+ MODEL

Propulsion and Power Research 2022;xxx(xxx):1e17

http://ppr.buaa.edu.cn/

Propulsion and Power Research

w w w. s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c om

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Combined effects of Joule heating and non-

uniform heat source/sink on unsteady MHD
mixed convective flow over a vertical stretching
surface embedded in a Darcy-Forchheimer
porous medium
B.K. Sharma*, Rishu Gandhi

Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India

Received 29 July 2021; accepted 30 March 2022

Available online XXXX

KEYWORDS Abstract This paper deals with an unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) heat and mass
transfer for a viscous incompressible fluid through a vertical stretching surface embedded in
Magnetohydrodynamics
(MHD); a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium in the presence of a non-uniform heat source/sink and
Unsteady; first-order chemical reaction. The porous surface is subjected to a uniform transverse magnetic
Heat and mass transfer; field. The influence of velocity, thermal, and concentration slip is also investigated. The gov-
Non-Darcian porous erning equations are coupled non-linear partial differential equations, which have been con-
medium; verted via similarity transformation into a set of ordinary differential equations. The resultant
Heat source; system of non-linear ordinary differential equations has been solved numerically with the help
Joule effect of the “MATLAB” BVP4C Solver. Results are presented graphically to analyze the effects of
various physical parameters discovered in the problem such as Hartmann number (M ), For-
chheimer number (Fr), Grashof number (Gr), solutal Grashof number (Gc), suction parameter
(S ), porosity parameter (e l), dimensionless velocity slip (Sv ), Prandtl number (Pr), dimension-
less thermal slip (St ), space-dependent heat source/sink parameter (A e
), temperature-dependent
1

*Corresponding author.
E-mail address: bhupen_1402@yahoo.co.in (B.K. Sharma).
Peer review under responsibility of Propulsion and Power Research.

Production and Hosting by Elsevier on behalf of KeAi

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2022.06.001
2212-540X/ª 2022 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 + MODEL

2 B.K. Sharma, Rishu Gandhi

heat source/sink (B e) ), Eckert number (Ec), Schmidt number (Sc), chemical reaction parameter
1
(g), unsteadiness parameter (A), and dimensionless concentration slip (Sc ) on non-dimensional
velocity c e
e0 ðhÞ, temperature zðhÞ, and concentration fðhÞ profiles. The influence of these param-
eters on skin-friction coefficient (Cf) ), Nusselt number (Nu)x ), and Sherwood number (Sh)x ) are
expressed in tabular form. It is observed that an enhancement in Fr and e l results in the decli-
nation of the velocity profile. There is an enhancement in temperature with an increment in the
e) and B
A e)1 . The physical representation of flow characteristics that appeared in the problem is
1
presented using various graphs to depict real-world applications in industrial and engineering
operations. The results were compared to previous studies, revealing that the two are in good
agreement. The novelty of the present investigation is: To interpret the combined effects of
viscous dissipation and Joule heating on a vertical stretching surface embedded in a highly
porous medium modeled using the Darcy-Forchheimer model. The findings could be valuable
in understanding the flow of oil, gas, and water through an oil or gas field reservoir, as well as
groundwater migration and filtering and purification procedures.
ª 2022 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).

Nomenclature Sc Schmidt number

Sh)x local Sherwood number
A unsteadiness parameter Sc dimensionless concentration slip
e)
A coefficient of heat source/sink dependent on space St dimensionless thermal slip
1
e )Þ
Bðt uniform magnetic field (unit: T) Sv dimensionless velocity slip
1
e)
B coefficient of heat source/sink dependent on Tef temperature of the corresponding fluid (unit: K)
1
temperature Tfw temperature at the wall (unit: K)
)
Cb drag coefficient independent of viscosity TN ambient temperature of the fluid (unit: K)
ff
C concentration of the corresponding fluid (unit: uf) velocity component in x)1 -direction (unit: m=s)
1
mol=m3 ) Ufw) stretching velocity of the sheet (unit: m=s)
Cf) coefficient of skin-friction
ve) velocity component in y)1 -direction (unit: m=s)
f)
C specific heat at constant pressure (unit: J,kg1 ,K1 )
1
p
)
Vf
w
) velocity of suction or injection at the wall of the
CN ambient concentration of the fluid (unit: mol=m3 ) surface (unit: m=s)
Cfw concentration at the wall (unit: mol=m3 )
De diffusion coefficient Greek letters
Ee slip corresponding to velocity b coefficient of thermal expansion (unit: K1 )
Ec Eckert number b) coefficient of concentration expansion (unit: K1 )
Fe slip corresponding to temperature ce dimensionless velocity
Fr Forchheimer number h similarity variable
e
g acceleration by virtue of gravity (unit: m=s2 ) g chemical reaction parameter
Ge slip corresponding to concentration mf) fluid’s dynamic viscosity (unit: Pa,s)
Gr Grashof number nf) fluid’s kinematic viscosity (unit: m2 ,s1 )
fe dimensionless concentration
Gc solutal Grashof number
kf) thermal conductivity (unit: W/(m,K)) j) stream function (unit: kg=ðm ,sÞ)
k1 permeability of the porous medium (unit: m2 ) rf) fluid’s density (unit: kg=m3 )
M Hartmann number e
s electrical conductivity (unit: S=m)
mf)w mass flux (unit: kg,m2 ,s1 ) tf)
w shear stress at the wall (unit: Pa)
Nu)x local Nusselt number e
z dimensionless temperature
Pr Prandtl number e
l porosity parameter
qf)
w heat flux at the surface (unit: W/(m,K))
S suction parameter

1. Introduction the many functional applications modeled or approximated

in porous media as transport phenomena. Such flows occur
Convective flows have been thoroughly studied and have in a wide range of industrial applications, as well as in many
caused many different physical effects. The interest is due to natural circumstances such as geothermal mining, nuclear
 + MODEL
Combined effects of Joule heating and non-uniform heat source/sink on unsteady MHD mixed convective flow
waste storage, groundwater flows, industrial and agricultural
water distribution, oil recovery processes, thermal insulation
engineering, pollutant dispersal in aquifers, electronic
component cooling, packing reactors, food processing.
There is vast literature on these topics, the majority of which
focuses on the well-known classic Darcy flow problem.
Darcy derived a semi-empirical equation for flow under low
velocity and weak porosity conditions. However, there is a
divergence from the linear law at greater flow rates or in
porous surfaces with high permeability; inertial effects
become relevant in this scenario. By incorporating a
quadratic factor into the momentum equation, Forchheimer
[1] predicted the Darcy-Forchheimer equation. Natural
convection heat and mass transfer in magnetohydrody-
namics (MHD) fluid flow with variable surface temperature
and concentration in a porous medium were reviewed by
Javaherdeh et al. [2]. Ali et al. [3] investigated the MHD
flow of Brinkman type nanofluid in a porous medium with
the variable velocity of the surface, temperature, and con-
centration. Motlagh et al. [4] examined Brownian diffusion
and thermophoresis effects in an inclined square filled with a
porous material. In the presence of heat generation or ab-
sorption, Ashraf et al. [5] investigated mixed convection
flow with Newtonian heating over a stretching porous
wedge using the homotopy analysis method. Mishra and
Sharma [6] discussed MHD mixed convective flow with the
Hall effect in the presence of the magnetic field. Hassan
et al. [7] utilized the Dupuit-Forchheimer model to study the
convective heat transfer in a porous medium over a wavy
surface. Mathematical modeling of two-phase fluid flow in
the presence of an external magnetic field through a Darcy-
Brinkman-Forchheimer porous medium was examined by
Bhatti et al. [8]. Majeed et al. [9] conducted a computational
investigation of the Darcy-Forchheimer model using
chemically reactive species and momentum slip of order two
with activation energy. Rasool et al. [10] investigated the
Darcy-Forchheimer relationship in a convective magneto-
hydrodynamic nanofluid flow confined by a non-linear
stretching sheet numerically.
A combination of mass transfer and heat transfer prob-
lems with chemical reactions has received considerable
attention. Heat transfer is widely used in engineering sys-
tems and other facets of life. The human body continually
refuses heat to its environment, and human comfort is
closely tied to the rate of rejection of this heat. We seek to
monitor this rate of heat transfer by adjusting our clothing to
the weather conditions. Many ordinary home appliances are
designed, in whole or in part, using heat transfer principles.
Examples include heating and air conditioning, refrigerator
and freezer, water heater, iron, monitor, TV, and VCR. Of
course, energy-efficient homes are designed to reduce winter
heat loss and summer heat gain. Heat transfer plays an
important role in designing many other items, including car
radiators, solar collectors, various power plant parts, and
even spacecraft. The occurrence of mass transport is
recognizable in daily life. The impact of a drop of dye in
water is an example of mass transfer. Mass transport has
3
many industrial applications. Mass transfer is used in
bioengineering designs like respirators, blood oxygenators,
and artificial kidneys. Air and water pollution processes are
also diffusion controlled. The heat and mass transport co-
occurs in various processes such as flow in a dessert cooler,
evaporation at the top of any water body, and energy transfer
in a wet cooling tower. Kandasamy et al. [11] researched the
impact of heat and mass transportation with the heat source
and thermal stratification effects on MHD flow over a ver-
tical stretching surface. Sharma et al. [12] discussed the
transfer of mass and heat on 3D flow through a porous
medium. Alam et al. [13] studied the influence of thermo-
phoresis and chemical reaction on heat and mass transport
along an inclined plate. Rajeswari et al. [14] investigated the
influence of suction on heat and mass transport through a
vertical porous surface. Ahmad and Khan [15] analyzed heat
and mass transmission with viscous dissipation over a
moving wedge. Madhura et al. [16] explored the influence
of heat and mass transfer on nanofluid over a moving/sta-
tionary vertical plate embedded in a porous medium. Reddy
et al. [17] discussed heat and mass transfer of blood with
viscous dissipation and non-uniform heat source/sink in a
permeable inclined stretching surface.
The chemical reaction can be classified as either homo-
geneous or heterogeneous. This classification is based on
whether the reaction occurs in a single phase or at the surface.
The influence of a chemical reaction depends on the order of
the reaction and whether it is heterogeneous or homogenous.
Raptis and Perkidis [18] studied the impact of chemical re-
action on a non-linear stretching sheet with the magnetic
field. Cussler [19] claimed that a reaction that proceeds
uniformly throughout a phase is homogeneous, whereas a
reaction occurring within a phase’s boundary is heteroge-
neous. Khan et al. [20] discussed the influence of chemical
reaction on nanofluid flow over a steadily moving surface.
The impact of chemical reaction via porous medium over a
moving vertical plate was discussed by Tripathy et al. [21].
Khan et al. [22] researched the modified form of homoge-
neous and heterogeneous chemical reactions by considering
stagnation point flow. Impacts of constructive and destructive
chemical reactions in MHD flow of Jeffrey liquid were
studied by Hayat et al. [23]. Tripathi and Sharma [24,25]
discussed the effect of variable viscosity on the two-phase
model of blood flow with chemical reaction. Seyedi et al.
[26] investigated heat and mass transfer in a stretching
channel with chemical reactions. Sharma and Kumawat [27]
examined the MHD flow of blood with ohmic heating and
chemical reaction via a vertical stretching surface.
Magnetic fields are used in the metallurgical industry for
stirring, spinning, levitating, and heating liquid metals. The
magnetic field of the earth, which protects the surface against
deadly radiation, is produced by the motion of the liquid core
of the earth. For all these phenomena, where the magnetic
field and the velocity field are combined, we use the term
magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), provided that there is an
electrically conductive and non-magnetic fluid, e.g., liquid
metals, hot ionized gases (plasmas), or solid electrolytes.
 + MODEL
4 B.K. Sharma, Rishu Gandhi
Chamkha [28] studied the MHD flow in the presence of heat
generation or absorption. Mansour et al. [29] considered the
presumptions of Soret and Dufour effects to study the in-
fluence of thermal stratification on MHD free convective
flow. Rajesh [30] studied the impact of the unsteady MHD
flow past an infinite vertical plate with a ramping type tem-
perature profile concerning time. Raptis [31] studied the free
convective oscillatory flow over a porous plate. Jafar et al.
[32] discussed the MHD flow with external magnetic field
and Joule effect. Under the presumption of varying perme-
ability, Sharma et al. [33,34] reported the influence of
chemical reaction on the flow of magneto-micropolar fluid
that replicates the microscopic effects owing to the local
behavior and micro-motion of the liquid particles. Waqas
et al. [35] explored the micro-level effects of micropolar
liquid on MHD flow through a non-linear stretching sheet
under the convective condition. Tlili et al. [36] studied MHD
flow of water-based nanofluids while taking thermophoresis
and Brownian motion effects into account. By treating fluid
viscosity and thermal conductivity as an inverse linear
function of temperature, Kalpana et al. [37] explored the
boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting MHD dusty
fluid in a porous material. Walelign et al. [38] examined the
impact of an induced magnetic field on the stagnation point
flow of Maxwell nanofluid toward a vertically permeable and
stretchable sheet.
Joule heating describes converting the energy of an electric
current to heat as it passes through a resistance. In particular, as
the electric current flows through a solid or liquid with finite
conductivity, the material transforms electrical energy to heat
by resistive losses. The most common applications of Joule-
heating in day-to-day activities are an incandescent bulb that
emits light, clothes iron, portable fan heater, and hairdryer that
produces hot flow. Beg et al. [39] studied unsteady MHD
Hartmann-Couette flow with Hall current and Joule heating
effects. Combined effects of Joule heating and viscous dissi-
pation past a stretching surface with free convection were
studied by Chen [40]. Sharma et al. [41] clarified the heat and
mass transport in magneto-biofluid flow with the Joule effect
via a non-Darcian porous medium. The influence of Joule
heating with various additional conditions such as MHD flow,
solar radiations, partial slip, and convective boundary condi-
tions was discussed by some researchers [42e44]. Sharma
et al. [45] performed entropy analysis through a multi-stenosed
artery in the presence of Joule heating.
Viscous dissipation is often just a negligible conse-
quence, but its contribution can become significant when the
fluid viscosity is very high. Viscous dissipation is illustrated
as the heating of the fluid by taking energy out of the fluid’s
motion and transforming it into the fluid’s internal energy.
This mechanism is irreversible and is caused by the fluid’s
viscosity. To introduce the effect of viscous dissipation,
Sahoo [46] presented the second-grade MHD fluid flow past
a transversally stretching sheet. The influence of viscous
dissipation was studied by Chand and Jat [47] on an un-
steady stretching surface. Dessie and Kishan [48] studied
MHD effects on heat transfer over a stretching sheet
embedded in a porous medium with viscous dissipation and
heat source/sink. Hsaio [49,50] discussed combined elec-
trical MHD heat transfer and micropolar nanofluid flow with
viscous dissipation effects. Using the two-term perturbation
technique, Seethamahalskshmi et al. [51] examined the
MHD mixed convective flow through a semi-infinite verti-
cal porous plate under the impact of Joule heating and
viscous dissipation. Gandhi et al. [52] analyzed the viscous
dissipation effects through a stenosed artery considering
variable viscosity model.
The current research of the physics of flow across a ver-
tical stretching surface is expected to be used as the foun-
dation for various scientific and engineering applications,
including studying more complicated vertical problems
concerning the flow of electrically conducting fluids. The
findings could be valuable in understanding the flow of oil,
gas, and water through an oil or gas field reservoir, as well as
groundwater migration and filtering and purification pro-
cedures. The importance of examining the effect of viscous
dissipation and Joule heating on MHD flow and heat transfer
has sparked interest in analyzing this research problem. The
irreversible processes of viscous dissipation and Joule heating
show how kinetic and electrical energy is transformed into
thermal energy. Viscous dissipation is the work done by the
fluid on adjacent layers due to shear forces. In contrast, Joule
heating is a mechanism in which conduction electrons
transfer into the atoms of a conductor due to a collision
procedure. The results of this problem can be helpful in
various devices subject to significant variations in gravita-
tional force, its application on heat exchanger designs, wire
and glass fiber drawing, and its application in nuclear engi-
neering in connection with reactor cooling. Reddy et al. [17]
studied MHD flow of blood in an inclined permeable
stretching surface with viscous dissipation, chemical reaction,
and non-uniform heat source using Darcy’s law. The com-
bined effects of viscous dissipation and Joule heating have
been ignored in his research work [17]. The purpose of the
porosity factor is to provide a cumulative inertial effect that
causes skin friction (wall-drag) to vary. Darcy initially
introduced the concept and the law, known as Darcy’s law, is
valid for a restricted velocity range. The substantial impacts
of inertial force and resistance supplied by the porosity factor
become practically impossible to ignore in the case of porous
media. In order to investigate the inertial effects, the mo-
mentum equation includes a squared velocity term within the
framework of Darcian velocity. To our knowledge, no
attempt has yet been made to investigate the combined effects
of Joule heating and viscous dissipation on a vertical
stretching surface embedded in a Darcy Forcheimmer model
in the presence of a non-uniform heat source/sink.
The novelty of the present investigation is:
 To address porosity effects using the Darcy Forchheimer
model.
 To study the combined effects of Joule heating and
viscous dissipation in the presence of a non-uniform heat
source/sink on a vertical stretching surface.
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Combined effects of Joule heating and non-uniform heat source/sink on unsteady MHD mixed convective flow 5

This research aims to simulate MHD mixed convective
flow for a viscous incompressible fluid passing over a
vertical stretching surface embedded in a Darcy-
Forchheimer porous medium. Our inspiration in the pre-
sent attempt is to study the combined effects of Joule
heating and viscous dissipation with a non-uniform heat
source/sink. Second, to investigate the characteristics of
heat transport with 1st order chemical reaction and slip
boundary conditions. The present study initiative is orga-
nized into five sections, as follows:
e ) Þ is a uniform magnetic field applied normal to the
 Bðt 1
sheet.
 The magnetic Reynold’s number is considered very
small ðRe < < 1Þ so that the induced magnetic field
can be neglected compared to the applied magnetic
field.
 The presence of non-uniform internal heat source/sink
and Joule effect is considered to analyze the variation in
velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles.
 The fluid properties are considered as constant.

 The first part is the introduction, which includes various The basic governing equations [53] of the flow are:
physical parameters discussion considered in this work Continuity:
and the other related work done by researchers.
 The second part represents mathematical formulation vue)1 vve)1
þ Z 0; ð1Þ
which includes flow analysis, a geometrical representa- vx)1 vy)1
tion of the model, governing equations, and similarity
transformation. Non-dimensional variables are intro- Momentum:
duced in this section to derive governing equation solu- x)1 -direction:
tions. Nonlinear coupled ODEs are formed by converting  2 e) 
PDEs to nonlinear coupled ODEs. vue)1 e) vue)1 e) vue)1 v u1 v2 ue)1  
þ u þ v Z f
n ) þ gb Tef  TN
þe )
 The third section includes the numerical solution, which vt1) 1 )
vx1 1
vy1) )2
vx1 )2
vy1
involves converting the higher-order nonlinear coupled  )
  e e f) Cb  e) 2
ff  C )  sB t1 ue)1  n ue)1  p
2
ODEs into a system of first-order differential equations. þeg b) C ffiffiffiffi u1 ;
The solutions are then derived using the BVP4C solver in
N
re) k1 k1
MATLAB. ð2Þ
 Finally, there’s the section on Results and Graphical
analysis. Validation of completed work is required, and y)1 -direction:
this part represents that requirement. The results are also    
shown graphically in MATLAB, and the graphical results vve)1 e) vve)1 e) vve)1 f) v2 ve)1 v2 ve)1 sBe2 t1) e)
e
þ u1 ) þ v 1 ) Z n þ )2  v1
are then elaborated. vt1) vx1 vy1 vx)2
1 vy1 re)
f)
n Cb  2
2. Mathematical formulation  ve)1  pffiffiffiffi ve)1 ;
k1 k1
2.1. Flow analysis ð3Þ

The flow of the fluid is modeled by making the following Energy:

flow assumptions:  2 
vTef e) vTef e) vTef ke) v Tef v2 Tef
000
q1
þ u þ v Z þ þ
 An unsteady, incompressible, viscous electrically con- vt1) 1
vx)1 1
f) vx)2
vy)1 re) C 1 vy)2
1 f)
re) C
p p
ducting MHD flow embedded in Darcy-Forchheimer ð4Þ
sBe2  e) 2
e
porous medium with the heat source, viscous dissipa- þ u þ F) ;
tion, and chemical reaction is under consideration. f) 1
re) Cp
 The cartesian coordinate system with x)1 axis along the
vertical plate and y)1 axis perpendicular to the direction of where
the plate are adopted. "   !  #
 The sheet is spontaneously stretched with velocity m )
v e)1 2 vve)1 2
u v e)1 vve)1 2
u
f) Ze px)1 ð1  ert1) Þ1 along x)1 axis at time t1) Z 0, whe- F) Z 2 þ þ þ ;
U w f)
re) C vx)1 vy)1 vy)1 vx)1
p and er are constants with dimension ðtimeÞ1 . Here, e
re e p p

represents the initial stretching rate, while e p=ð1 ert1) Þ

represents the effective stretching rate over time. Concentration:
 Within the fluid medium, the origin is considered fixed  2f
) ff
vC ff
vC ff
vC ff 
v C f v2 C
with ambient temperature TN , and the surface is kept at e ) e
)
þ u 1 ) þ v1 ) Z D e þ )2
uniform temperature Tw . f vt1) vx1 vy1 vx)2
1 vy1
 The surface concentration is kept uniform at C fw whereas  )  
f
 G t1 Cf  CN : )
ð5Þ
)
the ambient fluid concentration is CN .
 + MODEL

6 B.K. Sharma, Rishu Gandhi

On the basis of above assumptions and using order of The no-slip boundary condition is a familiar feature of all
magnitude approach alongwith Boussinesq’s approxima- the above studies considered. However, there may be times
tion, the governing equations [9,17] for boundary layer are: when no-slip boundary conditions aren’t appropriate. In that
case, it may be necessary to consider slip boundary conditions.
Continuity:
The viscosity of fluids like water and gases (air) is negligible. In
vue)1 vve)1 contrast, fluids like oil, paints, glycerine, and printer ink have a
þ Z 0; ð6Þ high viscosity when there is a difference in relative tangential
vx)1 vy)1
velocity, i.e. when the boundary slip exists. The fluid flow
Momentum: behavior in the slip flow regime is very different from the
 2 e)  classical flow. The slip essentially slows down the fluid motion,
vue)1 e) vue)1 e) vue)1 v u1  
þ u1 ) þ v 1 ) Z n f) þegb Tef  TN
) resulting in a reduction in net molecular movement. As a result,
vt1) vx1 vy1 vy)2
1 there is less molecular mobility, which lowers the temperature
  and mass fraction fields. Because the thermal slip parameter
  e
s e2 t )
B f)
n Cb  2
þegb) C ff  C )  u1  ue)1  pffiffiffiffi ue)1 ;
1 e)
can regulate the temperature inside the flow, the concentration
re)
N
k1 k1
slip parameter may control the mass transport phenomenon.
ð7Þ The liquids exhibiting boundary slip find applications in
technological problems such as polishing artificial heart valves
Energy:
and internal cavities.
 2 
vTef e) vTef e) vTef ke) v Tef sBe2  e) 2
000
q1 e It is assumed that
þ u þ v Z þ þ u
)
vt1 1 )
vx1 1 )
vy1 re C
) f vy1
) )2
re C
) f re) C
) f) 1
p p p
f) Z epx)1 f ) qx)1 f
e ) esx)1
 2 U ; T w ZTN þ ; C w Z CN þ ð13Þ
f) vue)1
n
w
1 ert1) 1 ert1) 1 ert1)
þ ;
f) vy)1
C p where e p > 0; e
q  0; er  0; es  0 are constants and
ð8Þ ert1) < 1.  
We   consider e B
BZ f) 1  ert ) 1=2
 1 0 1
Concentration: and G t1) ZG0 1  ert1) f) represents the mag-
where B0
ff f f  2 f )
netic field strength at t1 Z0 and G0 is a constant.
vC   
þ e)1 vCf þ ve)1 vCf Z D
u e v Cf  G t ) C
ff  C ) : The non-uniform heat source/sink is modeled as
) ) ) )2 N
vt1 vx1 vy1 vy1 1

 
ð9Þ eU
K f) x) ; t )  )    
000
q1 Z w 1 1 e T
A e) Tef  T ) ;
fw  T ) ce0 þ B
x)1 ve)1
1 N 1 N
The boundary conditions [17,54] subject to the flow are
  vue)1 ) f)  )  e) < 0,
ue)1 Z U
f) x) ; t ) þ Eemf) ; ve Z Vw t1 ; where internal heat absorption is represented by A 1
vy)1 w e) < 0 and the internal heat generation is represented by
w 1 1
B 1
  e   f e) > 0, B e) > 0.
Tef Z T e vT f ; C
fw x) ; t ) þ F ff Z C e vCf at y) Z 0;
fw x) ; t ) þ G A 1 1
)
1 1
vy1 1 1
vy)1 1
The model of flow is depicted in Figure 1 and the
ð10Þ schematic representation of model using flow chart is
illustrated in Figure 2.
) f
ue)1 / 0; Tef / TN )
; Cf / CN at y)1 /N: ð11Þ

Vf)
w is specified by:
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
f) U
n e)
Vf)Z  w
ceð0Þ: ð12Þ
w
x)1

Vf) f)
w > 0 demonstrates injection and Vw < 0 demonstrates
suction.
In Eq. (10), EZ e f E0 ð1  ert1) Þ1=2 represents velocity slip
factor and f E0 is its initial value, FZ e F f0 ð1  ert ) Þ1=2 repre-
1
sents thermal slip factor and f F0 is its initial value, and
e G
GZ f0 ð1  ert ) Þ1=2 represents solutal slip and G f0 is its
1
initial value. The no slip conditions can be obtained by E f0 Z
f
F0 Z G f0 Z 0. Figure 1 A schematic diagram of mathematical model.
 + MODEL

Combined effects of Joule heating and non-uniform heat source/sink on unsteady MHD mixed convective flow 7

Figure 2 Schematic representation of the mathematical model using flow chart.

2.2. Similarity transformation Tef  TN

) ff  C )
C
e
zðhÞZ e
; fðhÞZ N
ð14Þ
fw  T )
T fw  C )
C
N N
The most known exact solutions in fluid mechanics are
The velocity components are defined as uf ) Zvj and ve) Z
)
similarity solutions that reduce the number of independent
1 vy)1 1
variables by one or more. Similarity solutions are usually )
f ) & ve) the equation of
 vj
vx ) . By substituting the values of u 1 1
asymptotic solutions to a problem and are applied to acquire 1

physical insight into the features of complex fluid flows. The continuity Eq. (1) is satisfied.
physical, dynamic, and thermal parameters of the actual On calculating we have uf f) ce0 ðhÞ
) ZU and
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 w
problem and their influence are all represented in these so- e
)
v1 Z  epne) c e:
lutions [55]. The similarity transformations are introduced as- ð1e rt )1 Þ

 1=2 Here prime stands for the differentiation with respect

f)
U  ) 1=2
hZ w
y)1 ; j) Z n f)
f) x1 U eðhÞ;
c to h.
f) x)1
n
w
 + MODEL

8 B.K. Sharma, Rishu Gandhi

Now using the similarity transformation into equations provide a guess for the desired solution because BVPs can
(7)e(9), the following set of ODE is obtained have more than one solution. The guess also includes a guess
  for an initial mesh that reveals the anticipated solution’s
1 e00
f
c þc
000 e c  ðc Þ  A c þ hc þ Gre
e00 e0 2 e0 e  M 2 ce0
z þ Gcf behavior. The programs then adjust the mesh to obtain an
2
accurate numerical solution with a small number of mesh
e lce0  Frðce0 Þ Z0;
2
points. Often, the most challenging component of solving a
ð15Þ BVP is coming up with a good enough guess. bvp4c employs
an innovative method of error control that aids it in dealing
  with wrong estimates. The iterative process will terminate
1 e00 e e e 1 e0 1 e) e0 e)e
z þc 0 e
e z  c z  A z þ hz þ
0 A c þ B1 z when the absolute error is  106 . For the implementation
Pr 2 Pr 1 ð16Þ of BVP4C, the Eqs. (15)-(17) are converted into a system of
þ Ecðce00 Þ2 þ EcM 2 ðce0 Þ2 Z 0; first-order differential equations. Let
8
  <c eZf1 ; ce0 Zf2 ; ce00 Zf3
1 f00 e þ 1 hfe0  gfZ0; e0
efe0  ce0 f
f þc eA f e ð17Þ e
: zZf4 ; z Zf 5 ð19Þ
Sc 2 e e 0
fZf6 ; f Zf7
where
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Therefore, on introducing these new variables the Eqs.
 
er e
s ege
bx)1 Tfw  T ) (15)-(17) are transformed into the following system e
AZ ; M ZBe0 ; GrZ N
; 8
e
p re)e p g
U )2 >
> f10 Zf2
w >
>
>
>
    >
> f20 Zf3
fw  C ) >
>
g b) x)1 C
e N e n 1  ert1)
e >
>  
Gc Z ;lZ ; >
> 1
f2 k1 e
p >
> 0 2
f Z  f1 f3 þ ðf2 Þ þ A f2 þ hf3  Grf4
C >
>
w
> 3
> 2
g e) C
m f) >
>
Cb x)1 U )2 >
>
> Gcf6 þ M f2 þ e
p
Fr Z pffiffiffiffi ; Ec Z  w ; Pr Z ; >
>
2
lf2 þ Frðf2 Þ
2
k1 f) f
Cp Tw  TN
) ke) >
>
< f 0 Zf
5
4
  ð20Þ
  >
>
f)
n G0 Cfw  C ) >
> 0 1
Sc Z and g Z N >
> f ZPr  f1 f5 þ f2 f4 þ A f4 þ hf5
e pð1  ert1) Þ
e > 5
> 2
D >
>
>
>  2   
>
> Ec ðf3 Þ þ M 2 ðf2 Þ
2
 A f) f2 þ Bf) f4
>
> 1 1
The dimensional boundary conditions are reduced to the >
>
>
> 0
following non-dimensional boundary conditions: > f6 Zf7
>
>
>  

>
c zZ1 þ St ze0 ð0Þ;
eZS; ce0 Z1 þ Sv ce00 ð0Þ; e >
>
> 0
ZSc  þ þ þ
1
hf þ gf
> f
: 7 f f
1 7 f f
2 6 A f6 7 6
e
fZ1 þ Sc fe0 ð0Þ at hZ0; ð18Þ 2
e
c /0; e
0
z/0; f/0e as h /N
and the boundary conditions transformed from the Eq. (13)
In Eq. (18), the injection is represented by S  0 whereas are e
suction is represented by S  0. Also, 8
< f1 ð0ÞZS; f2 Z1 þ Sv f3 ð0Þ;
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffi
e f4 Z1 þ St f5 ð0Þ; f6 Z1 þ Sc f7 ð0Þ; ð21Þ
Sv Z Ee0 re) e
pev1 ; St Z Fe0
) p f0 e
; Sc Z G
p :
f2 /0; f4 /0; f6 /0
e
v1) e
v)1

4. Results and discussion

3. Numerical solution
The governing Eqs. (15)-(17) are the nonlinear coupled
ordinary differential equation. These equations, along with
the boundary conditions (18), are solved using the “MAT-
LAB” BVP4C Solver [56]. BVP4C, a finite-difference al-
gorithm, implements the three-stage Lobatto IIIa formula.
This is a collocation formula, and the collocation polynomial
yields a continuous solution that is fourth-order accurate
across the integration interval. BVP codes require users to
The present study discusses the combined effects of
Joule heating and non-uniform heat source with viscous
dissipation and chemical reaction of 1st order through a
vertical stretching surface embedded in a Darcy-
Forchheimer porous medium. The influence of velocity,
thermal, and concentration slip is also investigated. The
impact of the physical parameters discovered in the
problem such as Hartmann number (M ), Forchheimer
number (Fr), Grashof number (Gr), solutal Grashof
 + MODEL

Combined effects of Joule heating and non-uniform heat source/sink on unsteady MHD mixed convective flow 9

Table 1 Default values of emerging parameters.

M Gr Gc e
l Fr S Sv St Sc Pr Ae
1 Be
1 Ec Sc g

3 2 2 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5

number (Gc), suction parameter (S ), porosity parameter velocity profile is analyzed as the value of M is increased
(e
l), Prandtl number (Pr), space-dependent heat source/sink from 3 to 5. With an increase in the value of M, an opposing
parameter (A e) ), temperature-dependent heat source/sink force to the flow, known as the Lorentz force, is generated,
) 1
e ), Eckert number (Ec), Schmidt number (Sc), chemical
(B which retards the fluid’s velocity.
1
reaction parameter (g), and unsteadiness parameter (A) is The Forchheimer number Fr, shown in Figure 6, shows a
explored on non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ, temperature similar pattern in the non-dimensional velocity profile ce0 ðhÞ.
e
zðhÞ, and concentration fðhÞ e profiles to get physical The descend in velocity profile is due to the porous mate-
insight into the problem. rial’s increased friction and retardation. The more frictional
For numerical results, we have considered some default force is applied to fluid motion as the Fr increases,
value for the parameters as depicted in Table 1. These values decreasing fluid velocity. The non-dimensional velocity
are considered as default unless mentioned in the relevant profile for Fr displays a tendency comparable to that shown
graphs. The range of parameters is illustrated in Table 2. in Ref. [9].
For validating the current results with Reddy et al. [17], Figures 7 and 8 depicts the non-dimensional velocity
the effect of the Radiation parameter, Joule heating, and profile ce0 ðhÞ for distinct values of Gr, and Gc respectively.
Forchheimer number is neglected. Reddy et al. [17] adopted There is an increment in the velocity profiles with an
the shooting approach to simplify the dimensionless gov- increment in Gr and Gc values. Grashof number portrays
erning equation. As a result, the shooting approach was
employed for [17] work, and the “MATLAB” BVP4C
Solver was used for the current investigation. Figures 3 and
4 depict the comparison of the present work’s velocity and
temperature profile with the previous study done by Reddy
et al. [17]. For fluid velocity and temperature, these figures
show excellent agreement (under some limiting conditions)
between the current work and previously published work
[17].

4.1. Hydrodynamic results

The influence of various flow parameters such as Hart-

mann number (M ), Forchheimer number (Fr), Grashof
number (Gr), solutal grashof number (Gc), suction param-
eter (S ), porosity parameter (e
l), and velocity slip (Sv ) on
non-dimensional velocity profile is elucidated in Figures 5- Figure 3 Comparison of non-dimensional velocity profile ce0 ðhÞ for
e
lZ0:1 (Fr Z 0).
11. Figure 5 highlights the impact of M on non-dimensional
velocity ce0 ðhÞ. The declination in the non-dimensional

Table 2 Values of various dimensionless parameters used in Eqs.

(15)-(17).

Parameters Values References

Hartmann number (M ) 0e5 [3,17]

Grashof number (Gr) 0e6 [3]
Forchheimer number (Fr) 0e6 [8,9]
Porosity parameter (e
l) 0e5 [9]
Solutal Grashof number (Gc) 0e6 [3]
Suction parameter (S ) 0e2 [14]
Prandtl number (Pr) 0e10 [32,40]
Eckert number (Ec) 0e2 [17]
Schmidt number (Sc) 0e2 [21,28]
Chemical reaction parameter (g) 0e5 [11] Figure 4 Comparison of non-dimensional temperature profile e
zðhÞ
f
Z 1.
for B1
 + MODEL

10 B.K. Sharma, Rishu Gandhi

Figure 5 Influence of M on non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ.

Figure 8 Influence of Gc on non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ.

Figure 6 Influence of Fr on non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ.

Figure 9 Influence of S on non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ.

Figure 7 Influence of Gr on non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ.

Figure 10 Influence of e
l on non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ.
the relationship between buoyant and viscous forces that act
in the fluid layer. With an increase in the values of Gr, the
thermal buoyancy force becomes more dominant than the slightly with increasing values of S. Because of the signif-
viscous force, and therefore the resistivity of the flow de- icant influence of viscosity, the heated fluid is forced to-
creases. The velocity of the fluid increases abruptly near the wards the wall, where buoyant forces can intervene to retard
wall and afterward descends uniformly towards zero. the fluid.
The non-dimensional velocity profile ce0 ðhÞ for S is The influence of porosity parameter e l on non-
illustrated in Figure 9. The velocity profiles deteriorate dimensional velocity profile ce0 ðhÞ shows a diminishing
 + MODEL

Combined effects of Joule heating and non-uniform heat source/sink on unsteady MHD mixed convective flow 11

behavior as illustrated in Figure 10. It can be interpreted by
the fact that fluid’s momentum and boundary layer thickness
decline with porous factor as it increases the resistance
given by the medium to fluid’s motion. The non-
dimensional velocity profiles for e l are similar to those re-
ported in Ref. [57].
Figure 11 highlights the impact of Sv on non-dimensional
velocity profile ce0 ðhÞ. The velocity profile declines with
increment in Sv values since slip velocity increases as the
velocity slip parameter increases, while the fluid’s velocity
decreases. The velocity of the stretching sheet is not the
same as the velocity of the flow near the sheet when the slip
condition occurs. In the case of Sv , the non-dimensional
velocity profile follows a trend that is quite similar to the
one described in Ref. [17].

Figure 11 Influence of Sv on non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ. Figure 14 Influence of St on non-dimensional temperature e
zðhÞ.

Figure 12 Influence of M on non-dimensional temperature e

zðhÞ. Figure 15 f
on non-dimensional temperature e
Influence of A zðhÞ.
1

Figure 13 Influence of Pr on non-dimensional temperature e

zðhÞ. Figure 16 f
on non-dimensional temperature e
Influence of B zðhÞ.
1
 + MODEL

12 B.K. Sharma, Rishu Gandhi

This graph shows that when B e) > 0, energy is emitted,

1
which causes the temperature to rise. In contrast, energy is
absorbed by decreasing the B e) < 0 values, resulting in a
1
large drop in temperature near the boundary layer. The re-
e) and B
sults for A e) show a good agreement with those of
1 1
Gireesha et al. [58].
Figure 17 illustrates the non-dimensional temperature
profiles ezðhÞ for contrasting values of Ec. With an increment
in Ec, the temperature rises as there is an increase in internal
energy. It is because Ec is the relationship between the ki-
netic energy of the flow and enthalpy driving force for heat
transfer. Ec has the same behavior as that of [32] in terms of
temperature profiles.

Figure 17 Influence of Ec on non-dimensional temperature e

zðhÞ. 4.3. Concentration results

The influence of various parameters such as Schmidt

4.2. Thermal results number (Sc), chemical reaction parameter (g), unsteadiness
parameter (A), and solutal slip (Sc ) on non-dimensional
The non-dimensional temperature profiles e zðhÞ for e
concentration profile fðhÞ is highlighted in Figures 18-21.
different flow parameters such as Hartmann number (M ),
Figure 18 illustrates the influence of Sc on non-
Prandtl number (Pr), thermal slip (St ), space dependent heat e
e) Þ, temperature dependent heat dimensional concentration profiles fðhÞ. With an incre-
source/sink parameter ðA 1
e) ), and Eckert number (Ec) are highlighted in ment in the Sc, the concentration decreases as depicted by
source/sink (B 1
Figures 12-17.
The impact of M on the non-dimensional temperature
profile ezðhÞ is highlighted in Figure 12. Temperature pro-
files improve with increasing values of M because the
Lorentz force, which is a resistive force, increases as M
increases. As a result, the temperature profile rises due to
increased Joule dissipation. The non-dimensional tempera-
ture profile for M follows the same pattern as that of [27].
The influence of Pr on the non-dimensional temperature
profile ezðhÞ is depicted by Figure 13. With increasing Pr,
the temperature profile appears to be decreasing because Pr
regulates the relative thickness of the thermal and mo-
mentum boundary layers. The diffusion of heat from the
heated surface for small values of Pr occurs faster in com-
parison to large values of Pr since thermal conductivity
increases for small values of Pr. Figure 18 e
Influence of Sc on non-dimensional concentration fðhÞ.
Figure 14 depicts the impact of St on non-dimensional
temperature profile e zðhÞ. It is analyzed that increasing the
value of St decreases the temperature profiles. The thickness
of the thermal boundary layer diminishes as St enhances even
if a small quantity of heat is transported from the sheet to the
fluid. Hence, a reduction in non-dimensional temperature
profiles. The non-dimensional temperature profile for St are
in good agreement with those displayed in Ref. [54].
The non-dimensional temperature profiles e zðhÞ are
shown in Figure 15 for different values of A e) . The tem-
1
perature profiles e zðhÞ increase with an increase in the values
)
of Ae > 0 (heat source) since the boundary layer generates
1
the energy, whereas for A e) < 0 (absorption), there is a
1
decline in temperature with a decrease in the value of A e) as
1
the boundary layer absorbs energy.
The variation in non-dimensional temperature profiles
e
zðhÞ is represented by Figure 16 for different values B e) . Figure 19 e
Influence of g on non-dimensional concentration fðhÞ.
1
 + MODEL

Combined effects of Joule heating and non-uniform heat source/sink on unsteady MHD mixed convective flow 13

4.4. Surface plots

Surface plots are visualizations of three-dimensional

data. Surface plots demonstrate a functional relationship
between a dependent variable and two independent vari-
ables rather than individual data points. The surface plot in
Figure 22 depicts the variation of axial velocity ce0 ðhÞ in
relation to axial direction h and unsteadiness parameter A
for M Z 3 and Fr Z 0.2. The velocity declines with the
increase in the value of h. The velocity profile diminishes as

Figure 20 e
Influence of A on non-dimensional concentration fðhÞ.

Figure 22 Surface plot of non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ with axial

direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for M Z 3.

Figure 21 e
Influence of Sc on non-dimensional concentration fðhÞ.

Ref. [29]. Sc describes fluid flows that have both momentum

and mass diffusion convection processes going on simulta-
neously. For a large value of Sc, momentum diffusion pre-
vails, whereas mass diffusion prevails for a small Sc.
Therefore, the mass transfer boundary layer’s thickness is
less than the hydrodynamic boundary layer’s thickness with
an increase in the values of Sc. Hence, a decrement in non-
dimensional concentration is analyzed. Figure 23 Surface plot of non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ with axial
Figure 19 depicts non-dimensional concentration profiles direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for M Z 4.
e
fðhÞ for g. An increment in the value of g results in a
decrement in the non-dimensional concentration. Due to an
increase in the value of g, the hydrodynamic boundary layer
is thicker than the mass transfer boundary layer. As a result,
a decrease in non-dimensional concentration is investigated
as g rises.
The impact of A on non-dimensional concentration pro-
e
file fðhÞ is highlighted in Figure 20. A decrement in the
concentration profile is analyzed with increment in the
values of A as the thickness of the boundary layer gets
reduced, which is in good agreement with the result in
Ref. [59].
Figure 21 shows the effect of Sc on non-dimensional
e
concentration profile fðhÞ. A decrement in concentration
profile is observed with increasing Sc values. This is in good Figure 24 Surface plot of non-dimensional velocity ce0 ðhÞ with axial
agreement with the results given by Ref. [17]. direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for Fr Z 1.9.
 + MODEL

14 B.K. Sharma, Rishu Gandhi

the value of M increases, as seen in Figure 23. With an

increase in the values of M, an opposing force namely the
Lorentz force comes into play which opposes the flow and
hence the velocity shows retardation. In contrast, Figure 24
shows the axial velocity variation ce0 ðhÞ in relation to axial
direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for Fr Z 1.9. It is
analyzed from Figures 22 and 24 that with an increment in
Fr, the velocity deteriorates, which is because of increasing
friction and retardation provided by the porous material.
The non-dimensional temperature profile varies with
axial direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for Pr Z 7
and Pr Z 9, as shown in the three-dimensional surface plots
in Figures 25-26. We can see from this figure that when the
Pr rises, the temperature rises with it. As a result, we may e
Figure 27 Surface plot of non-dimensional concentration fðhÞ with
physically deduce that when Pr is small, heat diffuses axial direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for Sc Z 0.6.
relatively quickly compared to velocity. As Pr rises, heat
diffusibility decreases, allowing the temperature to rise. 4.5. Skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number and
The three-dimensional surface plots for non-dimensional Sherwood number
concentration for contrasting values of Sc with regard to
axial direction h and unsteadiness parameter A are shown in The skin-friction coefficient is one of the main features of
Figures 27-28. It is discovered that as h increases, the the boundary layer. The skin-friction coefficient is a
concentration decreases until it reaches zero. In addition, as dimensionless quantity calculated from the shear stress on
Sc rises, the thickness of the mass transfer boundary layer the wall:
decreases compared to the thickness of the hydrodynamic
boundary layer. Hence, a reduction in non-dimensional
te)w
concentration is investigated. Cf) Z  ð22Þ
e g
rU )2 2
w

where

 e) 
v u1
te)w Z m
f) :
vy)1 y) Z0
1

The Nusselt number is an important parameter that can

potentially enhance heat exchange rates.

x) qe)
Nu)x Z  1 w  ð23Þ
ke) T
fw  T )
N
Figure 25 Surface plot of non-dimensional temperature e zðhÞ with
axial direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for Pr Z 7. where

Figure 26 Surface plot of non-dimensional temperature e zðhÞ with e

Figure 28 Surface plot of non-dimensional concentration fðhÞ with
axial direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for Pr Z 9. axial direction h and unsteadiness parameter A for Sc Z 0.78.
 + MODEL

Combined effects of Joule heating and non-uniform heat source/sink on unsteady MHD mixed convective flow 15
 
e e vTef For A Z 0.5 and different values of M, Gr, Pr, Gc, Ec,
qw Z  k
) ) : Table 4
vy)1 y) Z0 f00 ð0Þ,  e
g, and Sc, St Z1:0; Sc Z0:5; Sv Z1:5 the values of c
0
z ð0Þ,
1

 fe0 ð0Þ.
The Sherwood number is a dimensionless number used 0
in mass-transfer processes. It is the ratio of convective to M Gr Pr Gc Ec g Sc e00 ð0Þ
c e
z ð0Þ  fe0 ð0Þ
diffusive mass transport. It’s also known as the Nusselt 3 2 7 2 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.4765 0.6511 0.6547
number for mass transfer. 4 2 7 2 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.5263 0.6778 0.6397
3 3 7 2 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.4620 0.6271 0.6587
f) x)
m 3 2 9 2 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.4793 0.6808 0.6538
Sh)x Z  w 1  ð24Þ
e C
re) D fw  C ) 3 2 7 3 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.4434 0.5874 0.6655
N 3 2 7 2 0.75 0.5 0.6 -0.4677 0.5513 0.6573
3 2 7 2 0.5 1 0.6 -0.4832 0.6650 0.7260
where 3 2 7 2 0.5 0.5 0.78 -0.4829 0.6642 0.7247
 f
m e vCf
f)w Z  re) D :
vy)1 y) Z0
1
Table 5 For A Z 0 and different values of St ; Sc ; Sv with
The physical quantities of interest given by Eqs. (17)- M Z 3, Gr Z 2, Pr Z 7, Ae
Z 0.5, Gc Z 2, Ec Z 0.5, g Z 0.5,
1
(19) can also be written as e e
Z 0.5 and Sc Z 0.6 the values of c
B
0
z ð0Þ,  fe0 ð0Þ.
f00 ð0Þ,  e
1
1
Cf) Z Rex1=2 ce00 ð0Þ;
0
Sv St Sc e00 ð0Þ
c e
z ð0Þ  fe0 ð0Þ
2
0.5 0.5 0.5 -1.0012 0.5558 0.6121
N u)x Z  Rex1=2 ze0 ð0Þ; ð25Þ
1 0.5 0.5 -0.6247 0.8102 0.5990
0.5 1 0.5 -1.0039 0.3233 0.6120
and Sh)x Z  Rex1=2 fe0 ð0Þ: 0.5 0.5 1 -1.0404 0.6245 0.4645

The changes in the skin-friction coefficient (Cf) ), local

Nusselt number (Nu)x ), and Sherwood number (Sh)x ) are all
0
dependent on the parameters c z ð0Þ, fe0 ð0Þ
f00 ð0Þ, e Table 6 For A Z 0.5 and different values of St ; Sc ; Sv with


e Z 0.5, Gc Z 2, Ec Z 0.5, g Z 0.5,
M Z 3, Gr Z 2, Pr Z 7, A
respectively. 1

0
The impact of various non-dimensional parameters such e
B Z 0.5 and Sc Z 0.6 the values of c
1 z ð0Þ,  fe0 ð0Þ.
f00 ð0Þ,  e
as Hartmann number (M ), Grashof number (Gr), Prandtl 0
Sv St Sc e00 ð0Þ
c e
z ð0Þ  fe0 ð0Þ
number (Pr), solutal Grashof number (Gc), Eckert number
(Ec), chemical reaction parameter (g), and Schmidt number 0.5 0.5 0.5 -1.0457 0.7678 0.6722
0
z ð0Þ, fe0 ð0Þ is represented by the Tables 3
1 0.5 0.5 -0.6504 1.0058 0.6609
(Sc) on cf00 ð0Þ, e
0.5 1 0.5 -1.0528 0.4552 0.6717
and 4 for steady (A Z 0) and unsteady (A Z 0.5) flows 0.5 0.5 1 -1.0811 0.8111 0.5005
respectively. An increment in Cf) is observed with increment
in Gr, Gc, and Ec, however an opposite trend is analyzed in
the case of M, Pr, g, and Sc. Besides, an increment in Nu)x is the Sh)x increase for M, Gr, Pr, Gc, Ec, g, and Sc. In
noticed with increment in M, Pr, Sc, and g, whereas it de- contrast, the Cf) reduces as A varies from 0 to 0.5.
clines with increment in Gr, Gc, and Ec. Increases in Gr, The influence of the important parameters such as non-
Gc, Sc, and g increase Sh)x , while increases in M, Pr, and Ec dimensional velocity slip (Sv ), non-dimensional thermal slip
lower it. As the value of A varies from 0 to 0.5, the Nu)x and f00 ð0Þ,
(S0 t ), and non-dimensional concentration slip (Sc ) on c
e e0
z ð0Þ, f ð0Þ is illustrated by the Tables 5 and 6 for steady
(A Z 0) and unsteady (A Z 0.5) flows respectively. A
Table 3 For A Z 0 and different values of M, Gr, Pr, Gc, Ec, g, decrement in Cf) is observed with increment in St and Sc
0
f00 ð0Þ,  e
and Sc, St Z1:0; Sc Z0:5; Sv Z1:5 the values of c z ð0Þ, whereas it increases with Sv . With an increment in St , Nu)x
 fe0 ð0Þ. declines whereas with increment in Sv and Sc it enhances.
0 As the value of Sv , St and Sc is increased, a decrement in
M Gr Pr Gc Ec g Sc e00 ð0Þ
c e
z ð0Þ  fe0 ð0Þ Sh)x is analyzed. The Nu)x , and the Sh)x increase for Sv, St
3 2 7 2 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.4575 0.5413 0.5922 and Sc as A varies from 0 to 0.5. In contrast, the Cf) de-
4 2 7 2 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.5163 0.5934 0.5687 creases for Sv, St and Sc as A varies from 0 to 0.5.
3 3 7 2 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.4341 0.4895 0.6008
3 2 9 2 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.4618 0.5810 0.5904
3 2 7 3 0.5 0.5 0.6 -0.4183 0.4376 0.6087 5. Conclusions
3 2 7 2 0.75 0.5 0.6 -0.4429 0.3757 0.5975
3 2 7 2 0.5 1 0.6 -0.4689 0.6600 0.6800 This paper addresses an unsteady MHD heat and mass
3 2 7 2 0.5 0.5 0.78 -0.4665 0.5747 0.6605
transfer for a viscous incompressible fluid past a vertical
 + MODEL
16
stretching surface embedded in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous
medium. The combined effects of Joule heating and non-
uniform heat source/sink with viscous dissipation, chemical
reaction of 1st order, and uniform magnetic field are
analyzed for non-dimensional velocity, temperature, and
concentration profiles. The conclusions based on the above
analysis are as follows: The enhancement in porosity
parameter ðelÞ and Forchheimer number (Fr) results in the
declination of the velocity profile, which is in agreement
with [57]. The temperature profiles increase with increment
in space-dependent heat source parameter (A e) > 0) and
1 ing surface in the perspective of heat and mass transfer, Micro-
temperature-dependent heat source parameter (B e) > 0). On
1
the contrary, the temperature profiles decline with space-
dependent heat sink parameter (A e) < 0) and temperature-
1
dependent heat sink parameter (B e) < 0). The temperature
1 [12] B. Sharma, R. Chaudhary, P. Sharma, Fluctuating mass transfer on
profiles for Ae) > 0 and B e) > 0 are similar to the tempera-
1 1
ture profiles for [58]. The concentration profiles diminish
with increment in the unsteadiness parameter (A) supporting
[59]. Cf) increases as Sv increases, but Nu)x and Sh)x
decrease as St and Sc increases, which is in good agreement
with [17] results.
It is expected that the current study of the physics of flow
over a vertical stretching surface will serve as the foundation
for many scientific and engineering applications involving
the flow of electrically conducting fluids. The findings could
be valuable in determining the flow of oil, gas, and water
through an oil or gas field reservoir, as well as subsurface
water migration and filtering and purification procedures.
The results of this problem can be helpful in various devices
subject to significant variations in gravitational force, its
application on heat exchanger designs, wire and glass fiber
drawing, and its application in nuclear engineering in
connection with reactor cooling.
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