ i gian, mộ t Come and vist me before you
hà nh độ ng xả y ra trướ c leave.
mộ t hà nh độ ng khá c:
trước khi
just as Diễn tả hai hà nh độ ng gầ n The clock struck six just as I
như xả y ra cù ng thờ i arrived.
điểm: vừa lúc, (ngay) khi
once Nó i về mộ t thờ i điểm mà - Once you learn the basic
ở đó mộ t hà nh độ ng đã rules, it’s easy to play.
xả y ra hoặ c sẽ xả y ra: một - Once you’ve tried it, you
khi can’t stop.
since Diễn tả mố i liên hệ thờ i I have been here since the
gian giữ a hiện tạ i và quá sun rose.
khứ : từ (khi)
until/ Chiir hà nh độ ng (khô ng) - We stayed up talking till
till xả y ra cho đến thờ i điểm the sun came up.
ở quá khứ , tương lai: cho - I won’t stop shouting until
đến khi you let me go.
when Liên kết hai hà nh độ ng có - When she cries, I just
mố i quan hệ về thờ i gian: can’t think.
khi - I was reading a book
when he came in.
while Chỉ cá c hà nh độ ng diễn ra - I was washing the dishes
cù ng mộ t lú c: trong khi while my sister waas
leaning the floor.
- While it was snowing, we
played cards.
2. Chỉ lí do
Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
as/ since Khi ngườ i nghe, ngườ i đọ c - As he is my friend, I
đã biết lí do củ a sự việc will help him.
(thườ ng ở đầ u câ u): bởi vì - Since you are here, you
can help me.

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

because Diễn tả mố i quan hệ Because we arrived too


nguyên nhâ n, kết quả : bởi early, we had to wait.

in that Giả i thích và giớ i hạ n lý do: He was nice in that he
vì (là), lý do là helped me with the
report.
now that Diễn tả mố i quan hệ nhâ n Baby, now that I’ve found
quả theo thờ i gian: vì (giờ you, I won’t let you go.
đây, bây giờ)
seeing Đưa ra nguyên nhâ n củ a Seeing that he is ill, he is
that mộ t sự việc: vì, vì vậy unlikely to come.
so Nêu ra kết quả cả u mộ t I hadn’t done my
hà nh độ ng (trong cá c tình homework, so I didn’t
huố ng thâ n mậ t): vì thế, understand the lesson.
(cho) nên
- Nêu kết quả củ a mộ t hà nh I hadn’t done my
therefore độ ng. homework. Therefore, I
- thus didn’t understand the
lesson.

3. Chỉ mục đích


Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
- so that Nêu mụ c đích hoặ c kết quả củ a We left early so that
- in order hà nh độ ng có dự tính: để we wouldn’t be
that caught in the traffic
jam.
so Nêu mụ c đích (trong cá c tình I am saving money so
huố ng thâ n mậ t): để I can buy a bicycle.
for fear Chỉ mụ c đích phủ định: e rằ ng, We spoke in
that sợ rằ ng whispers for fear that
we might wake the
baby.
lest Nêu mụ c đích phủ định, theo He ran away lest he
sau nó là trợ độ ng từ “should”: should be seen.
vì sợ rằng

4. Chỉ sự tương phản


Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
- Biểu thị hai hà nh độ ng trá i Although she was
although ngượ c nhau: mặc dù tired, she couldn’t
- though sleep.
- even

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

though
as Nêu ra sự trá i ngượ c: vậy mà, Talented as he is, he is
mặc dù not yet ready to turn
professional.
however Diễn tả hai ý đố i lậ p nhau - I don’t like him.
trong mộ t câ u. However, I agree
that he’s a goood
manager.
- It’s a bit late;
however, I’d like to
go out.
- He told the truth.
The police,
however, didn’t
believe him.
- He told the truth.
The police did not
believe him,
however.
- while Nó i sự ngượ c nghĩa giữ a hai - The rich may be
- whereas mệnh đề: trong khi lonely while the
poor can be happy.
- He is rich, whereas
his friend is poor.
while Biểu thị hai hà nh độ ng trá i While I am not an
ngượ c nhau về mặ t logic: mặc expert, I will do my
dù best.

5. Chỉ điều kiện


Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
- as long as Diễn tả điều kiện: với điều As long as we
- so long as kiện là, miễn là cooperate, we can
finish the work
easily.
even if Diễn tả mộ t sự việc có khả - Even if the sky is
nă ng xả y ra (nhấ n mạ nh hơn falling down,
“it”): kể cả khi you’ll be my only.
- We’ll have a
great time even if
it rains.
if Nêu lên mộ t giả thiết về mộ t If she is here, we will
sự việc có thể (khô ng) xả y tell the truth.
ra: nếu
inless Dù ng để thay thế cho “If… Unless he helps us,

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

not” trong mệnh đề phụ : trừ we cannot succeed.


khi, nếu không
- providing Dù ng vớ i thì hiện tạ i để diễn Providing you are
(that) tả ý tương lai: miễn là, với carefull, all will be
- provided điều kiện là well.
(that)
- or else Thay thế cho “If…not”. Tuy - Please be carful,
- otherwise vậ y nó lạ i đứ ng trướ c mệnh or else you may
đề chính: nếu không thì have an accident.
- He got a good
salary; otherwise
he wouldn’t
work longer.
in the event Diễn tả giả định về mộ t hà nh Sue will inherit the
that độ ng có thể xả y ra trong money in the event
tương lai: trong trường hợp, that her parents die.
phòng khi
(just) in case Diễn tả giả định về mộ t hà nh In case it rains, take
độ ng có thể xả y ra trong an umbrella.
tương lai: trong trường hợp,
phòng khi, nếu như, nhớ ra
- suppose Dù ng để thay thế cho “If” Supposing it rains,
- supposing trong mệnh đề phụ : giả sử what will you do?
(that)

6. Chỉ cách thức


Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
as Đứ ng trướ c mộ t mệnh đề để - Do this as I do.
diễn tả hà nh độ ng xả y ra theo - Why didn’t you
mộ t cá ch nà o đó : như (là) take the bus as I
told you.
- as if Đứ ng trướ c mộ t mệnh đề chỉ: - She talks as if she
- as - 1 điều có thậ t, có thể xả y ra knows
though trong hiện tạ i hoặ c tương everything.
lai: - It looks as though
S + V + as if/ as though there will be a
+ S + V(s/es)/ will + V storm.
- He looks as if he
knew the
- 1 điều khô ng có thậ t hoặ c answers.
trá i vớ i thự c tế: - She felt as if all
S + V + as if/ as though her worries had
+ S + PPI/were. gone.

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

- 1 điều trá i thự c tế trong


quá khứ :
S + PPI + as if/ as
though + S + had + PII

7. Chỉ sự so sánh
Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
as Diễn tả sự so sá nh: He looks as ill as he sounded on
như (là), đúng như the phone.
than Diễn tả sự so sá nh - He is taller than you are.
hơn và kém: hơn - I received less money than
the others did.

IV. TRẠNG TỪ LIÊN KẾT


Trạng từ Ý nghĩa Ví dụ
as a result Do đó, do Bill had not been working very hard
vậy, vì thế during the course. As a result, he
STUDY TIP (mà) failed the exams.
besides Ngoài ra We aren’t friends. Besides, I don’t
Thườ ng có dấ u chấ m hoặ c
feel it’s my place to set him straight.
dấ u phẩ y đứ ng trướ c và
consequently Do đó, do Marion needed to be home early.
dấ u phẩ y đứ ng sau trạ ng từ
vậy Consequently, she left work at 3 p.m.
nố i. finally Cuối cùng Finally I would like to say how
thankful I am for your help.
- for example Ví dụ (như), There are many interesting places to
- for instance chẳng hạn visit in the city, for example, the
(như) botanical garden or the art museum.
furthermore Hơn nữa He is old and unpopular.
Furthermore, he has only two years
of political life.
hence Vì vậy, do He defeated the champion, hence he
vậy is awarded the cup.
however Tuy nhiên We wanted to arrive on time;
however, we were delayed by traffic.
in addition Bên cạnh, In addtion, I would like to point out
ngoài ra that my neighbor is disturbing me
late at night.
indeed Thực sự, I don’t mind. Indeed, I am delighted
quả thật to help.
in fact Thật ra, It may sound easy, but in fact it’s
thực tế là very complicated.
instead Thay vì, David didn’t go to Paris. Instead, he

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

thay vào đó went to New York.


meanwhile Trong khi Amy practiced the piano; meanwhile,
(đó) her brother practiced the violin.
moreover Hơn nữa This bike is very beautiful; moreover,
(nêu thêm it wasn’t expensive.
thông tin)
on the Trái lại It doesn’t seem ugly to me; on the
contrary contrary, I think it’s beautiful.
on the other Mặt khác She says she feels fine, in the other
hand hand, her face is pale and she doesn’t
look healthy.
nevertheless Tuy nhiên I had been living in the village for
years.
Nevertheless, the villages still
considered me a stranger.
otherwise Nếu không You must do your homework;
otherwise, you might get a bad
grade.
still Mặc dù, You aren’t rich; still, you could do
thậm chí, something to help him.
tuy nhiên
therefore Vì vậy I was nervous; therefore, I could not
do my best.
thus Do đó, vì He passed the exam woth honours.
vậy Thus, he was given a reward.

 EXERCISES

B. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG.


I. Câu hỏi tinh túy (từ các đề thi của Bộ GD – ĐT).
1. My brother tried to learn Japanese at a 3. The price fruit has increase recnetly, the
night school, ____ he gave up after 2 price of vegetables has gone down.
months. A. whereas
A. but B. until B. whether
C. when D. therefore C. when
2. John Kennedy was elected president, he D. otherwise
was the youngest American President 4. I hadn’t realize she was English _____ she
ever. spoke.
A. While A. unitil
B. Before B. when
C. When C. only after
D. As long as D. in case

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

5. The robbers attacked the owner of the C. It is Crazianan, a big country that has
house_____. never received respect from its
A. so that they would appear with the neighbours.
expensive painting D. Though Crazianan is a big country, it
B. and disappeared with the expensive has never received respect from its
painting neighbours.
C. but they appeared with the expensive 9. Mike joined the ranks of the unemployed
painting because he graduated with a goood
D. so they disappeared with the degree.
expensive painting A. Mike graduated with a goood degree.
6. some English words have the same However, he joined the ranks of the
pronounciation _____. unemployed.
A. or they spell differently B. If Mike graduated with a goood
B. unless spelled differently degree. However, he would joined the
C. though they are spelled differently ranks of the unemployed.
D. because of their difference in spelling C. Although Mike graduated with a
7. He has been to the school library many goood degree, he joined the ranks of
times ____. the unemployed.
A. if the semester has started D. That Mike graduated with a goood
B. while the semester is starting degree, he joined the ranks of the
C. since the semester started unemployed.
D. after the semester starts 10. Weathy as they were, they were far from
8. Crazianan is a big country. Unfortunately, happy.
it has never received respect from its A. They were as wealthy as they were
neighbours. happy.
A. Crazianan has never received respect B. They were not happy as thay were
from its neighbours because it is a big wealthy.
city. C. Even if they were wealthy, they were
B. Crazianan is such a big country that it not unhappy.
has never received respect from its D. Although they were wealthy, they
neighbours. were not happy.
II. Bài tập.
Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.
EXERCISE 1.
1. It was a terrible journey. _____, we got C. so that D. even if
there safety in the end. 3. _____ I get your call, I’ll leave.
A. Still B. But A. By the time
C. Although D. In that B. As soon as
2. She turned off the record player _____ she C. While
could concentrate in her study. D. Until
A. In case B. but

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

4. Cable TV revolutionized communications; A. and B. but C. or D. so


_____, the very existence of that service is 3. Bob is very tall ____ Bill is very short.
now threatened by satelites M. as long as
A. consequently B. nevertheless N. so that
C. moreover D. for example O. whereas
5. _____ the country joined the WTO, it has P. as if
made big economic achievements 4. Jane is beautiful and intelligent; ____
A. After B. Since she’s very kind.
C. When D. As soon as A. moreover
6. Study harder _____ the exam. B. however
E. if you will pass C. for
F. and you pass D. on the other hand
G. unless you pass 5. Susie ____ phoned ____ wrote afete she
H. or you won’t pass left home.
7. He never works, _____ he gains all the Q. either - nor
prizes. R. neither - nor
A. furthermore B. and S. while - and
C. because D. but T. or - and
8. You can come here either on Monday 6. She had an unpleasant experience _____
_____ on Friday. she was in Thailand.
A. or B. nor C. both A. but B. and
D. and C. so D. while
9. We have bought extra food ______ our 7. You can come to the meeting _____ you
friends stay to dinner. don’t say anything.
10. Everyone thought she would accept the U. in case
offer. _____, she turned it down. V. as long as
A. However B. Moreover W. while
C. So D. Too X. until
8. She could not find the book she wanted
____ she borrowed a magazine instead.
A. so B. and
C. but D. as
EXERCISE 2. 9. I’m not leaving _____ I get an apology
1. He had to act immediately; _____ he from you.
would have been too late. A. so that B. while
I. consequently C. until D. as if
J. nevertheless 10. People can use differenr forms of
K. still communication; _____ verbal and non-
L. otherwise verbal forms.
2. They said both he _____ I were to come. A. in fact B. in addition
C. rather than D. for example
EXERCISE 3: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction
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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

1. They had a discussion about training not only the new employees but also giving tham some
challenges.
2. All root vegetables grow underground, and not all vegetables that grow underground are
roots.
3. Whether you win this race and lose it doesn’t matter as long as you do your best.
4. He talked as if he did all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.
5. I do think I will do a course in applied linguistics than lexicology.
6. Tom’s very good at science when his brother is absolutely hopeless.
7. I’m not inviting Tim. I don’t like him. Beside, he didn’t invite me to his party.
8. My parents always say to us “When in Rome do like the Roman do”.
9. A strike by air traffic controllers has begun. However, many flights have been cancelled.
10. John plays baseketball well, and his favorite sport is badminton.
EXERCISE 4: Choose the correct sentence among A, B, V or D that has the same meaning as
the given one.
2. Sam speaks Chinese well and his Japanese is good, too.
A. Sam is good at either Chinese orr Japanese.
B. Not only Chinese but also Japanese Sam is good at.
C. Not only does Sam speak Chinese but also Japanese.
D. Sam not only speaks Chinese well but also is good at Japanese.
3. You may get cold on the way, so take the coat.
A. To take the coat you will get cold on the way.
B. In case you get cold on the way, you should take the coat.
C. If you didn’t take a coat, you’d get cold on the way.
D. Only if you get cold can you take the coat.
4. Though he tried hard, he didn’t succeed.
A. However hard he tried, he didn’t succeed.
B. However hard he tried, he didn’t succeed.
C. However he didn’t succeed, he tried hard.
D. However he tried hard, but he didn’t succeed.
5. Tim seems not to care about anything.
A. Tim acts as though he doesn’t have anything.
B. Tim acts as if anything mattered to him.
C. Tim acts as though nothing matters to him.
D. Tim acts as if everything mattered to him.
6. The moon doesn’t have the atmosphere, neither does the planet Mars.
A. Neither the moon or the planet Mars has the atmosphere.
B. Either the moon nor the planet Mars has the atmosphere.
C. Neither the moon nor the planet Mars has the atmosphere.
D. Either the moon or the planet Mars have the atmosphere.
7. You have to finish your homework if you want to go to the party.
A. Finish your homework, you can go to the party.
B. Unless you finish your homework, you can go to the party.

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LỚP HỌC ATT – CHUYÊN LUYỆN THI ĐẠI HỌC KHỐI A – A1 – B - D

C. Finish your homework, otherwise you can go to the party.


D. Finish your homework, or else you cannot go to the party.
8. In the class of twenty, Janes is the third best student.
A. Two students arre smarter than Janes is.
B. The class has only three smart students.
C. No other student is as smart as Janes is.
D. Janes is not as smart as most of the other students.
9. The gate is closed to stop the child can run into the road.
A. Because the gate is closed, the child can run into the road.
B. They close the gate, and as a result, the child can’t run into the road.
C. The gate is closed so that the child can run nto the road.
D. In order to stop the child from running into the road, he closed the gate.
10. He doesn’t konow the answer, though he pretends to
A. He acts as if he knows the answer.
B. He acts as though he knows the answer.
C. He acts as if he had known the answer.
D. He acts as though he knew the answer.
11. Impressed as we were by the new cinema, we found it rather expensive.
A. We weren’t as much impressed by the new cinema’s look as it’s cost.
B. We were very impressed by the new cinema, but found it rather expensive.
C. We weren’t very impressed by the new cinema, because it looked rather expensive.
D. The new cinema was more expensive than we expected.

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