JUNE -2014

FOUNDATIONS
LECTURE – 3 & 4

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
General Principle of Foundation Design :
The foundation of a structure is defined as that part of structure in direct contact
with the ground and which transmits the load of structure to the ground.

Type of Foundations :
1.Pad Foundation/Isolated footings : For independent RCC or Structural columns .
These can be rectangular, square, circular in shape and cross section can be
rectangular, sloping or stepped.
2. Strip Foundations : Are provided for walls, closely spaced columns.
3. Raft Foundations: Are provided when SBC is low, building has basement floor or
columns are very closely spaced or it is expected that there will be differential
settlement. Raft can be of various cross section like plain slab, grid of slab-beam
or it can be cellular raft to counter buoyancy effect.
4. Pile foundations : When soil at normal foundation level cannot support the load or
when loads are very heavy or the building is very tall. Piles can be end bearing,
friction or raker piles. Piles also can be provided to counteract uplift pressures.
5. Machinery Foundations: These foundations are provided to transmit loads of
machinery to the soil and also resist vibration, impact created by machinery.
6. Slabs on Grade : Loads from flooring traffic or storage racks can be transmitted by
by slab on grade to soil below.
7. Caisson Foundations : are used for bridge piers in water. Caissons are sunk in
position.
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
HOW TO DETERMINE
SBC OF FOUNDATION ? WHERE IS MY FOUNDATION SOIL ??

T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
ISOLATED FOOTINGS

Most common footings in

Buildings other than tall
structures.

Flat or Pad Footing Sloping Footing Flat footings are again

more common.
To reduce qty of concrete
stepped footings can be
provided.

Footings are to be cast

without any construction
Stepped Footing Eccentric Footing joint in single casting.

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
TYPES OF FOOTINGS

2. Strip Footing

3. Strip Beam Footing

1. Combined Footing

4. Strap Footing
5. Ring Footing

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
VARIOUS TYPES OF RAFT FOUNDATIONS

Simple Solid Raft Slab

Raft with Wall Foundation

Uplift pressure

Beam-Slab type Raft Active Anchors Passive Anchors

( pre-stressed)

Raft with Rock Anchors

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
FORCES ON BASEMENT

Load from Upper floors

Floor load

Soil
pressure

Parking load Water Table

Upward pressure
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
 Strip
Footing

Combined
Footing
Isolated Footing

Footings and Wall foundations in Laterite Strata

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
IS : 2911-1- Driven Cast In Situ Piles
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IS : 2911-2- Bored Cast In Situ Piles
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
 GL Cap
Cap Beam
Metal Casing
Loose &/or
Aggressive soil
Stem

Bulb
Hard Strata Hard Strata
D to 1.5D D to 1.5D
Metallic Shoe
End bearing End bearing ( Cased )
Under Reamed Pile
3 to 8 m depth Precast Driven Piles Bored Cast In-Situ Piles
c/s 20 to 50 cms 4.5 to 30 m depth
35 cm dia to depth 4.5m C/s – 25 to 50 cms

Sheet Piling is used to protect

Casing withdrawn

Sides of excavated pits.

After conc

Dia 450 to 1500 mm

Depth 8 to 30 m
Sheet Piles
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Friction Pile Friction Pile
PILE FOUNDATIONS
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
Pile Cap :
It is impossible to ensure that the piles are driven or bored truly vertical and at exact
Locations. Therefore , Pile caps are provided to transfer the load from column to the
Pile or group of piles with accommodating the eccentricity in piling. Hence pile caps
Are designed heavily.
Pile cap will have adequate cover to piles at the edge generally around 100 mm.
In an isolated pile group, the pile cap must include at least 3 piles to ensure stability
Against lateral forces. If only two piles are connected by pile cap then two pile caps
To be connected with beam.

Column

Pile Pile cap

Reinf of piles

Reinf of pile cap 100

100

Column

Section
Plan

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
BORED PILES

PILE CASTING
PILE CUT OFF LEVEL
PILE CAP

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
 THREE PILES

CONNECTING
BEAM

TWO PILES

BORED PILE PILE CAP

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
 PRECAST PILES IN FINE GRAINED SOIL

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
 Rotary Drilling
( All type soils & Rocks )

Sheet Piling
IN FINE GRAINED SOIL

Percussion Drilling ( Hammering action )

Smaller piles ( Murum and Soft rocks )

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 ROCK ANCHOR BOLT
FOR UPLIFT DUE TO
WIND

PRESTRESSED ROCK ANCHORS WILL BE COVERED

IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE UNDER REAMED PILES DETAILS
IN FINE GRAINED SOIL
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Theory of Structures by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
 As per SP-34

Depth of Footing : Decided from two concepts –

1. Punching shear
2. Bending

Basically Isolated footings act as Cantilever slab and thick member which can shear due
To punching.

Purposely footings are shown thin for

illustration in this sketch.

Bending Punching Shear

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
 Isolated Footings in B.C. Soil :

Cracking Zone
Boulder + Sand

O/s metalling/
Rubble soling
Footing shall be below crack zone
of B.C. Soil. Rubble soling, reduces
swelling pressure and distributes
the load on larger area.
Anchor rod
Footing can be loaded from above
To counter swelling when loads are Hard Strata
expected to be light. E.g. – Pipe
rack fdns.
Footing can be provided with anchors
If hard strata is nearer.

Other types of foundations

1
Suitable for B.C. Soil :
Sand or gravel 1. Conical footing
2 Plum Concrete
2. Raft foundation
Hard Strata
Pit sides to be Hard Strata 3. Pile foundation
In brick wall as 4. Under reamed Piles.
Confinement.

IS : 1080 – If good strata is nearby

then either Plum concrete or
Sand/gravel bedding can be provided.

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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture
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T.Y. B. Arch. Subject: Building Construction & Material by Hemant Joshi copyright @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture