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CP: 0919 822 5048 | 0917 328 4664 my.excelreviewcenter.com.ph Analytic Geom 1
Rectangular Coordinates System Point O is the origin and has
Definition Also known as Cartesian Coordinates System coordinates (0,0). The abscissa or
Analytic geometry deals with geometric x-coordinate is always measured
problems using coordinates system y-axis
abscissa (x2,y2) from the y-axis while the ordinate
thereby converting it into algebraic  or y-coordinate is always measured
problems. Excel Review Center from the x-axis. The rectangular
d coordinates system is divided into
Quadrant II ordinate four quadrants as shown.
(x1,y1)
X1  Quadrant I
Distance Formula
origin (0,0) Y1 Distance between two points

 x 2  x1    y 2  y 1 
2 2
x-axis d

Quadrant III Quadrant IV Slope of

y2  y2
Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650, Cartesius in Latin
a Line m
x 2  x1
language) is regarded as the founder of analytic
geometry by introducing coordinates system in 1637. Excel Review Center
Slope = 0
Angle between two Lines Distance between a Point
 m  m1 
  tan 1  2 and a Line
 1  m m 
 2 1  Ax1  By 1  C
d
 A2  B2
M1
d is perpendicular to line
(X1, Y1)
  Slope = 
d

Parallel lines:
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M2
M1 m1  m2
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M2

Perpendicular lines:
Angle between d
C1  C2 Sign Convention: Use
+ if B is positive and the point is above
two Parallel Lines  A2  B2 the line or to the right of the line
+ if B is negative and the point is below M1 1
the line or to the left of the line
m2  
m1
- If otherwise M2
d is perpendicular to lines
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(X1, Y1)
Division 
of Line r2 Let r1 and r2 be the corresponding ratio of its
length to the total distance between two points.
d Segment
 P(x, y) (x1 r2 )  (x 2 r1 ) (y 1 r2 )  (y 2r1 )
x y
r1 r1  r2 r1  r2

If P is at midpoint of two points.

d is always positive value  x1  x 2 y1  y2
(X1, Y1) x y
2 2
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Area by Coordinates Equations of Lines Excel Review Center

Consider a polygon whose vertices have
coordinates of (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3). General Equation Point-Slope Form Slope-Intercept Form
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M
(X2, Y2)

M
(X , Y )
1 1
b

x-axis
 Excel Review Center

(X3, Y3)
Ax  By  C  0 y  y 1  m  x  x1  y  mx  b

(X , Y )
1 1 Two-Point Form
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y2  y1
(X1, Y1)
y  y1 
x 2  x1
 x  x1  Excel Review Center

1 x 1 x 2 x3 x1 Intercept Form
A
2 y1 y 2 y3 y1
x y
(X , Y )
 1 b
A   x1 y 2  x2y3  x3y 1    y 1x2  y 2x3  y 3x1 
1 2 2 a b
a
2
a = x-intercept
b = y-intercept

Conic Sections Excel Review Center

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Conic section (or simply Conic) is the locus of a point which moves so
that its distance from a fixed point (focus) is in constant ratio, e
(eccentricity) to its distance from a fixed straight line (directrix). The
term “conic” was first introduced by a renowned mathematician and
astronomer of antiquity, Apollonius (c.255 – 170 B.C.) Also, the term
“conic section” was due to the fact that the section is formed by a plane
made to intersect a cone.
If A = C, the conic is a circle.
If A  C but the same signs, the conic is an ellipse.
Parabola Circle Ellipse Hyperbola If A and C have different signs, the conic is a hyperbola.
General Equation of Conic Sections If either A or C is zero, the conic is a parabola.

Geometric Properties of Conic Sections

Ax2  Bxy  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
When B is not equal to zero, then the principal axes of the conic
are inclined (not parallel to the coordinates axes). The curve
can be identified from the equation given by determining the
value of the determinant, B2 – 4AC to intersect a cone.
The conic sections have geometric properties that can be used
for some engineering application such as beams of sound and
reflection of rays of light.

B2 – 4AC Conic Section Eccentricity

<0 Ellipse < 1.0
Ellipse reflects rays issued
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=0 Parabola = 1.0 Parabola reflects rays issued from the focus into the
>0 Hyperbola > 1.0 from the focus as a parallel (with other focus.
Circle reflects rays
respect to its axis) outgoing beam.
When B is equal to zero, then the principal axes of the conic issued from the
are parallel to the coordinates axes (x and y axes). To identify focus back to the Hyperbola reflects rays
the curve, compare the coefficients of A and C. center of the circle. issued from the focus as if
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Circle Parabola Ellipse Excel Review Center

A locus of a point that which moves so that A locus of a point which moves so A locus of a point which moves so
it is equidistant from a fixed point called that it is always equidistant to a fixed that the sum of its distance to the
center. point called focus and it a fixed fixed points (foci) is constant and is
straight line called directrix. equal to the length of the major axis
(X2, Y2)

Excel Review Center (2a).

h C(h,k) directrix directrix directrix

 Latus rectum
D
k

r a F
 
V
  V F b
C
a
F V
(X3, Y3) C(0,0)
f    c  
(X , Y ) d
 b a
1 1
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General Equation
General Equation If either D or E a
Ax  By  C  0 or both D and E Excel Review Center
2a = major axis 2b = minor axis
x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 not equal to 0,
General Equation General Equation
center is at h,k
Axis parallel
If D and E = 0, center is at origin
to y-axis Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Ax2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
Standard Equations Axis parallel If D and E = 0, center is at origin otherwise it is at h,k
C(0,0) C(h,k) to x-axis Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Standard Equation Standard Equation
x 2  y 2  r2 (x  h)2  (y  k)2  r2
Vertex at origin (0,0). Center at origin (0,0).
Axis parallel to x-axis Major axis horizontal Major axis vertical
When the equation given is general equation
rather than standard equation, the center (h,k) Open to right Open to Left
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
of the circle and its radius (r) can be determine  1  1
by converting the general equation to standard y 2  4ax y 2  4ax a2 b2 b2 a2
using the process known as completing the Center at origin (h,k).
Axis parallel to y-axis
square. Or using the following formulas:
Open Up Open Down
Major axis (x  h)2 (y  k)2
General Equation Ax2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0  1
x2  4ay x2  4ay horizontal
a2 b2
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D E Vertex at (h,k). Major axis (x  h)2 (y  k)2

Center (h, k) h k  1
2A 2A Axis parallel to x-axis vertical b2 a2
Open to
(y  k)2  4a(x  h)
D2  E2  4AF the right LATUS RECTUM ECCENTRICITY
Radius, r
r
4A2 Open to (y  k)2  4a(x  h) 2b2 a c
LR  e   1.0
the left a D a
Parabola Continuation… Open to Leftto y-axis
Axis parallel
When the equation given is a general
Additional formulas for h, k and a: (x  h)  4a(y  k)
2 equation rather than standard equation,
Open Up the center (h,k) of an ellipse and its focal
For axis horizontal: Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Open to Left
length “c” can be calculated by converting
E 2  4CF E D Open Down (x  h)2  4a(y  k) the general equation to standard using
h k a the process known as completing the
4CD 2C 4C square. The following formulas can be
LATUS RECTUM ECCENTRICITY -
obtained:
For axis vertical: Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 - line that passes the ratio of the
General equation:
through
Open to theLeft
focus and distance to the focus
D D 2  4AF E perpendicular to the to the distance to the
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
h k a
2A 4AE 4A axis of the conic. directrix

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Standard Equation: C(h,k)

Hyperbola Translation of Axes
A hyperbola is a locus of a point which Transverse (x  h) (y  k)
2 2
is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian
axis horizontal  1 coordinate system to an x'y'-Cartesian
moves so that the difference of the a2 b2
distances to the fixed points (foci) is coordinate system in which the x' axis
constant and is equal to the length of the Transverse is parallel to the x axis and k units
(y  k)2 (x  h)2
transverse axis (2a). axis vertical  1 away, and the y' axis is parallel to the y
a2 b2 axis and h units away.
LATUS RECTUM ECCENTRICITY y’
asymptote y directrices
2b2 a c Excel Review Center
asymptote LR  e   1.0
a D a
where: a = semi major axis & b = semi minor axis
X
b F When the equation given is a general h
P(x’,y’)
V V F
     x equation rather than standard equation, the
center (h,k) of a hyperbola can be calculated
y
D
by converting the general equation to
standard using the process known as
 X’
completing the square. The following k
a formulas can be obtained:
Conjugate c
axis
Transverse axis D E
h k
2A 2C
General Equation
A. Transverse axis horizontal x'  x h y'  y  k
Polar Coordinates
Ax2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0 Polar coordinates (r,) refers to the
coordinates of a point in a system of
Rotation of Axes
Transverse axis is the axis that passes is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian
coordinates where the position of a
through the foci, vertices and the center of coordinate system to an x'y'-Cartesian
point is determined by the length of
the hyperbola while the conjugate axis is the coordinate system in which the origin
ray segment (the radius vector) from a
one that is perpendicular to the transverse is kept fixed and the x' and y' axes are
axis. fixed origin (the pole) and the angle
obtained by rotating the x and y axes
(the polar angle) the ray (the vector)
counterclockwise through an angle .
makes with a fixed line (the polar axis).
Length of the transverse axis = 2a  2 C
Length of the conjugate axis = 2b  2 A Polar angle is sometimes called the vectoral y’
angle, the argument, the amplitude, or the Excel Review Center
where: A and C are the numerical azimuth of a point.
coefficients (absolute value) of x2
radius vector
and y2, respectively.
 P(x’,y’)
polar angle
Also, the relationship between a, b and c is
pole 
polar axis
a2  b2  c2

B. Transverse axis vertical

Polar  Rectangular X’

Coordinates 
Cx2  Ay 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
Relationship between polar coordinates and
rectangular coordinates:
Standard Equation: C(0,0)
(r,) x  rcos  x'  xcos   ysin 
Transverse axis
x2 y 2  (x,y)
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horizontal  1 y  rsin 
a2 b2 r y'   xsin   ycos 
y

Transverse axis y 2 x2 r  x2  y 2 x  x'cos   y'sin 
vertical  1 x
a2 b2
y y  x'sin   y'cos 
  arctan
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