1.2.
Dumpling Method of Basement Ex
3. Basement & waterproofing method
4.5 External tanking method-Base.Exc.
6. Material use in upper floor Constru.
6.7. Single joist timber floor
8. Foundation Diagram-Low rise
building in a slope ground
9.Types Pile Foundati. (material used)
/ Cross Section For steel piles
10. Advantages & Disadvan. Steel Pile/
Material used upper floor construction
11. Advantages & Disadvantages pre-
cast Concrete floors
12. Annotated steel roof truss
diagram span up to 10m
13.14 Truss Design to daylight in to
building (30)
Foundation Diagram-Low rise
building in a slope ground
Stepped
Footing
8 9
Different formwork & Falsework
Formwork is a mould used to support
fresh concrete and retain its shape
and size until it attains sufficient
strength to support itself
Good Properties of formwork
It should strong enough to resist the
pressure and weight and
superimposed loads, It should strong
enough to retain shape without
excessive deformations, It should be
economic in cost, It should be able to
easily fixed and remove
15
23
Dumpling Method of Basement
Excavation
A series of retaining walls are
completed in the trench, section by
section around the site perimeter
leaving the center Dumpling.
When walls are completed,
excavate at the center of the
dumpling until expose the section of
the wall.
Then the wall side is supported by
shoring.
Again excavation continues section
by section until all is completed.
1 2
Types of pile foundations according
to their material used in
construction
Timber Piles, Concrete Piles (Cast in-
situ, Precast), Steel piles, Composite
Piles
Cross Section For steel piles
Different types of scaffoldings
Single Scaffold, Double or Independ
Scaffold, Cantilever scaffold, Suspend
scaffold, Truss-out scaffold, Mobile
Scaffolds
16
23. Diagram Contiguous/Secant Pile
24. Internal tanking method-Baseme.
25. Disadvantages of Internal
Tanking / Name Column foundation
suitable for a medium-rise building /
Classify piles according to ground
effect when they are driving into the
ground
26. Isolated Pad (column) footing
27. Classify piles according to their
functions
28. Friction Pile/Floating Pile Dia.
(pile type suitable for ground which
cannot found firm strata
Considerable economical depth)
Advantages of Steel Pile
Bearing capacity is high, Can take up
lateral loads, can resist impacts,
Handling & driving is easy, cannot
attack by insects.
Disadvantages of Steel Pile
Corrosion can be affected, Cost will
be high for anti-corrosive paintings.
Material used in upper floor
construction
Timber, Reinforced cast in-situ
concrete, Precast concrete, Steel.
10
Annotated Diagram Typical
Cantilever scaffold
17
24
What the Basement
Basement is a story below the
ground level of a building. Basement
are constructed to increase the floor
area of the building without
increasing the foot print or ground
used to the building
Basement waterproofing method
Dense monolithic concrete, Tanking
techniques, Drained cavity system
3 4
Advantages pre-cast Concrete floors
Eliminate need of formwork, No
curing time, can use soon after
completed, Good quality control in
factory production
Disadvantages
Less flexible in designs, High degree
of site accuracy is required, Openings
such as stair wells are to be done with
cast in-situ concrete.
11
Basic types of shoring used in
Construction work
Ranking shore, Horizontal or flying
shore, Vertical or dead shore
Situations that underpinning is
required in building
Uneven settlements, Increase in
loadings, Lowering of adjacent
ground
Advantages of mass fill conc.
Underpinning
Construction is simple, Low-cost
labor, Continuity of structures are
good 18
Disadvantages of Internal Tanking
This will not give protection to the
main structure, by high hydrostatic
pressure waterproofing layer can be
forced away
Name Column foundation suitable
for a medium-rise building
Isolated Pad Footing
Classify piles according to ground
effect when they are driving into the
ground
Displacement and Non-Displacement
piles
25
Sections
Illustrated diagram – External External tanking is the process of Material Use in Upper Floor const.
tanking method - Basement sealing the outside of a building or Timber, Steel, Precast Concrete,
substructure in order to protect it R.C.C. floors
from water ingress, flooding, and
other water damage. Plan of Single joisted timber floor
Advantages
1. Protects the concrete from
aggression
2. Protects the r/f from aggression
elements
Use of Basement
Boiler, A/C system, Car Park
5 6 7
Truss Design to daylight into 15. Different formwork & False
Annotated steel roof truss diagram span up to
building work / Good Properties formwork
16. Different types of scaffoldings
17. Annotated Diagram Typical
Cantilever scaffold
18. Basic types of shoring used in
Construction work/ Situations that
underpinning is required in
building / Advantages of mass fill
conc. Underpinning
19. Diagram of Mass fill concrete
underpinning
20. Diagram of typical suspended
ceiling grid work
21. Bentonite & It use the in
10m
trench excavation
12
13 14 22. Dewatering methods
Diagram of Mass fill concrete
Diagram of typical suspended ceiling grid work
underpinning Bentonite & It use the in trench Temporary Dewatering
excavation methods
Bentonite available in powdered Simple sump pumping, Jetted
form, when add water to pump, Well point system
bentonite powder a viscus fluid
which have gel property. When Permanent Dewatering methods
the clay particles are mixed with Thin grouting membranes,
bentonite, increase the stability Contiguous or secant piling,
of excavation side walls. Diaphragm walls, grouting
methods, Ground freezing
20
19 21 22
Friction Pile/Floating Pile 29. Methods used to overcome
Classify piles according to their the problem of lateral forces
functions acting on high-rise building
End bearing pile, Friction pile, 30. North Light & Monitor truss
Batter pile, Under reamed Pile Advantages & Disadvantages (13)
31. Functions of Upper floors
32. Steps to reduce the cost of
formwork
33.34. Suitable shoring method
that can be used in the
construction of a new door
opening in an existing wall (Dead
Shoring)
35. Building weak & Cannot take
structural loads. firm strata not
available shallow depth
26 27 28 underneath of existing foundation
 Rigid Frames – Rigid jointed frames
with moment resisting connections
between beams and columns
Shear Walls – are vertical elements of
the horizontal force-resisting system
North Light
Ad – Good rain water run off
Dis – Amount of daylight depend on
orientation
Monitor Truss
Ad – Light not affected by the
orientation
Dis – Poor rain water runoff
Functions of Upper floors
Provide a level surface with sufficient
strength to support to dead loads
and imposed loads, Reduce heat loss
from lower floors as required,
Provide required degree of sound
insulation, Provide required degree
of fire resistance
economical and re-useable materials,
Steps to reduce the cost of formwork
Formwork should designed provide
sufficient strength and rigidity, But
should not over designed, Should be
fabricated modular sizes to allow
more re-use, working drawings
should be prepared before
fabrication, The components to be
pre-fabricated on the ground, Select
Nut and bolt systems are to be used,
Forms to be removes as soon as
possible, Forms should cleaned and
oiled after each use.
Suitable shoring method that can be Needle and Pile underpinning
used in the construction of a new
door opening in an existing wall
Dead Shoring
Dead shoring is placed vertically to
support the wall during removing of
the lower part of the wall to
introduce door opening

29 30 31 32 33 34 35