Soil Slope Stability Analysis

ECG 353
SOIL ENGINEERING
Chapter 5
Introduction to
Slope Stability
(Part II)
Compiled by :
Ahmad Zaidi Hampden
Example Slope Analysis
Example 2 : Undrained stability - Total stress

analysis (Graphical Method)
Refer to the cross section of the slope given below. *The
relevant properties concerning the dimensions the slope
are given in the question.
• Redraw the slope using an appropriate scale.
• Divide the slope into 5 equal width of strips.
• Calculate the FOS of the slope using the ‘Total
Stress Analysis - Graphical Method’ for the
following condition :
(a) Ignoring the presence of a tension crack.
(b) With the presence of a dry tension crack.
(c) With the presence of a wet tension crack.
Example 2 :
Data provided :
• Dimensions of slope to refer diagram given (Refer
to given diagram).
• C = 20 kPa
• φu = 0O
• Radius of slip circle, R = 12 m
• Bulk unit weight of soil within the slope, γ = 18.5
kN/m3
Example 2 :
O
R = 12 m
θ
2.0 6m
1.0
4m 16 m
Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

Example 2 :
Solution :
• Select an appropriate scale.
• 1 cm to 1 m
• Follow the steps given in the slides.
Example 2 :
Solution O
R = 12 m
θ
4
2.0 3 6m
1.0
1 2
4m

Example 2
• Mark the important points
Solution
• Draw the slope gradient
4
3
1 2
Example 2 :
Solution 7 O
R = 12 m
θ
6
2.0 6m
1.0
5
4m

Example 2
Solution
7
5 • Use the compass to obtain the centroid, O

Example 2 :
Solution O
R = 12 m
θ 10
9
2.0 6m
1.0
4m
8
Example 2
• Use the compass to draw the slip arc Solution
O
10
8
• Divide the slope area within the slip arc into 5 equal width
Example 2
Solution
O
20 m
Example 2
20 m ÷ 5 = 4 m width for each slice
Solution
O
Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
12
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
• Calculate the area for each strip
Solution
Strip 1 @ Area 1 = ½ x b1 x h1 = ½ x 4 x 2.6 = 5.2 m2
h4
h3
h2
h1
13
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
Solution
Strip 2 @ Area 2 = Triangle + Trapezium
h4
h3
h2
h1 14
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
Solution
Area of Triangle
= ½ x b2 x 2
2m =½x4x2
= 4 m2
h1 = 2.6 m Area of Trapezium
= ½ x b2 x (h1 + h2-2)
h2 – 2 = 3.4 m = ½ x 4 x (2.6 + 3.4)
= 12 m2
Area of Strip 2 @ Area 2
= 4 + 12
= 16 m2
Example 2
Solution
h4
h3
h2 15
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
Solution
Area of Triangle
2m = ½ x b3 x 2
=½x4x2
= 4 m2
Area of Trapezium
h3 – 2 = 4.8 m = ½ x b3 x (h2 + h3 - 2)
= ½ x 4 x (5.4 + 4.8)
h2 = 3.4 m = 20.4 m2
= 4 + 16.4
= 24.4 m2
Example 2
Solution
h4
h3
16
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
Solution
2m
Area of Triangle
= ½ x b3 x 2
=½x4x2
= 4 m2
h4 - 2= 4.8 m
Area of Trapezium
h3 = 6.8 m = ½ x b4 x (h3 + h3)
= ½ x 4 x (6.8 + 4.6)
= 22.8 m2
= 4 + 22.8
= 26.8 m2
Example 2
Solution
Strip 5 @ Area 5 = Triangle
17
h4
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
Solution
Area of Triangle
= ½ x 2.6 x 2.2
4m = 2.86 m2
2m
Area of Trapezium
= ½ x 4 x (4 + 2)
2.6 m
= 12 m2
2.2 m Area of Strip 5 @ Area 5

= 2.86 + 12
= 14.86 m2
• Draw a vertical line through point O. Example 2
Solution
18 Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
O’
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
• Measure the distance of x1 from the middle Example 2
point of the strip till it meets the O-O’ line. Solution
O
Negative x value !!!
19
x1 = - 6.4 m
Strip 1
O’
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
O
Negative x value !!!
20
x2 = - 2.4 m
Strip 2
O’
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
O Positive x value !!!
x3 = + 1.6 m
21
Strip 3
O’
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
x4 = + 5.6 m
Strip 4
22
O’
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
x5 = + 9.6 m
Strip 5
23
O’
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
• Measure the sector angle. Example 2
Solution
θ = 121O
24
Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
• Calculate the length of slip arc, length of C-C’. Example 2
Solution
CC’ = R θ
= 12 x (121 x π/180)
O
= 25.32 m
θ = 121O
C’
Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
C Strip 1 Strip 2
25
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2 :
Solution (a) :
• Create a table for all the data that has been
calculated in the previous slides.
Example 2 :
Solution (a) :
Strip Area Weight d Moment

(m2) (kN/m) Distance (kN)
W=Axγ (m) MX = W x d
1 5.20 96.20 - 6.4 - 615.68
2 16.00 296.00 - 2.4 - 710.40
3 24.40 451.40 + 1.6 722.24
4 26.80 495.80 + 5.6 2776.48
5 14.86 274.91 + 9.6 2639.14
Total 4811.78

Example 2 :
Solution (b) :
• With the occurrence of a dry tension crack, the
length of the slip arc will be reduce.
• This will effect the angle of slip circle.
• It will also effect the area of the slip mass in strip
5.
• First, we need to calculate the depth of tension
crack.
zc = 2c = 2(20) = 40 = 2.16 m
γ 18.5 18.5
Example 2
• Show the location of tension crack.
Solution
zc = 2.16 m
h4 26
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
• Recalculate the area for strip 5.
Solution
zc = 2.16 m
h4 26
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
• Realculate the area for strip 5
Solution
Strip 5’ @ Area 5’ = Value from (a) – Area Occupied by
Tension Crack
Area of Triangle Occupied

By Tension Crack
0.8 m = ½ x 0.8 x 2.2
= 0.88 m2
Area of Strip 5’ @ Area 5’

= 14.86 – 0.88
= 13.98 m2
Example 2
• Remeasure the distance of x5’ from the middle
Solution
point of the new strip 5’ till it meets the O-O’
line.
zc = 2.16 m
X5’ = + 9.2 m
27
h4
h3
h2
h1 O’
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
• The reduction of the slip arc angle.
Solution
zc = 2.16 m
θc = 110O
28
h4
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2
• The reduction of the slip arc length.
Solution
CC” = R θc
= 12 x (110O x π/180O)
= 23.05 m
O
zc = 2.16 m
θc = 110O
C”
h4
h3
C h2
h1
29
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Strip Area Weight d Moment
Example (m
2: ) (kN/m) Distance (kN)
2
Solution (b) : W=Axγ (m) MX = W x d

1 5.20 96.20 - 6.4 - 615.68
2 16.00 296.00 - 2.4 - 710.40

(b)
3 24.40 451.40 + 1.6 722.24
4 26.80 495.80 + 5.6 2776.48
5 14.86 274.91 + 9.6 2639.14
Total 4811.78
5’ 13.98 258.63 + 9.2 2379.40
(b)
Total 4552.04

Example 2 :
Solution (c) :
• With the occurrence of a wet tension crack, the
dimensions and parameters will be similar with
(b) with an addition of a lever arm of Pw about O
and the hydrostatic pressure acting upon the
slope.
• Lever arm of Pw is calculated at a vertical
distance from O, until it reaches 2/3 of the depth
in the tension crack (Refer to diagram).
yC = X + 2/3 zc
Pw = ½ γw zc2
• Calculate the value of yc. Example 2
X = 2.6 m Solution
2/3 zc = 2/3 (2.16) ∴ Therefore,
= 1.44 m yc = 2.6 + 1.44 = 4.04 m
O
2.6 m zc = 2.16 m
θc
h4
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 29
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 2 :
Solution (c) :
• Follow the dimensions and changes obtain in (b).
• As in (b) New angle of slip circle, θc = 110O
• As in (b) New slip arc length, CC” = 23.05 m2
• As in (b) New total moment, Mx’ = 4552.04 m
• In a wet tension crack situation, the Pw ≠ 0 ,
Where :
Pw = ½ x γw x zc2
= ½ x 10 x 2.162
= 23.33 kN/m

Example 3 : Drained stability - Effective stress

analysis [Method of Slices - Simplified]
Refer to the cross section of the slope given below. *The

relevant properties concerning the dimensions the slope
are given in the question.
• Redraw the slope using an appropriate scale.
• Divide the slope into 5 equal width of strips.
• Calculate the FOS of the slope using the
‘Simplified Method - Graphical Analysis’ for the
following condition :
(a) Ignoring the presence of a tension crack.
(b) With the presence of a dry tension crack.
(c) With the presence of a wet tension crack.
Different between TSA ESA
 Graphical method  Ordinary method of

slice
Example 3 :
Data provided :
• Dimensions of slope to refer diagram given (Refer
to given diagram).
• C’ = 20 kPa
• φ’ = 10O
• Radius of slip circle, R = 12 m
• Bulk unit weight of soil within the slope, γ = 18.5
kN/m3
Example 3 :
O
R = 12 m
θ
2.0 6m
1.0
4m 16 m

Example 3 :
Solution :
• Select an appropriate scale.
• 1 cm to 1 m
• Follow the steps given in the slides.
Example 3 :
Solution O
R = 12 m
θ
4
2.0 3 6m
1.0
1 2
4m

Example 3
20 m ÷ 5 = 4 m width for each slice
Solution
O
Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
12
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
• Measure the height of each strip.
• The height of each strip is taken from the
middle section of the strip. Example 3
• Strip 1 : h1 = 2.1 m Solution
O
h5
Strip 1 h4
h3
h2
h1
13
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
O
Strip 2 h5
h4
h3
h2
h1
14
O
Strip 3
h5
h4
h3
h2
h1
15
O
Strip 4
h5
h4
h3
h2
h1
16
O
Strip 5
h5
h4
h3
h2
16
h1
• Draw a line by connecting Point O with Point S1.
• Measure the angle α1 for strip 1. Example 3
Solution
O 17
29O
18
S1
α1 19
1/3 x b
Solution
O
12O
S2
α1 20
α2
Solution
O
S1 9O
S3
S2
α1 21
α2 α3
Solution
O
S1 30O
S4
S3
S2
α1 22 α4
α2 α3
Solution
O
48O S5
S1
S4 α5 23
S3
S2
α1 α4
α2 α3
• Draw a line by connecting Point O with Point O’.
Example 3
Solution
O
24
α5
α1 α4
α2 α3
O’
• To the left of O-O’ the value of alpha will be –ve.
• To the right of O-O’ the value of alpha will be +ve
O Example 3
Solution
25 NEGATIVE α POSITIVE α
α5
+48O
α1
26 - 29O α2 α4
α3
+30O
- 12O +9
• Measure the sector angle. Example 3
Solution
θ = 121O
27
Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 3 :
Solution (a) :
• Create a table for all the data that has been
calculated in the previous slides.
Strip Width, b Height of Weight α W sin α W cos α
(m) strip, h (kN/m) (O) (kN) (kN)
Example 2 : (m) W=Axγ
=bxhxγ
Solution (a) :
1 4 2.1 155.4 - 29 - 75.34 135.92
2 4 4.2 310.8 - 12 - 64.62 304.01
3 4 6.4 473.6 +9 74.09 467.77
4 4 6.8 503.2 + 30 251.60 435.78
5 4 5.3 392.2 + 48 291.46 262.43
Total 477.19 1605.91


Example 3 :
Solution (b) :
• With the occurrence of a dry tension crack, the
length of the slip arc will be reduce.
• This will effect the angle of slip circle.
• It will also effect the area of the slip mass in strip
5.
• First, we need to calculate the depth of tension
crack.
zc = 2c = 2(20) = 40 = 2.57 m
γ √Ka (18.5) (0.8387) 15.52
Example 3
• Show the location of tension crack.
Solution
zc = 2.57 m
Strip 5
Strip 4
28
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Example 3
• Recalculate the area for strip 5.
Solution
zc = 2.57 m
Strip 5
Strip 4
28
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
• Measure the height and width of the new strip.
• Strip 5’ : h5’ = 5.2 m
• Width b5’ = 2.4 m Example 3
Solution
O
Strip 5’
zc = 2.57 m
h5’
h4
h3
h2 29
h1
30
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5’
4m 4m 4m 4m 2.4 m
• The reduction of the slip arc angle.
Example 3
Solution
O 31
Strip 5’
zc = 2.57 m
θc = 106O
h5’
h4
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5’
4m 4m 4m 4m 2.4 m
• The reduction of the slip arc length.
CC” = R θc Example 3
= 12 x (106O x π/180O)
= 22.21 m
Solution
O
zc = 2.57 m
θc = 106O
h5’
h4
C”
h3
h2
C h1
32
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5’
4m 4m 4m 4m 2.4 m
• Draw a line by connecting Point O with Point S5’.
• Measure the angle α5’ for the new strip 5’. Example 3
Solution
O
h5’
51O
S5’
S1 α5’
S4 33
S3
S2
α1 α4
α2 α3
Strip Width, b Height of Weight α W sin α W cos α
(m) strip, h (kN/m) (O) (kN) (kN)
(m) W=Axγ
Example 2 : =bxhxγ
1 Solution
4 (a) :
2.1 155.4 - 29 - 75.34 135.92
2 4 4.2 310.8 - 12 - 64.62 304.01

(b)
3 4 6.4 473.6 +9 74.09 467.77
4 4 6.8 503.2 + 30 251.60 435.78
5 4 5.3 392.2 + 48 291.46 262.43
Total 477.19 1605.91
5’ 2.4 5.2 230.9 + 51 179.44 138.96
(b)
Total 365.17 1482.44

SLOPE PROTECTION WORK AND
STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS
1. Unloading/Changing geometry
2. Structural stabilisation
3. Improving drainage
4. Slope reinforcement
5. Soil improvement
6. Vegetation
1. Unloading/Changing geometry
2. STRUCTURAL STABILIZATION
 These are structural members that maintain adjacent
ground surfaces at two different elevations.
 Retaining walls can be categorized as externally
stabilized system and internally stabilized system.
 External stabilization system  resist the

applied earth loads by virtue of their weight and
stiffness e.g.: gravity wall, crib wall, sheet pile
wall.
 Internal stabilization system  Internally
stabilized systems reinforced the soil to provide
necessary stability e.g.: soil nailing
Soil nailing
Drilling near horizontal
holes into the ground,
inserting steel tendons
and grouting. The wall
face is covered with
shotcrete. Very useful
when space is limited
since does not required
construction excavation.
3. Improving drainage
 Water is the enemy in slope stability problem.

 Stabilization measures often involve draining water, both
surface and subsurface.
 The objective is to prevent excessive water from
percolating into the ground, and to remove water that
already exist.
 Drainage improve stability by lowering GWT and in turn
decrease pore water pressures and thereby increase the
strength.
 Drainage also make the soil above ground water table
unsaturated and thereby increase the strength.
 Drainage can be divided into two:
 Surface drainage
 Subsurface drainage
Subsurface drainage
 Objective is to remove water
that infiltrate into the
ground.
 Several methods include
 Perforated pipe drains buried in
the ground to collect water and
remove it from the slope
 Provide wells which are vertical
holes drilled into the ground and
equipped with pumps to lift the
water out from the slope
 Provide horizontal drains by
drilling from the slope face that
incline slightly upward to
intercept groundwater and drain
it by gravity.
Surface drainage
A good surface drainage system captures surface water and carries it
to a safe discharge point and not seeping downwards into the slope
4. SLOPE REINFORCEMENT
Retaining structures such as piles, walls and
anchors may be used to improve stability.
Slope reinforcement using

Polyfelt geotextiles
5. SOIL IMPROVEMENT
The application of a chemical or mechanical
treatment to mass of soil to increase or
maintain its stability or improve its
engineering properties.
Artificially changing soil properties for
construction purposes (by physical or
chemical methods) at the natural site.
6. VEGETATION

Soil Slope Stability Analysis

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ECG 353

Example 2 : Undrained stability - Total stress

Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

5 • Use the compass to obtain the centroid, O

2.2 m Area of Strip 5 @ Area 5

O Positive x value !!!

O Positive x value !!!

O Positive x value !!!

Strip Area Weight d Moment

2 16.00 296.00 - 2.4 - 710.40

3 24.40 451.40 + 1.6 722.24

4 26.80 495.80 + 5.6 2776.48

5 14.86 274.91 + 9.6 2639.14

Area of Triangle Occupied

Area of Strip 5’ @ Area 5’

O Positive x value !!!

Solution (b) : W=Axγ (m) MX = W x d

2 16.00 296.00 - 2.4 - 710.40

4 26.80 495.80 + 5.6 2776.48

5 14.86 274.91 + 9.6 2639.14

Example 3 : Drained stability - Effective stress

Refer to the cross section of the slope given below. *The

 Graphical method  Ordinary method of

Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

2 4 4.2 310.8 - 12 - 64.62 304.01

3 4 6.4 473.6 +9 74.09 467.77

4 4 6.8 503.2 + 30 251.60 435.78

5 4 5.3 392.2 + 48 291.46 262.43

Total 477.19 1605.91

2 4 4.2 310.8 - 12 - 64.62 304.01

4 4 6.8 503.2 + 30 251.60 435.78

5 4 5.3 392.2 + 48 291.46 262.43

Total 477.19 1605.91

5’ 2.4 5.2 230.9 + 51 179.44 138.96

 External stabilization system  resist the

 Water is the enemy in slope stability problem.

Slope reinforcement using

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