Title Soci-economic Life of the Mu Valley During the Kon-baung Period

All Authors Yee Yee Win

Publication Type Local Publication

Publisher
(Journal name, Myanmar Historical Research Journal, No.24 , pg- 73-106
issue no., page no
etc.)
Economic and social developments in the Konbaung period are also seen in the
Mu valley region. The kings showed their great attachment to this region by
adopting and implementing the economic development schemes. Thus King
Abstract opened a new economic frontier in the fields of agriculture. Mu valley thus
emerged as a special economic zone in Myanmar. All these are dealt with in this
study, emphasizing on rural society and economy, without leaving out the
tripartite relationship of kings, monastic order and people.

Economic, rural society, monastic order

Keywords

Citation

Issue Date 2013

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3
J.George Scott and J.P Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part.I, vol.ii,
Rangoon, Superintendent, Government printing, 1901, p.47 (Henceforth: Scott and Hardiman, 1901)
4
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pm 18 (aemifudk;um;vQif q&m0?1938 [knTef;rnf)
5
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twGJ-5? &efukef? ,Ofaus;rIAdrmefOD;pD;Xme? 1983? pm 25-32 (aemif udk;um;vQif wif? 1983 [knTef;rnf)
(c) Scott and Hardiman, Part I, vol.ii, 1901, pp.429-434)
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6
wkd;vS? jrefrmhv,f,majrESihfjrefrmhvlrI"avh? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 21-22? (aemifudk;um;vQif wkd;vS?
v,f,m [knTef;rnf)
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ppfwyfrsm;udk tmoH? rPdyl&odkY apvTwfí wkdufckdufapcJhonf/11
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onf/ a&S;acwftcsdeftcguxJu vlOD;a&wkd;yGm;vmNyD; zGHUNzdK;cJhaom a'ojzpfonf/ rEkó
ynm&Sifrsm;? a&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sifrsm;? orkdif;ynm&Sifrsm;u xkda'orsm;odkY orkdif;rwif
rDESihf ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIudk avhvmcJhonf/ rMumcifu a&S;a[mif;okawoewl;az:rIrsm;udk
bkwvifNrdKU&Sd anmifuefaus;&GmwGif aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ ynm&Sifrsm;u aMu;acwf,Ofaus;rI
xGef;um;aMumif; qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/12 tcsdKYynm&Sifrsm;url aMu;acwf,Ofaus;rI xGef;um;

7
ouú&mZf 1246 ck?wydkwGJvqef; 1 &ufaeY (16 Zefe0g&D 1885)? emcHawmfrif;vS?
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17 (aemifudk;um;vQif awmfpdefckd? 1960 [knTef;rnf)
8
wkd;vS? v,f,m? pm 23
9
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11
OD;armifarmifwif? ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; 3 wGJ? &efukef? v,fwDr@dKifykHESdyfwkduf?
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12
Proceding of the Workshop on Bronze Age Culture in Myanmar, Yangon, Universitites
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 5
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ordkif;rwifrDacwf,Ofaus;rIae&mwGf NrdKUjy,Ofaus;rIu ae&m,lvmcJhNyD; 300 bDpD
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ponfjzifh&SdcJhonf/ c½kdifa'orsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzihf {&m0wDjrpf\ ta&SUbufwGif wnf&SdNyD;
wkdufrsm;rSm taemufbufwGif &SdcJhMuonf/ ,if;c½kdifESifhwkdufwkdYrSm jrefrmrsm;pwiftajcpkdufNyD;
wjznf;jznf;wkd;csJUvmonf/ c½kdifonf A[kdtcsuftcsmusjcif; t"dyÜg,f&Sdí wkdufonf BuD;rm;
us,fjyefYvkHNcKHjcif; oabmaqmifonf/15 wkdif;jynf\ y"mepD;yGm;a&;onf qnfa&aomufv,f
jzpfNyD; jrefrmrsm;pwifodrf;,laom qnfa&aomufv,f a'oudk c&dkef (toHxGufc½kdif)vkdY
ac:NyD; aemufrSwkd;csJYaom v,ft&yfrsm;udk wkduf[kac:vmonf/ ausmufqnfudk jrpfom;q,fh

13
Dr Lan C. Glover “Observations on a vist to the Nyaunggan Archaeological site, Myanmar,
January 2 – 4th 1999 and comments ofon the Lutrue possibilities of research there
nd
14
(u) U Myint Aung, “ The Excavations at Hanlin”, Journal of the Burma Research Society,
Llll,ii, 1970, p.53-58
(c) Than Tun, “North-South Alignment of Burma’s old Walls, Tonan A Jia, Kenkya, Vol.14,
No.4, March 1977, p.592
15
wkd;vS? csif;jrpfjrpfomrl;{&m? &efukef? a':csDrkH&Gmatmhzfpuf? 1995? pm 4 (aemifukd;um;vQif
wkd;vS? 1995 [knTef;rnf/)
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onf/ txl;ojzihf wkdufa'oukd c&pfwpfq,fhokH;&mpkESpfurS wkd;csJUaom qnfa&aomufv,f
rsm;jzpfí {&m0wDESihfcsif;wGif;jrpfMum;wGif vwk,fwkduf? rkqkdif0fjcKrfwkduf? rkqkdzkd0fwkduf?
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taemufbufurf;wGif wrmcg;wkduf? ylp0fwkduf? rkefawmifwkdufrsm;&SdcJhonf/ pyg;pkdufcif;csJUjcif;
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ausmif;uef wnfaqmufaom EIef;xm;vnf;jrifhvmonf/ wkdufc½kdifxufwkd;NyD; EkdifiHxlaxmifzkdY
tiftm;vnf;&vmonf/ wkdufckdufodrf;,laom e,fudk “Ekdif”[kac:í r[mrdwfzGJUí&aom
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awGU&Sd&onf ¤if;wkdYrSm-
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16
oef;xGef;? yk*HacwfEkdifiHa&;orkdif;?&efukef? zkd;0atmhzfquf? 2005? pm 6-7 (aemifudk;um;vQif
oef;xGef;? 2005 [knTef;rnf/)
17
OD;Nidrf;armif? a&S;a[mif;jrefrmausmufpmrsm;? &efukef? a&S;a[mif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? 1998? twGJ
4 pm 60 (aemifudk;um;vQif Nidrf;armif? 1988 [knTef;rnf/)
18
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 59
 7
ydwfqJ20 (rawG&Sd&ao;)
jynfawmfom (ppfudkif;)
rkqkd;NcKH21 (0ufvuf)
rkqkd;bkd 22(a&Tbkd)
rkefBudKif23
ajrmif24
vSaxG25
vufa&G;26
[efvif;27 wkdYjzpfonf/
yk*HvGefacwfrsm;wGif wkdif;[laom a0g[m&udk wGifus,fpGmokH;pGJvmonf/ yxrawGU&Sd
&aom wkdif;wkdYrSm okemy&EÅESif wrÜ'Dywkdif;wkdYjzpfonf/ wrÜ'Dywkdif;udk yk*Hacwfxkd;oQif'Dom
jyrkwfausmufpmüwHjy'dwfjynf[k okH;cJhonf/ wkdif;jynf jynfESihfteuf t"dyÜg,fwl oabmaqmif
aeygonf/ pifppf ,if;wkdif;ESpfwkdif;onf {&m0wDjrpf\ta&SUbufESihftaemufbufwGif wnf&Sd
ojzihf ArmwkdY vTrf;csKyfaexkdif&mt&if;rlvtkyfcsKyfa&;e,fajrBuD; ESpf&yf[k qkdEkdifygonf/28
yk*Hacwf (at'D 1044-1298) wGif jrefrmtv,fykdif;udk okemy&EÅwkdif; ({&m0wDjrpf
\taemufbufurf;a'o)ESihf wrÜ'Dywkdif; (aMu;eDtqihf&Sdajr) [lí 2 rsdK;cGJjcm;xm;onf/
xkdwkdif; (2)wkdif;udk {&m0wDjrpfu ykdif;jcm;ay;xm;onf/ okemy&EÅ\ yx0D0if taetxm;rSm
ta&SUbuf e,fedrdwfudk {&m0wDjrpfjzihf tem;owfxm;NyD; taemufbuf e,fedrdwudk taemuf
½kd;r csif;awmifwef;jzihf tem;owfxm;onf/ rl;? csif;wGif;? jrpfomESihf a,macsmif;wkdYonf
19
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 149
20
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 59
21
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 59
22
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 59
23
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 265
24
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 174
25
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 68
26
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 190
27
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 59
28
wkd;vS? 1995? pm 4-5
 8
xkda'otwGif; pD;qif;aeMuaom t"dujrpfacsmif;rsm; jzpfayonf/ jrpfomjrpfrS vGJí tm;vkH;
onf {&m0wDjrpf\ jrpfvufwufrsm;jzpfonf/
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wkdif;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ jrefrmorkdif;wGif rl;jrpf0Srf;a'o&Sdwkdufonf c½kdifNyD;vQif 'kwd,ta&;yg
qkH;a'ojzpfonf/ c½kdifonf jrefrmwkdY yxrqkH;pwifaexkdif&mjzpfí wkdufonf 'kwd,tBudrf
wkd;csJUaexkdif&mae&mjzpfcJhonf/ c½kdifonf qefpyg;wpfrsdK;wnf;udkom pkdufysdK;cJhNyD;wkdufonf
oD;eHSrsdK;pHkpkdufysdK;&mae&mjzpfcJhonf/ qefpyg;? ESHpm;ajymif;? iSufaysm? 0g? yJ trsdK;rsdK;wkdYudk
pdkufysdK;Muonf/ xkdYjyifwkdufonf oD;eSHESihf jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvkH;twGuf tvGefta&;ygonf/
{&m0wDjrpfonf wrÜ'Dywkdif;ESihf okemy&EÅwkdif;udkykdif;jcm;xm;NyD; rEÅav;rS yk*Htxd ta&SU
taemufpD;qif;onf/ jrpfESpfoG,fMum;a'oonf ajrmufbufwkduf odkYr[kwf okemy&EÅwkdif; udk
xJwGif yg0ifonf/ jrefrma&S;a[mif;NrdKUawmfrsm;jzpfaom yk*H? yif;,? tr&yl&? tif;0? rEÅav;
wkdYonf wrÜ0wDwkdif;xJwGifwnf&SdcJhonf/
ajrmufbufwkdufwGif a&S;a[mif;NrdKUawmfrsm;tjzpf ppfukdif; (1315-1364)? a&Tbkd
(1752-1763) wkdYonf tcsdefumvwkdawmif;pGmjzihf wnf&SdcJhMuonf/ odkYaomfxdka'oonf
pD;yGm;a&;t& o,HZmwaygrsm;aoma'ovnf;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumihf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf
xkdtcsufudk tm;xm;aecJhMuonf/ ppfudkif;bk&if tocF,mapm,Gef; (1315-
1323)?vufxufwGif ppfa&;EkdifiHa&; tmPmudk tajccHí ajrmufbufwkdufü jrif;wyf9 ck zGJUcJh
onf/ xlyg½kHbk&m;ajrmufbufwHwkdif;teD;wGif&Sdaom ousrkedausmufpmwGif tocF,mapm,Gef;
zGJUpnf;cJhaom ajrmufbuf jrif;ukd;oif;taMumif;azmfjyygonf/29 ,if;wkdYrSm-
apmbGwftkH;30
Z&yf31
anmif0ef;32

29
wkd;vS? 1995? pm 49-50
30
twdtusrod&Sd&yg/
31
Z&yfaus;&Gmnf ppfudkif;NrdKUe,fwGifyg0ifonf/
32
anmif0ef;onf ppfudkif; (odkY) ueDwGif&Sdonf/
 9
xdefBudKif33
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rif;q,feuf35
&Jcsif;36
vufa&G;i,f37
tkyf&Spf38 wkdYjzpfonf/
ukef;abmifacwfwGif jrif;wyfzGJUopfrsm;vnf; zGJUpnf;xm;&Sdonf/ cGufcGif;&Gmonfvnf;
tygt0ifjzpfonf/39ajrmufbufwkdufwGifjrif;&Gmyg0ifNyD; ajrmufbufwkdufonfvnf;awmifbuf
wkdYuJhodkY ta&;ygvmonf/ yk*HvGefacwfbk&ifrsm;onf jrif;&Gm wkd;wufrIudk pdwf0ifpm;cJhonf/
acwfNydKitaxmuftxm;t& xkde,ftaMumif;udk ppfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? bmoma&;[lí 3
rsdK;cGJjcm;avhvmEkdifonf/ yif;,acwf (at'D 1298-1364)? ukef;abmif (at'D 1752-1885)
wGif bk&ifonf a'ocHrsm;udk ppftrIxrf;wyfzGJUtjzpf zGJUpnf;NyD; ppfokYHyef;rsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiH\
tjcm;a'orsm;ESihf tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;rS ac:aqmifí vufeufudkifwyfzGJUtjzpf zGJUpnf;NyD;
aeajrvkyfajray;csaexkdifapcJhonf/ tapmqkH;ppfokYHyef;rsm;tajcwusaexkdifrIudk av;aomif;
(‘'DyJ,if;)wGif awGU&NyD; ,if;wkdYrSm v0wkdY jzpfonf/ ppfudkif;ESihfa&TbkdNrdKUonf jrif;wyfESihf
aoewfudkif ppfonfawmfwkdYaexkdif&m XmecsKyfjzpfcJhNyD; rkH&Gma'o&Sd tvkHonf eef;wGif;
vkHNcKHa&;twGuf bk&ihfoufawmfapmifhwyfxm;&Sd&mXmecsKyfjzpfcJhonf/
yk*Hbk&ifrsm;onfokemy&EÅwkdif;twGif;&Sd vlODa&udk wkd;yGm;&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/ yk*Hbk&if
rsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm rl;jrpf0Srf;a'owGif Ak'¨bmomzGHUNzdK;wkd;wuf&ef? v,f,majropfrsm;
33
xdefBudKifonf rkH&GmwGif wnf&Sdonf/ tcsdKU&Gmrsm;onf &Gmtrnfajymif;ojzifh twdtus rajymEkdif
acs/
34
twdtusrod&Sd&yg/
35
twdtusrod&Sd&yg/
36
&Jcsif;onf t&mawmfwGif&Sdonf/
37
vufa&G;i,fonf a&TbkdwGif&Sdonf/
38
tkyf&Spfonf ppfukdif; (odkY) t&mawmfwGif&Sdonf/
39
Dr.Than Tun, The Royal Order of Burma (AD. 1598-1885), Kyoto, The Centre for Southeast
Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Vol.V, 1986, p.726 (Henceforth: Than Tun, 1986)
cGufcGif;&Gmonf jrif;rle,fwGf&Sdonf/
 10
azmfxkwfí apwDykxkd;eSifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;odkYvSL'gef;&efESihf ppfokHYyef;rsm;udk ae&mcs xm;
aexkdifap&ef wpfNydKifeufwnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf/ yk*HacwESihf yk*HvGefacwfausmufpmrsm;wGif
40
rif;rsm;? olaumif;rsdK;rsm;ESihf &[ef;wkdYyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;taMumif;awGU&Sd&wwfonf/
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onf/
aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;
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1819) vufxufwGif ppfwrf;aumuf,lcJhonf/ ppfwrf;rsm;udk omvGefrif;u pwifaumufcHcJh
onf/ ppfwrf;aumufcH&jcif;rSm anmif&rf;rif;vufxufrSpí us,fjyefYpGmzGJUpnf;xm;aomtpk
tief;wkdY a&maxG;,Sufwifjcif;r&Sdap&efjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf tpOftvm ½kd;&mBuD;pkd;tkyf
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1752 wGif jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;ítif;0aejynfawmfESihftwl ppfwrf;vf; ysufpD;qkH;½IH;&onf/
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NyD;qkH;atmifjrifjcif;r&SdcJhacs/ A'kHrif; (at'D 1782-1819) vufxufwGif ppfwrf;aumufcHcJh
onf/ ppfwrf;rsm;onf pD;yGma&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tcGefawmftwGufvnf;aumif;?
aumufcHcJhjcif;r[kwfacs/ trsm;pkppfwrf;rsm;rSm omoemajrESihf t½kd;qufcHrIod&SdEkdifa&;om
r"mejzpfonf/41 a'otBuD;tuJ ½kd;&mqufcHykH? a'otBuD;tuJ\tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fy,ftus,f
t0ef;? pD&ifykdifcGifhtmPmeSihf rif;ucsD;jr§ifhaomwm0ef&mxl;? tpD;teif;taqmift&Gufrsm;udk
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40
wkd;vS? “yk*HvGefacwfvlrItzGJUtpnf;”?okawoepmwrf;? 31 Mo*kwf 2013 wGif
a'gufwmoef;xGef;? obmywdjyKvkyfNyD; zwfMum;aom okawoepmwrf;? pm 15-16
41
a'gufwmwkd;vS? tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;\ukef;abmifa&Tjynf? &efukef? pmayavmupmtkyfwkduf?
1993? pm 40-49 (aemifudk;um;vQif wdk;vS? 1993 [knTef;rnf/)
 11
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rsm;aexkdifMuonf/ anmifyifapmuf? yk&pfukef;awmif&Gm? yk&pfukef;ajrmuf&Gm? rkH&Gm? &Gmopf?
&Spfq,f&Gm? avSul;? oufu,fusif;? atmifcsrf;om? atmifom&Gmrsm;wGif awmif 150 tpktrI
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trIxrf;rsm;aexkdifMuonf/ e*g;wGif;? rtl? &Jcsif;? t&mawmf&GmwkdYwGif a&TjynfrSefuif; tpktrI
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csuf&mwGif tonfvlwef;pm;udk z,fxkwfxm;onf/ A'kHrif;vufxufwGif 1783 wGif wpfBudrf?
1804 wGif wpfBudrfppfwrf;ESpfBudrfaumufcHcJhonf/ 1783 wGif tvkHü yxrtBudrf

42
OD;armifarmifwif? a&Teef;okH;a0g[m&tbd"mef? &efukef? &mjynfhpmtkyfwkduf? 2005? Pm 278-279
(aemifudk;um;vQif armifarmifwif? 2005 [knTef;rnf)
43
armifarmifwif? 2005? pm 278-282
 12
44
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onf/ xkdrif;vufxufrS püA'kHonnf jrefrmhorkdif;wGif a&S;uxufydkíta;ygvmum ppfonf
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pkpkaygif; 4414 849

44
Trager and Koening, 1979, p.401
45
Trager and Koening, 1979, p.401
46
armifarmifwif? 2005? pm 279
 13
wkd;vS? 1995? pm 45
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onf/ 1820 tv,fydkif;wGif jrefrmESihfNAdwdoQwkdYppfyGJESihf&ifqkdifvm&onf/ 1824-26 wGif
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y&dr®? a'gifa&T? usm;tkd

47
Toe Hla, Money Lending and Contractual Thet-Kayits” (A Socio-Economic Pattern of the
Later Kon-baung Period, 1819-1885), Ph.D Dissertation, Submitted to Northern Illinois University, 1987,
.37 (Henceforth: Toe Hla, 1987)
48
(u) Toe Hla, 1987, pp.37-38
(c) Scott and Hardiman, 1901, pp. 267-268
 14
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vlwef;pm; 3rsdK;cGJjcm;odjrifEdkifonf/ tonf? rif;rIxrf;? bmoma&;uRefwkdYjzpfonf/ ppfokYHyef;
rsm;tjzpf v049? rPdyl&D50? rGwfpvif?51 ykPÖm;?52 ay:wl*D? xkdif;53? tdE´d,tEG,f0if54
wdkYygonf/ tdE´d,EkdifiHrS a&TUajymif;vmolrsm;udk yk*HacwfwGif awGU&onf/ ppfokHUyefrsm;eSihf
vlrsdK;EG,ftkyfpk wkdYqufoG,fí aexkdifcJhMuaMumif; acwfNydKiftaxmuftxm;rsm; &SdcJhonf at'D

49
Nidrf;armif ? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 50
50
(u) Toe Hla, 1987, p.37
(c) Scott and Hardiman, 1901, pp. 267-68
51
(u) Toe Hla, 1987, p.37
(c) Scott and Hardiman, 1901, pp. 267-68
52
Royal Order dated 15 July 1801,Than Tun, 1986, p. 754
53
a&S;a[mif;pmayokawoDwpfOD;? a&S;acwfjrefrmEkdifiH NrdKU&Gme,fy,forkdif;? ouú&mZf 999
ppfwrf;rsm;? pm 41 (aemifukd;um;vQif a&S;okawoD? e,fy,fordkif; [knTef;rnf)
54
acsmif;OD;a&S; orefpwmbk&m;ausmufpm
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 50
 15
1269 wGif a&;xkd;aom tjrifhawmausmif;ausmufpmwGif tdE´d,vlrsdK; 700 udk
v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;twGuf v,frsm;udk cGJa0ay;í aexkdifapcJhaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/55
ausmufpmrsm;ESihf ukef;abmifacwf rSwfwrf;rsm;t& rsm;pGmaom &Gmrsm;onf rl;jrpf0Srf;
a'oü wnf&SdcJhMuonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m rSwfwrf;rsm;? vlwpfOD;csif;qkdif&m rSwfwrf;rsm;?
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m aqmif&GufrIrSwfwrf;rsm;? oD;eSHxGufEIef; vlrIa&; qufqHa&;qkdif&m rSwfwrf;
rsm;?bmoma&;ESihfqkdifom rSwfwrf;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ vlOD;a&ESifh ywfoufí owif; tcsuf
tuf tenf;i,fom &&Sdonf/ vlrItzGUJtpnf; wnfaqmuf&mwGif pkdufysdK;a&; y"me taxmuf
tyhHjyKaeaMumif;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGU&onf/ xkdtcsufwGif axmufjcif;tm;jzihf xkda'owGif;&Sd
jynfom;rsm; rnfonfh tcef;uygaMumif; odEkdifonf/
xkda'owGif vlrsdK;EG,fjcif;rwlaom vlrsdK;tkyfpkrsm; aexkdifcJhMuonf/ jrefrmbk&ifrsm;u
ppfokHYyef;rsm;udkac:aqmifí xkda'owGif tajcwus aexkdifapcJhonf/ at'D 1194 wGif a&;xkd;
cJhaom ausmufpmt& pnfol(1) uav;aomif;a'owGif v0 twGuf a&;oGif;pdkufysdK;&ef
uefrsm; wnfaqmufcJhonf/56 bk&ihfNrdKUawmfudk umuG,fay;aom a&SUwef;tajccHpcef; tjzpf
xm;&SdcJhonf/ anmif&rf;acwfaemufydkif;wGif rPdyl&Drsm;onf xkda'oudk usK;ausmfwkdufckdufrI
aMumifh tysuftpD;rsm;&SdvmcJhonf/ NrdKUrsm;ESihfaus;&Gmrsm;onf umuG,fa&;twGuf r[mAsL[m
usaomtydkif;ü wnf&SdNyD; cHwyfrsm;vnf; wnfaqmufcJhonf/ cHwyf&Sd aus;&Gmpm&if;udk Z,m; 3
jzifhjyxm;onf/
Z,m;-3
cHwyfNrdKU
NrdKU^aus;&Gm cHwyf vltiftm;
ueD 534 400
ausmufajrmif; - 70
ppfudkif; 653 -

55
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 29? 50
56
Nidrf;armif? twGJ 4? 1988? pm 50
 16
'DyJ,if; 437 400
A'kH - 400
rkqkd;bkd - 200
jrif;rl - 40
om0wdå 530 400
Tjrifh - -
pkpkaygif; 2154 910

wkd;vS? 1995? pm 37-38

rif;aejynfawmfvkHNcHKa&;twGuf rl;jrpf0Srf;a'owkdYwGif ppftajccHpcef;rsm; xm;&So
d nf/
xkduJhodkYxm;&Sdjcif;rSm yk*HacwfuxJu jzpfonf/ tcsdKYaom tajccHpcef;rsm;onf anmif&rf;acwf
twGif;u ay:aygufcJhonf/ tiftm;awmifhwif;aom &efolrsm;\ usK;ausmfwkdufckdufrIudk
umuG,fekdifpGrf;r&SdcJhaomfvnf; &efolrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIudk axmufvSrf;Ekdifonf/ odkYrSom
a'otwGif;wGif Nidrfoufat;csrf;vmrnfjzpfonf/ rl;jrpf0Srf;a'otwGif;&Sd NrdKUrsm;ESihf aus;&Gm
rsm;rSrif;rIxrf;pm&if;udkvnf;azmfjyvkdufygonf/ awGU&Sd&aom a'orS rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif trIxrf;
ESihftonfpm&if;rsm;yg&Sd&m tonfxuf tpktrIxrf;u omvGefrsm;jym;aeonfudk awGU&onf/
rl;jrpf0Srf;a'o&Sd vlOD;a&pm&if;udk atmufwGif Z,m;-4 jzihf azmfjyxm;onf/
Z,m;-4
rl;jrpf0Srf;a'o&Sd vlOD;a&pm&if; at'D 1782
NrdKU^aus;&Gm tonf pkjcm; pkpkaygif; omvGef%
ausmufajrmif; 228 595 823 72.3
ausmuf&pf 140 205 345 59.42
ppfukdif; 2963 8607 11570 74.4
'DyJ,if; 6422 8258 14680 56.25
 17
ebuf 18 83 101 82.17
a&Tbkd 4160 9632 13792 69.82
tjrihf 3276 1417 4693 30.19
tvkH 7627 9542 17169 55.57
tvuyÜ 97 363 460 78.98
pkpkaygif; 24931 38702 63633
trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkduf? yk&ykduf? 732
pm&if;t& vlYtvTm 2 rsdK; cGJjcm;xm;ouJhodkY ¤if;wkdYrSm tcGefjzihfvkyftm;ay;aqmif &aom
jynfolESihfpkjcm; (EkdifiHjcm;om;)wkdYjzpfonf/ ppfonfESihf tjcm;tpktief;rsm; taMumif;azmfjy
xm;jcif;r&Sdacs/ ½kd;&mtvkduf &mxl;cefY&mwGif tjiif;tckHrsm;jzpfyGm;ygu a&TwkdufwGif xm;aom
ppfwrf;pm&if;ESifh wkdufMunfhqkH;jzwfonf/ tcsdKYrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif tonftaMumif; tcGefawmf
rSwfwrf;pm&if;xJwGif awGUEkdifonf/ wdkufonf wkduf0ef\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif xm;&SdNyD; ykdrkd
BuD;rm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fjzpfonf/ EkdifiHa&;t&vnf; xif&Sm;vmonf/ wkdufonf yx0D
taetxm;ay:tajccHNyD; zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ EkdifiHa&;tusdK;pD;yGm;ay:wGif tajccHonf/
wkduftwGif;ü aus;&Gmrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;onfhjyif aus;&Gm tESHUtjym; jyefYusJaeaMumif;awGU&
onf/ anmif&rf;acwfwGif aus;&Gmrsm;xnfhoGif;aygif;pyfxm;aom wkduf 7 wkduf &Sdonf/
¤if;wkdYrSm-
ta&SUbufwkduf
taemufbufwkduf
awmifbufwkduf
ajrmufbufwkduf
qif;Munfwkduf
r[m'gefwkduf57
wGif;oif;wkduf58 wkdYjzpfonf/
57
trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkduf? yk&ykdufeHygwf 177602
 18
y"geusaom wkduf 3 wkdufrSm r[m'gefwkduf? ajrmufbufwkdufESihf wGif;oif;wkdufwkdY
jzpfonf/ atmufwGif Z,m;jzihfazmfjyxm;onf/
Z,m;-5
wkduf&SdtonfESihf tpkjcm;pm&if;
wkduf tonf pkjcm; pkpkaygif;
ajrmufbuf 2595 5049 7644
wGif;oif; 1670 4029 5699
r[m'gef 2075 2609 4684
qif;Munf 790 1791 2581
pkpkaygif; 7130 13478 20608
trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkduf? yk&ykduf? 732
wkd;vS? 1995? pm 30
rl;jrpf0Srf;a'oonfrsm;pGmaom tpktrIxrf;rsm;ESihfajrmufbuf jrif;trIxrf;wkdYaexkdif&m
a'ojzpfcJhonf/ jrif;trIxrf;rsm;udk wyfom;tjzpf pkaqmif;cJhonf/ ukef;abmifacwfaESmif;
rif;wkdYEkdifiHrcsJUxGifEkdifaomaMumifhppfokHYyef;rsm; r&&SdEkdifaomtcg vkdtyfaom trIxrf;wkdYudk
jynfolwkdYxJrS aiGjzihf 0,f,ljznhfoGif;vmchJonf/ xkdodkYpkaqmif;&mwGif tonf 273 OD;? pkjcm;
(EkdifiHjcm;om;)468 OD; pkpkaygif; 741 OD;59 &&SdcJhonf/ xkda'owGif jrif;trIxrf;rsm;rSm 1826
wGif 1562 OD;&Sdvmonf/60
&wemodCFukef;abmifjynfwGif jrif;wyfonf txift&Sm;qkH;jzpfí jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif
xkde,frS jrif;udk ajrmufbufjrif;[k todrsm;onf/ ajrmufbufjrif;wGif rlvu udk;oif;&SdcJh
onf/ xkdjrif;udk;oif;udk tocF,mapm,Gef;ppfudkif;NrdKUudk wnfaxmifpdk;pHcsdefu pwifzGJUpnf;
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdjrif;udk;oif;rSm

58
a&S;okawoD? e,fy,forkdif;? pm 63-69
59
trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkduf? yk&ykdufeHygwf 732
60
trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkduf? yk&ykdufeHygwf 732
 19
aMumif;oif;jrif; 50
cufvkHjrif; 30
apmytkd;jrif; 150
wrcg;jrif; 150
jrif;onfBuD;jrif; 30
,lawmfrljcif; 150
vufa&G;BuD;jrif; 150
vufa&G;i,fjrif;61 70 wkdYjzpfonf/
ukef;abmifacwfwGif a&Tbkdjrif;ajrudkajrmufvufESihfawmifvuf[lí cGJjcm;xm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh
a&S;ujrif;udk;oif;xuf ydkírsm;jym;vmonf/ jrif;trIxrf;rsm;aeaom &Gmudk jrif;&Gm[kac:onf/
¤if;wkdYrSm
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aus;pm
aMumifoif;
cifvyf
anmifvS
wy,if;uGJ
awmifMum;
aygufawm
yifwif
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rl;om
61
(u) wkd;vS? 1995? pm 49-50
(c) OD;ukvm;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? yxrwGJ? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1961? pm 333
(aemifudk;um;vQif ukvm;? 1961 [k azmfjyygrnf/)
 20
jrif;bkdY
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ajrmufbufjrif;twGuf wyfom;opfrsm;pkaqmif;í wyfom;opfaexkdif&ef tdrfrsm;
aqmufvkyfay;cJhonf/ xkdtcsufonf bk&if\xl;jcm;aom aqmif&Gufcsufjzpfonf/ ,ciftcsdef
tcgu jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onftrIxrf;rsm;\aexkdifa&;udk aqmif&Gufay;jcif;r&SdcJhacs/ v,f,majr
5 y,fudkom trIxrf;i,fwkdYtm cGJa0ay;cJhonf/ rif;wkef;rif;onf rif;rIxrf;rsm;aexkdif&ef
vlae&yfuGuf rif;b@mjzihf tukefuscHNyD;wnfaqmufay;cJhonf/ xkduJhodkY rif;rIxrf;rsm;\
oufomacsmifcsda&;udk pdwf0ifpm;aomaMumifh jynfolwpf&yfvkH;u rif;wkef;rif;cspfMunfndKMu
jcif;jzpfonf/ bk&ifonfwyfom;opfrsm; aexkdif&eftwGuf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
tokH;jyK&ef tcGefaumufcHcGifhjyKonf/ tcsdKYaomaus;&Gmrsm;onf tcGefawmfudk t&pfusjzihf
ay;aqmifEkdifMuonf/63 xkdtcsufudkMunfhjcif;tm;jzihf tcGefawmfudk wpfcgwnf; ray;Ekdifí
t&pfusjzifh ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ rkqkd;rrsm;onfvnf; tcGefawmfudk t&pfusjzihfay;Mu&onf/
Z,m;-6
aus;&Gmrsm;rS aumufcH&&Sdaom tcGefaiG
&Gm tcGefaiG (usyfjzihf) wnfae&m
aum 1411 a&Tbkd
anmifZif 2600 wnfae&mrod
awmifMum; 100 ppfukdif;

62
wkd;vS? 1995? pm 50-51
63
trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkduf? yk&ykdufeHygwf 15040
 21
awmifMum; 197.5 ppfukdif;
oGwfvdIif 28 0ufvuf
yvdkif; 111.5 a&Tbkd
rkqkd;NcHK 42 0ufvuf
NrdKUpma&; 850 a&Tbkd
,if;rmuef 28 0ufvuf
&wemodCF 250 a&Tbkd
½kH;om 2410 0ufvuf
vSawm 4615.5 0ufvuf
0ef;pD 140 a&Tbkd
ovkH; 1530 0ufvuf
o&pdrf; 770 a&Tbkd
o½kdif 2355.5 wnfae&mrod
[efvif; 380 a&Tbkd
tkyfESJbkwf 580 0ufvuf
pkpkaygif; 18399 0ufvuf
trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkduf? yk&ydkufeHygwf 15040
rl;jrpf0Srf;a'otwGif;wGif&Sdaom&Gmrsm;udkom azmfjyxm;NyD; tjcm;aom&Gmrsm;ESihf NrdKUrsm;
udkcsefxm;ygonf/ a&Tbkdonf jrif;trIxrf;rsm;aexkdif&m NrdKUjzpfNyD; o&pdrf;wyfzGJUESihf &Gma0;
wyfzGJU[lí jrif;wyfzGJU 2 ck&Sdonf/ a&Tbkdonf &Jbufjrif;e,fajrxJwGif yg0ifonf/ o&pdrf;
wyfzGJUu atmufyg&Gmrsm;ESihf jrif; 50 tkyfcsKyfonf/
csdKif;BuD;
acsmif;BuD;
&yfom
&Gmpkduf
 22
ompnfwkdYjzpfonf/
&Gma0;wyfzGJUu atmufazmfjyyg&Gmrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfonf/
ausmufaemuf
Z&yfjzL
rl;om
oif;wGJwkdYjzpfonf/
pkpkaygif;jrif;trIxrf;&Sdaom &Gmaygif; 50 &Sdvmonf/64 tcsdKY&Gmrsm;rSm rnfonfh ae&m
wnf&SdaMumif;rod&Sd&acs/ a&TbkdESifh ppfukdif;wGif jrif;rIxrf;rsm;&SdNyD; tcsdKU&Gmrsm;rSm emrnfopfjzihf
usefcJhonf/ rl;jrpf\ ta&SUbufwGif rif;rIxrf;rsm; aexkdifaom&Gmrsm;&Sdonf/ A'kHrif; (1782-
1819) vufxufwGif xkdtrIxrf;rsm;aexkdifonfh&Gmrsm;udk pm&if;Z,m;jzihfazmfjyxm;onf/
xkd&Gmrsm;wGif tonf? pkcsm? 3000 zGJUrsm;aexkdifonf/65 rl;jrpfta&SUbuf&Sd aus;&Gmpm&if;udk
Z,m;-7 jzihfazmfjyxm;onf/
Z,m;-7
rl;jrpfta&SUbuf&Sd aus;&Gmpm&if; at'D 1783
(a&Tbkd? 0ufvuf? ppfudkif;)
&Gm tonf pkjcm; pkpkaygif; 3000 zGJU
usm;&Gm 12 132 144 55
aMumifoif; 10 31 41 5
cifvwf 21 15 36 -
iZif 4 3 7 -
qiftif; 76 68 144 55
anmifyifom 7 27 34 11

64
wkd;vS? 1995? pm 51
65
a'gufwmoef;xGef;? jrefrmhordkif;&SmykHawmf? &efukef? a'gif;pmay? 2013? pm 134-135
(aemifukd;um;vQif oef;xGef;? 2013 [knTef;rnf)
 23
wyGJyif? rif;&Gm - 23 23 6
ESrpm;&pf 16 29 45 11
y'g;qdyf 12 31 45 11
y&Hef 26 127 153 30
rtkyf 97 24 121 23
rl;om 165 37 202 55
rkd;aumif; 4 6 10 3
rkHawmifBuD; 51 66 117 10
armufyef 5 27 32 4
jruef - - - 8
jrif;(ajrmuf) 31 22 53 -
jrif; (awmif) 8 - 8 11
jrif;usm;? rusD;tkyf 54 32 86 10
jrif;pD (ajrmuf) 42 4 46 11
NrdKUvS (ZD;jzLukef;) 80 63 143 12
NrdKUopfBuD; 26 131 157 19
,lawmfrl 13 205 218 8
,if;wkduf 199 184 386 115
a&T*l - - - 3
vdyfcsif; 43 9 52 13
0if;pD - 21 21 -
ovkH (ajrmuf) 24 1 25 -
ovkH (awmif) 29 11 40 29
atmifcsrf;om 50 23 73 9
 24
pkpkaygif; 1105 1352 2462 527
a&OD; OD;aomif;pmpkrsm;? yk&ykdufeHygwf 23
azmfjyygZ,m;t& aus;&Gmrsm;onf rl;jrpf0Srf;a'otwGif;ü wnf&SdcJhonf/ ½dk;&mtpOftvmt&
jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;rStp aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;txd wpfESpfvQifwpfBudrf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;xH vufaqmif
y@mqufoí zl;ajrmfMu&onf/ txl;ojzihf
jrefrmESpfopful;aeY
0gqkdvjynfhaeY
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jrefrmbk&ifrsm;xH vufaqmify@mrsm;qufo&ef a'otBuD;tuJrsm;rS tp apmfbGm;rsm;
tygt0ifxd rdom;pkwdkif;wufEkdiforQxnhf0if&ef awmif;qkdcJhonf/ aus;&Gmvlxku xnfh0if
&rnfhaiGcGJwrf;udk olBuD;xHxnfh0if&onf/ olBuD;uvnf; ,if;xnfh0if&rnfhaiGcGJwrf;udk NrdKU0ef
xHxnfh0if&onf/ aus;&Gmrsm;u xnfh0if&rnfh aiGcGJwrf;taMumif; oDaygrif;vufxuf ppfudkif;
NrdKUe,ftwGif;rS&aom rSwfwrf;tcsdKYü yg&Sdonf/ bk&ifxHokdY vufaqmify@mqufo&ef
xnfh0ifaiGukd ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; awmif;qkdcJhonfh Z,m;jzihf azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m;-8
aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;xnfh0ifaiG
NrdKU0ef;usifaus;&GmolBuD;rsm; xnfh0ifaiG (usyfjzihf) rSwfcsuf
ukef; 3
qifajr 3
wif;wdyf 2
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yef;csD&yf 1.5
rusD;pif 2.5
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 25
&Gmaxmif 3
yk&ykdufeHygwf 279? omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& ppfudkif;NrdKU\ajrmufbufaus;&Gmu ay;aqmif&jcif;udk pm&if; Z,m;
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prGef;
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 26
vufyef
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onf/ aus;&Gmrsm;u xnfh0if&rnfhaiG pkpkaygif; 187.5 &Sdonfhteuf 16.25 rSmay;NyD;jzpfí 25
usyfxnfh0if&ef usefonf/ xkdusefaiGudk NrdKU0efu ay;aqmif&onf/66
ppfudkif;NrdKUonfajrmufbufESihf taemufbufwkdYwGifom aus;&Gmrsm;? vlae&yfuGufrsm;&Sd
onf/ ajrmufbufykdif;ESihf taemufbufydkif;[lí&SdcJhonf/ taemufbufydkif;wGif 16 &Gm&SdcJh
onf/ tuefawmhcHaeYwGif bk&ifudk a&Tvifyef;? aiGzvm;? aiGZGef;rsm; qufo&NrJjzpfonf/
&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;xHrS a&Tvifyef;bkd;? aiGZGef;bkd;? aiGzvm;bkd;awmif;aompm&if;udk awGU&onf/
tuefawmhcHaeYtcrf;tem;onf jrefrmxkH;wrf;tpOftvmwGif tvGefta&;ygaom tpOftvm
wpfck jzpfonf/ aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;a'otBuD;tuJrsm;? bk&ifi,frsm;u bk&ifudk tuefawmhcHaeY
wGif vufaqmify@mqufo&onf/ ysufuGufrI&Sdygu bk&ifudkykefuefonf[k,q
l NyD;
vufaqmify@m rqufoaom e,frsm;okdY ppfwyfrsm;apvTwfí ysufuGufoludk ESdrfeif;jcif;
(odkY) tpm;xkd;jcif;rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf/ aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;u tuefawmhcHaeYwGifvufaqmifawmf
qufo&ef aiGxnfh0if&onfudk Z,m;jzihfazmfjyxm;onf/
Z,m;-10
taemufbufaus;&Gmrsm;rS xnfh0ifaiGpm&if;
&Gm cGJwrf;aiG rSwfcsuf
ausmufqnfukef; 5.5 &
iwa&mf 6 &

66
yk&ydkufeHygwf 279? omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme
 27
ijrif;&if;q,f&Gm 4 ray;&ao;
Z&yfawmf 2 &
anmifyifpD 2 ray;&ao;
‘'DyJ,if;uGJ 8.5 &
yJcGJNrdKU 3 ray;&ao;
yef;csD 17.5 &
jynfawmfom 15 ray;&ao;
NAJwa&mf 2 &
armif;axmif 5 &
jrif;arG; 3.5 &
&GmopfBuD; 15 ray;&ao;
v,fBuD; 5 &
Atmifom 5 &
tkef;om 9 ray;&ao;
pkpkaygif; 108

ppfudkif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;wGif uefawmf½kd;ausmif;rS q&mawmfysHvGefawmfrlí bkef;BuD;ysHusif;

yaom taxmuftxm;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ xkdbkef;BuD;ysHudk 8.4.1871 rS 11.4.1871 xd 4
&uf usif;ycJhonf/ rtlyifq&mawmfu ppfudkif;NrdKU0efxH bkef;BuD;ysHvmaom bkef;BuD;rsm;twGuf
qGrf;tkyfydkY&ef pmwpfapmifydkYí arwåm&yfcHcJhonf/ NrdKU0efESifh t&m&Sdrsm;u teD;tem;&Sd &Gmrsmtm;
bkef;BuD;ysHtcrf;tem;odkY qGrf;tkyfydkY&ef qihfqkdcJhonf/ ppfudkif;NrdKUtwGif;&Sd &Gmaygif; 15 &GmwkdYu
4 &ufwkdif bkef;BuD;ysHtcrf;tem;odkY qGrf;tkyfaygif; 600 ydkY&onf/ aus;&Gmrsm;\ qGrf;vSL
pm&if;udk Z,m;jzihf azmfjyxm;onf/
Z,m;-11
 28
&Gm qGrf;tkyf
ukef; 30
<u,fvl; 10
pnfwD; 20
qifajr 30
qGrf;csuf 20
anmifyifZif 50
wif;wdyf 10
yJuwkd; 30
yJcGJ67 60
NAJwa&mf 60
abmufr 30
rtlyifav;&Gm68 140
jrif;arG; 50
vufvkyf69 30
ojAL 20
pkpkaygif; 590
yk&ydkufeHygwf 307? omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme
bkef;BuD;ysHudk 4 &ufusif;y&m &Gmu 4 &ufwkdif qGrf;uyfcJhMuonf/ jrefrmhbkef;BuD;ysH
tcrf;tem;wGif &Gmu o'¨gw&m;BuD;rm;pGm qGrf;uyfjcif;rSm "avhxkH;pHwpfckyif jzpfaeonf/
bkef;BuD;ysHwGif ajzazsmfrIrsm;tjzpf {,OfusL;yGJrsm;? qkdif;wD;0dkif;rsm;? tNidrfhyGJrsm;? ½kyfao;yGJrsm;?
qufuyf? uRrf;xkd;yGJrsm; yg0ifonf/ xkduJhodkY jyKvkyfonfh ukefusp&dwfrsm;udk &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;

67
wnfae&m? rod&Sd&yg/
68
rtlyif (ta&SU)? rtlyif (temuf)?ukef;awmf? om'Gef;
69
wnfae&mrod&Sd&yg/
 29
ESifh ysHvGefawmfrlaom bkef;BuD;ESifh aqGrsdK;awmfpyfolrsm;u uscHcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh bkef;BuD;
ao&Gmaus[k qkd½kd;pum;&SdcJhonf/ xkdYjyifqGrf;uyfjcif;tjyif bkef;BuD;tm; rD;oN*ØKvf&eftwGuf
pkykHxm;aom xif;wGuf xif;bkd;? ZmwfyGJrsm;? bkef;BuD;ysHodkYvmaom teD;tem;&Gmrsm;\ ukefus
p&dwfrsm;udkvnf; uscHcJh&onf/
aus;&Gmrsm;taMumif;azmfjyxm;onfh acwfNydKifrSwfwrf;rsm;? ausmufpmrsm;? trdefYawmf
rsm;? aiGacs;ouú&mZf pmcsKyfrsm;&Sdonf/ aus;&Gmrsm;wGif tkyfcsKyfaom tBuD;tuJ&Sdonf/ vlaerI
tqihfwGif tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk tqifhtvkdufcGJjcm;xm;onf/ avSorm;? axmifuJ (yJheif;)?
jrif;acgif;? aoGmHBuD;[lí&SdcJhonf/ qifajczkH; aoewfudkif trIxrf;rsm;aeaom &Gm 2 &Gm&SdcJhonf/
xkdESpf&GmrSm t&mawmfNrdKUrS rusD;apmufESihf i&wdk; (ig;&mwkd;) wkdYjzpfonf/70 omrmefaus;&Gmrsm;
wGif omrefaus;&Gmrsm;wGif tonfrsm;aexkdifNyD; olBuD;u tBuD;tuJjzpfonf/ aus;&GmtBuD;
tuJrsm;udk tac:ta0:rwlaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfykHwlnDMuonf/ tBuD;tuJrsm;onf &&Sdaom
tcGifhta&;jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/ bk&ifESihfeD;pyfovkd rsufESmomay;jcif;cH&onf/
rl;jrpf0Srf;a'owGif aexkdifMuolwkdyudk trIxrf;ykHESihf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;t& 6 rsdK;cGJ
jcm;ekdifonf/ tonf? jrif;trIxrf;? aoewfudkifppfom;? qiftrIxrf;? bmoma&;uRef [lí
jzpfonf/ tonf? jrif;trIxrf;? aoewfudkif ppfom;ESihfqkdifaom taxmuftxm;trsm; tjym;
&SdcJhNyD; avStpk? qiftrIxrf;? bmoma&;uRefESihf qkdifaom taxmuftxm; tenf;i,fom &SdcJh
onf/ anmif&rf;acwfumvtwGif; bk&ifr[m"r®&mZm"dywd vufxufwGif csif;wGif; jrpfwpf
avQmufavS 10 pif;zGJUcJh&m 5 pif;u jrpf 2 oG,fMum;a'otwGif;ü wnf&Sdonf/ xkdwnf&Sd&m
&Gmrsm;rSm cifrGef? y&dr®? ajymifukH;? rusD;cG? vufawmf&mwkdYjzpfonf/71 vufawmf&mESihf ajymifukH;
&GmtaMumif;xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rodEkdifacs/ ppfukdif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd NAJwa&mf&GmonfavS&GmjzpfchJ
onf/72 &JavS 10 pif;zGJUxm;aom aus;&Gmbmoma&; uRefrsm;&Sdaom&Gm 4 &Gmonf tcGefay;
aqmifjcif;rS uif;vGwfaMumif; taxmuftxm;&SdcJhonf/73 ppfukdif;NrdKUonf bk&ifhavSwyf

70
Royal Order dated 9 July 1801, Than Tun, 1986, pp.167, 42
71
a&S;okawoD? e,fy,forkdif;? pm 44
72
a&S;okawoD? e,fy,forkdif;? pm 64
73
omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme? yk&ydkufeHygwf? 279
 30
XmecsKyfjzpfcJhonf/ tjcm;aomavS&Gmrsm;rSm rl;om?74 aygufawm?75 awmifMum;?76 awmifNrdKU? 77

&GmopfBuD;78 ESihf Z&yfjzL79wkYd jzpfonf/ aygufawm&GmwGif avSolBuD;onf touft&G,fBuD;vm

NyDjzpfíol\aeYpOf tkyfcsKyfrIwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&eftwGuf ol\om;tm; vTJajymif;ay;&ef
bk&ihfxHtoem;cHwifcJhzl;onf/80 rsm;pGmaom avSaus;&Gmrsm;rSm ppfudkif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;ü wnf&Sd
onf/
rl;jrpf0Srf;a'otwGif; qiftrIxrf;taMumif;taxmuftxm; tenf;i,fom &SdcJhonf/
A'kHrif;vufxufwGif ppfukdif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd rusD;apmufESihf i&wkd; aus;&GmrS ajrmufbuf
jrif;trIxrf;rsm;udk ekwfNyD; qifajczkH; qiftrIxrf;xJwGifxrf;aqmifaponf/ xkdtrIxrf;rsm;udk
atmifr0efqifxdef;t&m&Sd\atmufwGif xm;&Sdonf/81 xkdYjyif A'kHNrdKUe,f ompnfaus;&Gm&Sd
jynfolrsm;onf r*Fvmaoewf wyfpk0ifrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/82 uefYbvlNrdKUe,f yifwif&GmrS
&Gmom;wkdYonf rlvu jrif;trIxrf;rsm;jzpfcJhMuNyD; rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg
v,fawmftrIxrf;odkY ajymif;vJvmonfudk awGU&onf/83
aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;\ t"duwm0efrSm olckd;ESihf vk,ufrIrsm;rS uif;ap&efjzpfonf/ bk&if
tay:wGif opöm&SdpGm trIxrf;Muonf/ xkdokdYtrIxrf;&mwGif &JpGrf;owådESihf ajymifajrmufaom
pGrf;&nfukd jyoEkdifvQif bk&ifxHrS qk&&SdEkdifonf/ bk&ifu awmif;qkdvmvQif jynfolwkdYonf
tcGeftwkwftjyif vkyftm;cGef tjcm;aiGaMu;rsm;ay;aqmif&onf/ aus;&GmolBuD;wpfa,mufudk
ppfa&;acgif;aqmif? tcGefaumufcHol? w&m;pD&ifqkH;jzwfol? bk&m;wum? ausmif;wum&Gmol

74
Dr Than Tun, The Royal Order of Burma (AD 1598-1885), Kyoto, The centre for Southeast
Asian studies, Kyoto University, Vol.IX 1989, p.506 (Henceforth: Than Tun, 1989)
75
Than Tun, Vol.IX, 1989, p.567
76
Than Tun, Vol.IX, 1989, p.506
77
Than Tun, Vol.IX, 1989, p.506
78
Than Tun, Vol.IX, 1989, p.534
79
Than Tun, Vol.IX, 1989, p.506
80
Than Tun, Vol.IX, 1989, p.567
81
Than Tun, Vol.IX, 1989, p.742
82
Than Tun, Vol.IX, 1989, p.177, 759
83
1223 aygif;qkwf 3 jyef trdefYawmf? yk&ykdufrl? a'gufwmwkd;vSpmpk
 31
&Gmom;wkdY aus;Zl;&Sif? aus;&Gm tkyfpkd;ol? aiGacs;ol? ajrydkif&Sif? pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifol
tjzpf tcef;u@trsdK;rsdK;wGif awGU&SdEkdifonf/
rsm;pGmaom aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;onf rsdK;½dk;tpOftvmt& qufcHolrsm;jzpfonf/ eef;wGif;
tmPmodrf;rIrsm;? vkyfBuHrIrsm;wGif ryg0ifygu rnfokdYaom taMumif;jycsufESihfrS z,f&Sm;jcif;
rjyKEkdifacs/ wm0efrsm;udk oufqkH;wkdifxrf;aqmifonf/ odkYaomftouft&G,fBuD;vmNyD; rusef;
rrmjzpfygu aeYpOftkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef om;BuD;jzpfolu qufcHydkifcGifh&So
d nf/
xkdodkYqufcHrIudk trsm;uvufcHNyD;tm;ay;aom tavhtx&SdcJhonf/ 9 Mo*kwf 1795 Oya't&
rSefcsdKaus;&GmrS olBuD;aoqkH;aomtcg olYae&mwGif1145 ppfwrf;t& olBuD;trsdK;tEG,fudk om
cefUtyfcJhonf/84 vTwfawmf\ cGifhjyKcsuf&rSom olBuD;opf (odkYr[kwf) a'oqkdif&m t&m&Sd
ceftyfcGifh&Sdonf/ olBuD;onf ol\ &mxl;qufcH&efqufcHrnfhom;orD;r&Sdygu aqGrsdK;xJrS
a&G;cs,f&onf/ tu,fí aqGrsdK;r&Sdutonf odkYr[kwf trsm;pkrS oabmwlaom olBuD;udk
a&G;cs,f&NyD; trIxrf;aponf/
bk&if\olBuD;cefYpmudk xef;&Gufay:wGif pmwpfaMumifhjzihf a&;om;NyD; xkwfjyefavh&Sd
onf/ xkdwpfaMumif;ay:wGif bk&ifcHwHqdyfcyfESdyf&rnfjzpfonf/ xkdYjyif 2 aMumif; pmcRefawmf
vnf; awGU&onf/ ,if;rSm vTwfawmfu xkwfjyefaompmjzpfonf/
om,m0wDrif;(at'D 1837-46) vufxufwGif [omFNrdKU85ü vlrIa&;rNidrfoufrIay:
ayguf&jcif;rSm NrdKUolBuD;udk w&m;r0icefYcJhaomaMumihf jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif[omFNrdKYudk ia&Trif;tkyf
csKyfcJhonf ia&Trifonftouft&G,fBuD;jrifhvmNyDjzpfí tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ef
rpGrf;aqmifEkdifawmhojzihf ol\ om;BuD; iavmufudk &mxlvTJajymif;ay;cJhonf/iavmufonf
tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif A[kdtpkd;&rS csrSwfaom wm0efudk aus>yefpGmxrf;aqmifEkdifaMumif; rSwfwrf;
xJwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ ol\vufaxmufrsm;eSihfNrdKUvlxku iavmufukdcspfcifMuonf/
om,m0wDdrif;a&TbkdokdY xGufawmfrlNyD; r*FvmwyfawmfwGif pcef;csaomtcgwGifvnf;

84
Than Tun, Vol.V, 1986, p.105, 607
85
t&mawmfNrdKUe,fwGifwnf&Sdonf/
 32
aemufvkduf vufeufudkif 70 ESihf iavmuf yg0ifcJhofn/ xkdYaMumifhbk&ifu iavmufudk &EÅol
bGJUcsD;jr§ihfcJhonf/
[omFNrdKUonf aoewfudkiftrIxrf;rsm; aexkdif&mNrdKUjzpfonf/ bk&ifonf aoewfudkif
ppfom; 1000 pnf;½kH;cJhNyD; [omFNrdKUwGif topfzGJUpnf;xm;aom ppfom; 50 trIxrf;apcJo
h nf/
&EÅol\tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif NrdKUonfNidrfoufat;csrf;cJhonf/ iavmufr&Sdawmhonfhtcg olESihf
nDtpfudkawmfpyfaom aejynfawmfrSmaeaom irIHonf aemufvkdufrsm;eSihf aus;&Gma&muf&SdvmcJh
onf/ irIHonf NrdKUolBuD;ta,mifaqmifNyD; cefYpmrygbJa&muf&Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf/ NrdKUvlxkxHrS
tcGefawmfeSihf aMu;trsdK;rsdK; awmif;cHvmonf/ rMumcif NrdKUtkyf&mxl;rsm;pGmaom rdom;pkrs;?
&GmrS xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/ xGufcGmoGm;Mujcif;rSm irIH\Murf;wrf;aom tkyfcsKyfrIaMumihfjzpfonf/
oD&d&JvSa&Tawmifonf aoewfudkif AkdvfrSL;jzpfcJhNyD; aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;ESihftwl vTwfawmfwGif
jynfolvlxk\epfemcsufrsm;ukdwifjycJhonf/
xkdjyóemonf vTwfawmfodkYa&muf&SdvmNyD; irIHudk ta&;,lrIrsm;jyKvkyfvmonf/ irIHudk
xdwfwkH;cwf tusOf;cscJhonf/ irIHudk ppfaq;ar;jref;&mwGif olBuD;tjzpf cefYtyfjcif;onf trSef
jzpfaomfvnf; cefYtyfvTmvufxJra&mufbJ wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ 0efBuD;ESifhvTwfawmf
xJrS tvm;wl pm(rdwÅL)jzifhwm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ irIHonf NrdKUvlxktwGuf tcGef
aumuf&mwGi ykHpH 2 rsdK;jzihf aumufcHcJhonf/ e,fpmtwGuf tcGefaumufcHjcif;ESihf ½kH;odrf;
tcrf;tem;twGuf tcGefaumufcHjcif;[líjzpfonf/ tcGefaumuf&mwGif aemifvmrnfh olBuD;ESihf
86
e,fpm;opftwGuf aiGaMu;xnhf0if&efjzpfonf/ cefYtyfvTmxkwfjyefrNyD;rcsif; ½kd;&mtvkduf
qufcHjcif;rjyK&acs/ bk&ifu cefYtyfvTmudk xef;&Gufay:wGif wpfaMumif;pmcRefjzihf a&;om;xm;
NyD; pmtptqkH;yg&Sdonfhtjyif bk&ihfwHqdyfvnf; yg&Sdonf/ vTwfawmfrS olBuD;OD;aqmifrIudk
emcH&ef cefYtyfxm;aomolBuD;udk atmifjrifpGmwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef ESihf txl;wm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmif&ef aMunmcsufxkwfjyefNyD;nTefMum;cJhonf/ oHCmtzGUJtpnf;rS omoemykdifonf
nTefMum;csuf xkwfjyefNyD; e,ftoD;oD;&Sd*kdPf;tkyf*kdPf;csKyfrsm;u tkyfcsKyfaom tBuD;tuJudk

86
a&OD;OD;aomif;pmpkrsm;
 33
aumif;aomtvkyfvkyf&efESihfrSm;,Gif;aom tvkyfvkyfrdygu tjypfwifqkH;r&ef omoemu
nTefMum;cJhonf/
A'kHrif;\ 11 Ekd0ifbm 1817 trdefYawmfwGif &Gm 10 &GmwGifolBuD; 10a,mufcefYxm;
aMumif;yg&Sdonf/ xkd&Gmrsm;rSm
uHopf (bkwvif)
uifprf;(bkwvif)
aMu;A'kH (bkwvif)
rusD;apmuf ('DyJ,if;)
armifaxmif(bkwvif)
rkH&Gm
anmifBuD;
iy,if;
Z&
Z&yfjzL (ppfukdif;) wdkYjzpfMuonf/87
rif;wkef;rif;vufxufwGif &Gmaygif; 44 &GmwGif olBuD;rsm;udk wpfNydKifwnf;cefYtyfaMumif;
'DyJ,if;NrdKUESihf a&OD;NrdKUwdkYwGif awGU&onf/
xkd&Gmrsm;rSm
ukuúKr (a&OD;)
ukef;awmf
usifcwf
Munf
NcKH

87
(u) Dr Than Tun, The Royal Orders of Burma (AD 1598-1885), Kyoto, The Centre for
Southeast Asian Studies,Kyoto University, Vol.VII, 1988, p.475 (Henceforth: Than Tun, Vol.VII, 1988)
(c) Dr Than Tun, The Royal Orders of Burma (AD 1598-1885), Kyoto, The Centre for
Southeast Asian Studies,Kyoto University, Vol.VIII, 1988, p.409 (Henceforth: Than Tun, Vol.VIII, 1988)
 34
qifNcKH
qifa&muf
qwfao (a&OD;)
qkdifjyif
qnfomajr (a&OD;)
Z0(a&OD;)
anmifvS
we,fi,f
awmifcGif
awmifarmif(a&OD;)
xef;wyif
xef;oD;awmif(a&OD;)
EGm;jr
yk*H
yef;wkH
jyifawmif (a&OD;)
azgifawmf*l
Akk'¨[l(a&OD;)
bdef;c (a&OD;)
rusD;tkyf
r&uef (a&OD;)
rdxD¦vm (a&OD;)
rif;a&TESpf
rkHwkdifyif (a&OD;)
NrdKUopf
 35
,if;&J
&wem (wefYqnf)
&Gmitkdif;
&GmpD
&GmwifBuD;
&Gm&SD
&GmopfBuD;
a&T"m;*H
avsmfjzL
o&ufawm
tb,
tdrfabmuf
atmuf*JZif (a&OD;)
tkyf&SpfBuD; (a&OD;) wkdYjzpfMuonf/88
trdefYawmfrsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;taMumf;owif;ay;aeonf/ tcsdKYaom aus;&Gm
rsm;onf &Gmtrnfajymif;xm;aomaMumihf wnfae&mtwdtus rodEkdifacs/ aus;&GmolBuD;rsm;
onf bk&if\tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdckdufatmifrvkyf&ef nTefMum;xm;onf/ aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;
wdkYonf acgif;aqmif\ trdefYudkemcHMu&onf/ bk&if\tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdckdufatmifrvkyf&ef
olBuD;upnf;rsOf;usifh0wfoDvudk apmihfxdef;&efbk&ifu nTefMum;xm;NyD; txufu awmif;aom
aiGudk xnfh0if&efjzpfonf/
"g;jy&efrS umuG,fay;Ekdifjcif;r&SdvQif tcsdKYaom olBuD;rsm;udk &mxl;rS z,f&Sm;&ef A'kHrif;
u 13{NyD 1813 wGif trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf/ w&m;Oya'jzihf "g;jyrsm;udk z,f&Sm;jcif;rjyKEkdifu
xkdolBuD;udk &mxl;rS z,f&Sm;NyD; aus;&Gmolckd;ESihf "g;jy&efrS at;csrf;atmif aqmif&GufEkdifoludkom

88
wdk;vS? 1995? pm 41-42
 36
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wkdYrS trIxrf;ESihfaus;vufjynfolwkdyonf ‘"g;jyrsm;ukd zrf;qD;Muonf/94 oDaygrif;eef;uscgeD;
7 rwf 1885 wGif tiftm; 200 ausmf&Sdaom "g;jyrsm;onf aoewf? "g;? vSHrsm;udk
udkifaqmifvsuf ppfudkif;e,f twGif;&Sd rufxd? qm;awmifBuD;&SifjyKtvSLyGJudk 0ifa&mufwkdufcdkuf
cJhonf/ ypönf;Opöma&TaiG vuf0wf &wemESihf t0wftxnfrsm; tajrmuftrsm;ygoGm;cJhMuonf/
ausmfMum;aombkef;BuD;rsm;? rif;q&mudkyif vk,ufrIrsm;jzpfyGm;cJhonf/95
rl;jrpf0Srf;a'otwGif;wGiftrIxrf;jynfol?EkdifiHjcm;om;ESihfwkdif;&if;om;wkdYMum;wGifvlrIa&;
jyóemrsm;r&SdcJhacs/ vlrsdK;pkrsm;tjzpf c&pf,mefbmomudk;uG,faom bk&if*sD? ewfudk;uG,frI
&Sdaom v0vlrsdK;? tpövmrfbmomudk;uG,faom rGwfpvif? Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,faom &Srf;Arm
vlrsdK;rsm;&SdcJhonf/ oD;jcm;aus;&Gmrsm;vnf; wnfaxmifvmMuonf/ trsm;pkrSm ArmvlrsdK;rsm;
jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bmom? [dE´Lewfukd;uG,frI? tpövmrf? c&pf,mef[k jcm;em;aom t,l0g'rsm;&Sd
aomfvnf; olYbmomESihfol Nidrf;csrf;pGm ukd;uG,frIrsm; &SdcJhMuonf/

89
Royal Order dated 13 April 1811, Than Tun, Vol. VII, 1988, p.307
90
Royal Order dated 15 August 1811, Than Tun, Vol. V, 1988, p.110, 618
91
Royal Order dated 18 October 1811, Than Tun, Vol. VII, 1988, p.237
92
Royal Order dated 7 October 1811, Than Tun, Vol. VII, 1988, p.229
93
Royal Order dated 13 October 1811, Than Tun, Vol. VII, 1988, p.233
94
Royal Order dated 6 January 1811, Than Tun, Vol. VII, 1988, p.164
95
rEÅav;wuúodkvfpmMunfhwkdufpmpkrsm;? yk&ydkufeHygwf 58
 37
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jynfoltrsm;pkonf wkdif;jynftwGuf toufpGefYNyD; BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ jynfolvlxk
trsm;pkonf wkdif;jynftwGuftoufpGefYNyD; BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkonf
rif;rIxrf;rsm;jzpfaomaMumihf tkyfpdk;aombk&ifonf rif;rIxrf;rsm;tay: tm;xm;ae&onf/
twGif;ykdif;usaom tcsdKYa'orsm;wGif 4 ESpf wpfBudrf? 5 ESpfwpfBudrf rkd;acgifonfESihf BuHKawGU&
wwfonf/ xkdokdYaom tajctaeESihf BuKHawGUvm&aomtcg tcGefa;aqmifjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh&cJh
onf/ xkdYjyif pyg;rsm;vnf;a0iSay;cJhonf/ þodkYjzihf rarQmfvifhaomtEÅ&m,frsm;ESihf BuKHawGU
vmaomtcg tpkd;&onf jynfolwkdYudk oufomcGihf&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/
 38
usrf;udk;pm&if;
rl&if;taxmuftxm;rsm;
yk&ydkuf
1223 aygif;qkwf 3 jyeftrdefYawmf? yk&ykdufrl? a'gufwmwkd;vSpmpk
yk&ydkufeHygwf 279? omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme
yk&ykdufeHygwf 15040? trsdK;om;pmMunfhwkduf
yk&ykdufeHygwf 279? omoemawmfxGef;um;jyefYyGm;a&;OD;pD;Xme
yk&ykdufeHygwf 58? rEÅav;wuúokdvfpmMunfhwkdufpmpkrsm;?

wpfqihfcHtaxmuftxm;rsm;
jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfa0aompmtkyfrsm;
ukvm;? OD;? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? yxrwGJ? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf? 1961
Nidrf;armif? OD;? a&S;a[mif;jrefrmausmufpmrsm;? &efukef? a&S;a[mif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? 1988?
twGJ 4
wkd;vS? ukef;abmfacwfaus;vufvlrIpD;yGm;b0 (1752-1885)? &efukef? wuúodkvfrsm;?
orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? 2002
wkd;vS? csif;wGif;jrpfomrl;{&m? &efukef? a':csDrkH&Gmatmhzfpuf? 1995
wdk;vS? yk*HvGefacwfvlrItzGJUtpnf;? okawoepmwrf;? 31 Mo*kwf 2003 wGif a'gufwm
oef;xGef;? obmywdjyKvkyfNyD; zwfMum;aom okawoepmwrf;
wdk;vS? jrefrmhv,f,mESihf jrefrmhvlrI"avh? vufESdyfpufrl
wkd;vS? a'gufwm? tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;\ ukef;abmifa&Tjynf? &efukef? pmayavmu
pmtkyfwkduf? 1993
wif? OD;? jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfykHpmwrf;ESihf bkd;awmfbk&m;\&mZwfac:aom trdefYawmfwrf;BuD;?
twGJ-5? &efukef? ,Ofaus;rIAdrmefOD;pD;Xme? 1983
ygVdq&m? q&m0? ppfukdif;awmifESifhzkd;0if;awmiftaMumif;? &efukef? ZAÁLrdwfaqGykHESdyfwkduf? 1938
 39
zmeDAJvf? a*stufpfESihf a'gufwmazarmifwif prÁL'DyOaqmif;usrf;? &efukefNrdKU? jrefrmEkdifiH
okawoetoif;? 1960
armifarmifwif? OD;? ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; 3 wGJ? &efukef? v,fwDr@dKifykHESdyfwkduf?
1900
armifarmifwif? OD;? a&Teef;okH;a0g[m&tbd"mef? &efukef? &mjynfhpmtkyfwkduf? 2005
a&S;a[mif;pmayokawoDwpfOD;? a&S;acwfjrefrmEkdifiH NrdKU&Gme,fy,forkdif;? ouú&mZf 999
ppfwrf;rsm;
ouú&mZf 1246 ck? wykdwGJvqef; 1 &ufaeY (16 Zefe0g&D 1885) emcHawmfrif;vS? rif;vS?
rif;xifausmf aeYjyeftrdefYawmf? awmfpdefckd? vTwfawmfrSwfwrf;? &efukef? ,Ofaus;rI
0efBuD;Xme? 1960
oef;xGef;? yk*HacwfEkdifiHa&;orkdif;? &efukef? zkd;0atmhzfquf? 2005
oef;xGef;? a'gufwm? jrefrmhorkdif;&SmykHawmf? &efukef? a'gif;pmay? 2003

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