AGRI

podzolization (podsolization)- An advanced stage of leaching,

podzolization is the process of removal of iron and aluminium
compounds, humus, and clay minerals from the surface soil horizons by an
organic leachate solution, and the deposition of some of these translocated
materials in lower B horizons.

Laterization-The weathering process by which soils and rocks are

depleted of soluble substances, such as silica-rich and alkaline
components and enriched with insoluble substances, such as
hydrated aluminum and iron oxides.Becomes more acidic.

The pyroxene group of minerals comprised of different minerals namely

enstatite,
hypersthene, diopside and augite, of which augite is the most important minerals
in soils and
it is found in basic rocks, While Amphibole is common in Acidic rocks.
The most common well-ordered micas are muscovite, paragonite, biotite and
phlogopite
(trioctahedral).
• The imperfectly ordered micas contain less potassium and more water as
compared to well
ordered micas and this type of micas are most abundant in the clay fraction of
soils.
The silicate clay unit consists of alternate sheets comprised of one type if sheet is
dominated
by Silicon (Si) and other by Al/Mg.
• Silica-dominated sheet is called tetrahedral and Al/Mg sheet is called
octahedral because of

8-sided building blocks.

Composting is the biological decomposition of organic waste such as food or plant
material by bacteria, fungi, worms and other organisms under controlled aerobic
(occurring in the presence of oxygen) conditions. The end result of composting is an
accumulation of partially decayed organic matter called humus.

Ammonium sulphate-Oldest natural fertilizer,acidic

Calcium ammonium nitrate -Kisan Khad(neutral)

Ammonium nitrate -Fire hazardous fertilizer (explosive fertilizer and highly

hygroscopic in nature)

Urea (NH2 CO NH2) -Organic,cheap and widely used.

Superphosphate (Single) - Oldest commercially available fertilizer,water soluble.

Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is a concentrated fertilizer with high phosphorus and nitrogen

content. It can be applied directly to soil of as a mixture with other fertilizers. DAP can be applied
to all soil types. The best effects are achieved when applied prior to sowing.