Experiment
7: Determining camber(vertical and
horizontal) slope of given section of road
Name: Dhinesh Kanna Ramkumar
Reg.No: 19BCL0007
Slot: L55‐L56
Teacher: Dr. Porchelvan
Aim: Determine the longitudinal cross‐section and horizontal cross‐section of
given plot of regular plot of land with irregular cross‐section such as roads and
other man‐made sloped structures.
Apparatus Required: Dumpy Level,measuring tape,Tripod stand , chalk piece
and Surveyor’s handbook.
Theory:
The profile of a road consists of road slopes, called grades, connected by parabolic vertical curves.
Vertical curves are used to provide a gradual change from one road slope to another, so that
vehicles may smoothly navigate grade changes as they travel.
Sag vertical curves are those that have a tangent slope at the end of the curve that is higher than
that of the beginning of the curve. When driving on a road, a sag curve would appear as a valley,
with the vehicle first going downhill before reaching the bottom of the curve and continuing uphill
or level.
Crest vertical curves are those that have a tangent slope at the end of the curve that is lower than
that of the beginning of the curve. When driving on a crest curve, the road appears as a hill, with
the vehicle first going uphill before reaching the top of the curve and continuing downhill.
The profile also affects road drainage. Very flat roads and sag curves may have poor drainage, and
steep roads have high velocity flows.
The cross section of a roadway can be considered a representation of what one would see if an
excavator dug a trench across a roadway, showing the number of lanes, their widths and cross
slopes, as well as the presence or absence of shoulders, curbs, sidewalks, drains, ditches, and
other roadway features. The cross‐sectional shape of a road surface, in particular in connection to
its role in managing runoff, is called "crown".
Experiment (Rise & Fall method):
Aim: To determine the required level of given points by Rise and fall method
Apparatus Required: Automatic level, Tripod and Levelling staff
Procedure:
1. Set up the leveling(fixing and levelling) instrument at Level position 1.
2. Hold the staff on the Datum (RL+50 m) and take a reading. This will be a backsight, because it is the first staff
reading after the leveling instrument has been set up.
3. Move the staff to A and take a reading. This will be an intermediate sight.
4. Move the staff to B and take a reading. This also will be an intermediate sight.
5. Move the staff to C and take a reading. This will be another intermediate sight.
6.Move the staff to D and take a reading. This will be a foresight; because after this reading the level will be
moved. (A changeplate should be placed on the ground to maintain the same level).
7. The distance between the stations should be measured and recorded in the field book (see Table 1)
8. Set up the level at Level position 2 and leave the staff at D on the changeplate. Turn the staff so that it faces the
level and take a reading. This will be a backsight.
9. Move the staff to E and take a reading. This will be an intermediate sight. 10. Move the staff to F and take a
reading. This will be a foresight; because after taking this reading the level will be moved. 11. Now move the level
to Leveling position 3 and leave the staff at F on the changeplate.
Now repeat the steps describe 8 to 10 until you finished at point J.
1. Sum of B.S. – Sum of F. S. = sum of rise – sum of fall.
Procedure for calculating R.L. using Rise and Fall Method
1. The first reading recorded becomes the Bench Mark and the sight is known as Back Sight.Also,
determine length of chainage from starting point for better understanding of terrain of land.
2. The readings recorded until the last observation which can be possibly recorded using dumpy level is
known as intermediate sight.
3. The last observation taken on the observation table by us is known as Foresight.
4. After completing the table of Sl.No., B.S.,I.S. and F.S., add four more columns Rise,Fall ,R.L.and remarks.
5. Let’s take the example of an observation table to understand how to calculate R.L. using rise and fall
method.
Sl. No. B.S. I.S. F.S. Rise Fall R.L. Remarks
1.250 100.000 B.M.
1.750 0.500 99.500
1.420 0.160 99.340
1.270 0.240 99.580
1.410 0.210 99.790 F.S.
6. As we can see clearly from this observation table, points which were in rise saw an increase in
R.L. from previous R.L. point and points which were in fall saw a decrease in R.L. w.r.t. previous
R.L.
7. The values in rise and fall are determined by taking the modulus of the difference between the current
and previous reading and add it to previous R.L. if it is under rise or subtract it from previous R.L. if it is
under fall to get R.L. of current point.
Check if our readings are right by proving the following mathematical expression to be true. Sum of B.S. – sum of F.S. =
sum of rise – sum of fall.
Procedure:
1. Measure out an area of a uniform 2‐D shape like rectangle and square with the help of a
measuring tape.
2. Divide each dimension of 2‐D shape into equal sections having chainage in the vertical
direction of 20 meters and chainage of 5 meters along horizontal direction with the help
of a measuring tape. For example, if we divide dimension of a square into 3 sections, we
would need to mark out 25 points in total including the points along the given dimension
of the square.
3. Fix the tripod stand by keeping the flat surface roughly levelled by making a pen stay
stationary atop its flat surface.
4. Insert the dumpy level machine atop the tripod stand and begin the process of centering it
by screwing the clamping screw into the nut provided directly above the initial point.
5. Level the given dumpy level machine by making the longitudinal bubble provided in the
dumpy level to be centered along the provided line.
6. Hold the levelling staff at a point outside of the provided 2‐D shape on an irregular terrain
and mark down the staff reading.This would be the backsight(B.S.) and benchmark of
given survey observation table.
7. Similarly, repeat step 7, and record the observations into the given survey observation
table till the final point.
8. The final point must be mentioned under foresight category(F.S.) .
9. It is suggested to draw a rough figure of the shape and the points where pegs are placed
on the 2‐D shape and mention the staff level readings over it for feasibility of transferring
the survey details into the surveyor’s handbook.
10. Find the reduced levels of each of the points mentioned in your rough figure by using the
rise and fall method for purpose of simplicity as mentioned in theory section earlier.
11. Cross check your readings by checking whether the given mathematical equation under
the rise and fall method in theory section is being satisfied.
12. Try to create a set of line graphs of the R.L. of the marked points either in horizontal or
vertical direction v/s chainage either in horizontal or vertical direction to represent the
longitudinal cross‐section of land or profile and the horizontal cross‐section of land
respectively.
13. The change in slope between two consecutive pair of marked points on the graph of R.L. of
marked points in horizontal direction v/s chainage in horizontal direction represented in
terms of a percentage is the camber slope of the given road section.
14. Camber slope depends on a lot of factors as it is primarly utilized for safety of passengers
and drivers in vehicle of any shape and size across any terrain found in this wondrous
planet. Hence, we are now being able to determine the camber slope of a section of road.