CE 4131 Geotechnical Engineering-IIl Grytan Sarkar Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering Khulna Univentily of Engineering &. Technology Khulna-9203, Email: gtytansorkar@amail.com Web: http://www kuel.ac.bd/ce/arytan/ Outline * Mat Foundation + Common Types of Mat Foundations + Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations * Differential Settlement of Mats + Field Settlement Observations + Structural Design of Mat Foundation ¥ Rigid Method ¥ Flexible Method Mat Foundations Mat foundations are thickened concrete elabe that eupport a no. of columns or walls. ‘Causes of using Mat Foundation: A mat foundation is conventionally used when: > Spread or individual footings cover over 50% of the foundation area because of large column loads and/or because the soil is soft with a low bearing capacity. > Heterogeneous characteristics of soil below the foundations, > Pockets of soft soils are present. > The structure is sensitive to differential settlement. > Foundation below the ground water table, to eliminate water infiltration. atte press (a) Pressures acting on a thickened raft buried in sal Figure 1:Common Types of Mat Foundations Common Types of Mat Foundations (a) Flat plate-uniform —(b) Flat plate-thickened (c) Beams and slab -The thickness under columns beams run both ways, and the columns are located at the intersection of the beams. Figure 2: Types of Foundation a ® j_ ooo () Flat plates with pedestals mat -The walls act as stiffeners for the mat. Figure 2: Types of Foundation Design of Mat Foundation Steps: “ Determination of allowable bearing capacity of soil Settlement calculation > Elastic settlement > Primary consolidation setllement > Secondary consolidation settlement * Design of Mat > An approximate method/conventional method/rigid method > Approximate flexible method > Discrete element method = Finite difference method * Finite element method * Finite grid methodBearing Capacity of Mat Foundations Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations For saturated clays with o=0 and a vertical loading condition, 4 = 5-14N,S.d,i,+¥Dy © SPT-value For granular soil deposits based Merl rete) = Ma Bo gal QP) =128 0.330, Where, K,=1+ SI. B Considering Allowable Settlement : NaS. S, a . op(kPay=~@{ $2), <16, =e}; =0.25Ny(S,)Ky £0.33N oS, Facey (KPa) a(S) 1663v( 32) OF Guacans(kip [1 =0.25N,4(S,) 033D, where, Ky =1+ <1 33and S, = allowables settlement suchas 28,40,50,60mm etc Example 1: A tank foundation 10 m diameter is required to suppor a vertical centric load of 15,700 KN on the surface of a deep deposit of a sti clay with s, - 80 KPa and guy= 20.8 kN/m®. Groundwater is at the surface, A 75-mm-thick compacted granular base will be placed fon the clay surtace pror to the construction of the tank Toundation. Calculate the tactor of safety. ‘Srnngy Th ptr han rn i nga a righ on hea ete, i ‘ot considered inthe short tem bearing capacty calculation, Als, te elect of te localon ofthe ground waters not consicere nthe short-term bear capac calcuabons Solution: Step 1: Calculation of bearing capacity and geometric parameters 5 = 6-D-10m se=1 +028! Step 2: Calculation of shot term bearing capaci du = SLA sysede = 5.14 & 80 X 1.2 x 1 = 493 kPa Step 3: Calculation of tactor ot satety 2 FS aa 300 /éxainple 2. What wil be the net allowable bearing capacity of a mat foundation with dimensions of 45 ft x 30 ft constructed over a sand deposit? Here, D.=6.5 ft, the allowable settlement is 2 in., and the average penetration number Nu=10. ‘Solution: Ww eee 142269 0715133 maton) Kip |?) = 0.25Ngo(S,)Ky $0.33NegS.5 = (0.25)(10)(2)(1.0715) =5.36hip / fi? < 0.33(10)(2) = 6.6Settlement of Mat ren re (LO) thew aye oe : 4, =0. = a :) nonvante) p= (Iv) dH, pe * DE Moos For Clay Calculate the primary consolidation settlement. For, Normally consolidated clay Skee CHa yg Tet bey T¥e, o For,over consolidated clay(o;, + Ag, <0!) a) +Ao%, fog 0 Ae “1+@ oy S. For, over consolidated clay(o, <0! <0, + Ao’,) Fi 4 Cle yg St AO eG Cy apiece: ogitrete atic! cAleilaiattio soca dary consoicavoneetienen as and ¢, =€,~ eo eels) Structural Design of Mat Foundation Conventional Method CYR PEN Ma ole) och Utex | 1. The mat is assumed to be 1. The mat is assumed to be infinitely rigid flexible 2. the soil pressure is distributed 2. The soil is assumed to be in a straight line equivalent to an infinite number of elastic springs 3. the centroid of the soil pressure is coincident with the line of action of the resultant column loadsOE Sen fee eee Conventional Rigid Method Step 1. Figures shows n ons of IX Rand column loads of Q,. Os Q. fe the total column load as O= 214+ 0,4 0+ sisi (4) Step 2. Determine the pressure on the soil, q. below the mat at points A, B, C.D. we. (2) 1/12)BL' = moment of inertia about the x-axis 1/12)LB* = moment of inertia about the y-axis Ten __ Fig 3: Conventional gid mat foundation design aaa ——— __—_. The load eccentricities, e, and e, , in the x and y directions can be determined by using (x’,y’) coordinates: C9 aw BELA Oat + On @ (4) (5) 6 (6) Pee Step 3. Compare the values of the soil pressures determined in Step 2 with the net allowable soil pressure to determine whether ‘Step 4. Divide the mat into several strips i 'y directions. (Fig 2). Let the width of any strip be B, . ‘Step 5. Draw the shear, V, and the moment, M, diagrams for each individual strip (in the x and ¥y directions). For example, the average soil pressure of the bottom strip in the x “itection of Figute 92s U4 eae (7) where q, and gy = soil pressures at points / and F, as determined from Step 2.Structural Design : Conventional Method The total soil reaction =q,.B48. (8) The total column ivad un the attip - @ + +O, +0, The sum of the column loads on the strip will not equal gavB,B, Tha adjacent strips has not been taken Into account, For this r column loads need to be adjusted, or an (3) because the shear between son, the soll reaction and the . (10) (aa) “The column foad modification factor is = % a 30, the modified column toad aro Fen Fue» Fu» 4 Fon ‘The shear and the moment diagram for this stip can now be drawn, and the procedure is repeated in the and y droetione forall stipe ‘Step 6. Determine the effective dopth df the mat by checking for diagonal tension shear near ‘various columns. For the critical sect y. = 1 ‘Where, U =tactorea column foad accoruing to ACI Gude 910-11 (2011) V.= shear capacity at the column location a ‘According t@/ACIGOds 316-11 for non- prestressed slabs and footings, Ve shall be the smallest the equations are Of (19), (14), and (15), In US customary unit resunt luni 4 cf v= (e+p}vio alt ghvne 3) ‘ 1(, ad v= («24rd 1 (e+ SA hvro (4) i Vi = aad V.— sAVibed (as) Where, A= ratio of lor ‘side to short side of the column; a 40,00 ineror wage ae cme cours, A “=perimeter of the critical section for shear; eats atengih of conereoat78 days (ns): 7 modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight onerete. all relative to normal weight concrete of the same compressive strength; d= effective depth of the mat ‘step 7. From the moment diagrams of all strips in one direction (x or y), abtain the maximum poslve and neaative moments per unit with (Le., M, = MiB). Since factored column loads are Used in accordance with ACI Code 316-11 (see Step 0), M, Is the factored inoment, SS ee Step 8. Determine the area of steel per unit width for positive and negative reinforcement in the x and y directions. We have (16) sw (17) ‘A, = area of atco! por unit width J, =yield stress of reinforcement in tensionSign Convention for pressure ie | a lene lee vie | EE : a Negative lanes 1 sit Lapeer y Structural Design : Conventional Method Example 3: The pian of a mat foundation is shown in Figure. Calculate the soil pressure at points A, B, C, D, E, and F. (Note: All column sections are planned to be 0.5 mx 0.5m). All loads shown are factored loads according to ACI 381-11 (2011). Solution: t Step 1: Determination of total Column load (0 =470 + (2550) + 600 + (2660) + (2)1600) +(4)(2000) =14,6904N Step 2: Determination of Soil Pressure below the Mat Myr My 4 Girogl A~(205)27.5) = $63.95" 1 t + pv -4005)075) = : Bl = 752059275) = 35,528"; Deel . ‘ ppt = ar.3y2055) -19, 40m; 2 12 ey Centroid of total load works on the left of y-axis and above the x-axis, therefore the sign convention of the equation below will be similar to the following oes es aStructural Design : Conventional Method % ee _ step 3, Compare the values of the Soll pressures determined in Step 2 with the net allowable ‘soil pressure to determine whether 4 < gauss Step 4, The mat was divided into three strips (Fig , Such as AGHF (B= §.25 m), GWH (B= 10 im), and (CDJ (B= 5.25 m) ‘step 5. Determination of Shear and Moment Diagrams for Strips: Strip AGHF: ami a | p= (05) 525) 275) = AEN Toul sien = et dc nt cola esd = St a tn set ee = SBS aie $51 — ns ‘So. mali rae sl es content ~ 003 Ae te ta prot nt he em el 6 Benne = Sanus era ae RS rr ee Strip GUH un etn che) = 7e08 219499 aay hoes Fig: Load, shear, and moment diagrams for stip GUH — Load, cheat and moment for stip ICO eee SR Step 6. Determination of the Thickness/ effective depth dof the Mat “The critical section for diagonal tension shear wll be al the column carrying 2000 kN of load at the edge of the mat = assonn saan . n= (0st) +(ose$)vesea= ise 2 = Given that: ',=20.7 MN/m? ;=1 (normal weight concrete); fiet (square columns); and «, = 30 (edge column). avin whee vane casa ies ehamie sng, Horan ‘ ees saa aRal uenietlaie LEOEES paces site a S0.4-0307m, Therefore, the design mat thickness, d= 0.519 m (~ 20.5 in.) ‘Assuming a minimum cover of 76 mm over the steel reinforcement and also assuming that the steel bars to be used are 25 mm in diameter, the total thickness of the slab is n= 052 + 0076 + 00125 = 0.609 m~ at “The thickness ofthis mat wil satisfy the wide beam shear condition across the three sirs under consideration. odStructural Design : Conventional Method Step 7. maximum positive and negative moments per The maximum positive moment is located in strip AGHF 2m _ 2711 jth from diagram = S218 kN Similarly, the maximum negative mament is located in strip ICD B08 203 gos Been gps 7 AUSTEN in Step 8, Determination of Reinforcement For maximum negative moment so = aan nosi-4) For maximum postive moment ass diayan7 xv (061=2) ge08 AL “Tasch sna-emyoanssan most - ana _ assya07,0) 2331 (se 25m dame ary at 26 mn eer center> [Asprned= 1925 mr ra = Q0ST3 ‘30.4, = (0.0429)0.0973) = 0.002489 mm = 2433 mon. Because negative moment cocirs at miday of ssp ICDI, reinforcement should be ‘provided. This moment is sw04 w,- 24-1027 es 4 Nin Hem, = mo ooaesoar2> 0 seietes pee Provide 16-mm diameter bars at 400 mm center so-center: 1A. prided = 502 a) SS Structural Design : Approximate Flexible Method Sa CE eee Approximate Flexible Method Consider a beam of width B:having infinite length, as shown in Figure 4. The beam is subjected to a single concentrated load Q. From the fundamentals of mechanics of materials. dz Me Edy 18) where M= moment at any section E-= modulus of elasticity of foundation material 1-= moment of inertia of the cross section of the beam dM ee Ey bn C9) dg 7 hear force = V ) Figure 4 (a) Principles of design by conventional rgd ‘method; (b) principles of approximate Nexis incthod: ) ion, (8.42) bear on Ons untenStructural Design : Approximate Flexible Method alert - Menthe 2 SSS OURS a Ea S OS Amorican Concrete Institute Committee 336 (1988), Step 1. Assume a thickness fi for the mat, according to Stop 6 of the conventional rigid rmothed. (Noto: his the total thickness of the mat.) Step 2. Determine the flexural rigidity F of the mat as given by the formula 6 gy Wham. = moda of last of foundation material aa ‘nc-Potssots ratio of foundation material Stop 3. Determine the radius of effective stiffness, A Whace R21). k= coeticient of subgrade reaction. The zone of ifluence of any column \ load will be on the order of 310 4 Step 4. Determine the moment (in polar coordinates at a point) caused by a column load (Figure a). ‘Where. radial distance from the colimn toad ‘Q= column load: A, «A= functions of rl’ Fig 5: Approximate Nexis wreihod of mat design Oe SR REET ST TESS TT Sands arise eae ca else ee TNE Step 5. For the unit width of the ma, determine the shear force Veaused by a column ee Veg 2 ‘Step 0. Ifthe edge of the mat is located in the zone of inftuance af a column. determine the moment and shear along the edge. (Assume that the mat is continuous.) ‘Moment and shear opposite in sign to those determined are applied at the ‘edges to satisfy the known conditions. ° top 7. The dotloction at any point is given by 5 e —-—5) EE REFERENCES 1. Das, B.M.,2014 (Copyright 2016) “Principle of Foundation Engineering”, Eighth Fdition,. Cengage Learning, 20 Channel Center Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA. : Das, 8. M. (2010). Shallow foundations: bearing capacity and settlement. CRC press. 3, Bowles, J. E. (1988). Foundation analysis and design. iz—_— $= Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations > Let the average vertical stress at the ground surface from a structure including the self-weight of the raft is 50 kPa and the unit weight of the soil is 20 kN/m°. > Then, if the raft is buried at a depth D, = 50/20 = 2.5 m, we get a fully compensated raft. If the raft is buried, say, 2 m, then the compensation is (2x20x100)/50=80%. The raft is then partially compensated. > Mat foundations may also be supported on piles to transfer the load to stronger soils. These are called piled rafts. > Mats are complex soil-structure interaction problems and require advanced analyses. > The bearing capacity of a mat is calculated similar to a spread foundation. » However, the settlement of the mat is much more complex. > The settlement depends on the rigidity of the mat, type of mat, the type of soil, the homogeneity of the soil, groundwater condition, and construction method. Consideration for designing Mat Foundation: 1. The loads to be supported: Very heavy loads may require a fully or partially compensated raft foundation. 2. The sensitivity of the structure and any machines to settlement. 3. The stability of the mat, particularly if it is embedded in the ground. If groundwater level is below the possible depth of excavation, the theoretical depth of excavation in a fine-grained soil is given by Bjerrum and Eide (1956) as Su (Dp Y 5 SNe Dy} ds D, Dy Dy ( 5) Be ea eee tra oe (terse) dean a2) oe Beas n= nin on an undrained shear streagth, q, is the average foundation vertical stress, and B and L are the width ‘and length of the raft, respectively. If the groundwater level is within the possible depth of exca- vation and the excavation is done under water, replace y by (Yu — ‘Yx) in Equation (12.32). 4, Heaving. When a fine-grained soil is excavated to embed the raft, it will swell. This will be reversed (reconsolidation) when the foundation is constructed, resulting in scttlement.sdructuval Design & (lat: Conventional Method tle plan 4a mat foundation is shown in figure Coleutode Ane soi) pressure at different pot @ Deferine the cxinforcemen cequirme also, (Rote: AN) colurnn | sections ane planned fp be 0 wx O-6mn.) Al) leads are | factwed leads according tv ACH 381-1 (2011) | fer Fr 207 HN fy, ~ 410.7 N/m. alk = 40 KPA y o25m Stree cae ae aaalty Bee Scores GcokN | Gookn ab | om eee | a | cf a+ =+ ore P2om kN + oe] 4 ost 9m oT? | a oa > x + ee | B | S Facooied ey cour * Sin | atslfees iy sgesuld, S5DKN coun | oa OL a a ° W n 17 « tees a otsm ro Lae cree Deferminotion g Artal calurnn load . G50 L + 200074 + G6OX2 + COO + \600¥2 + 4to j = 14,670 kN ders Ddominotion & soil Pressure, below Mx Hab— CN yes nat ye Se te A Ty Tedent, Qe 14é90 KN A= 908 X 14-57 = 960.45 m Teh BAL oy 20 LIONS tie ae Baars ieee [r LD” eee eee r ey Se. = eo ee Vn We a Oe ee) ee 34670 aro 5 _ 2¥(2000%2-+ 1660) +18 (e000 x2 +1600) +274 (59046004 666 44690 Ponce ny &e= 94D-10 = -— 0-54 Ga [962-195 = 4 0-12] Mee Ag = Wejo* o-12 = 17628 kNm = (769 kN-m Mga Qe = 4699 054 = to7Fo-D kN = $974 kN-m Me 4 lad a so ot oe iv é yy In Bion eerie ay e627 969-95 949 a952g = 21606 £ O424~ 2 6.0496 % n/m Be| pie & i 3b Le 2G + OLN A O049E He A 10.257 195 31-09 kN @ 0 VOr95: 26.44 B A005 13.95 2240 S) 10.25 a 21.94 Sete Sh -4s 249 k NOUS NDS nA ™ o 1345 25:38 ° 105° (5-355 egy a lows pata 30-18 3 {0-25 a 30-69 Stop > fompa ie Ma. Value sil presse wilh Tau (oh) L < Tau tnt) Shep Te mak an divide into fynee ship in Jong four chip in short dineckion . peice Debeomination § sheay B Moment— Dicgparns fy ships: for Ship AGNO™ An B)09 un frr Vo = 9.9L Yn Bee Siete act Arcage Sel pressure, ils, ea Eee = 30.4. kN /m qilatesnleacheras ty Cine) ee 5 (Sian X25) = 4990-4 2 fog. kNAverage.'loadd =. lad dus te sol nencKon-+ Column brad 2 4991 + 5100 UR ec ce te UY man So, Modiied average Sor] prescute Av l Law (modified) = Yay * AS a Seiya 4745.5 jogo ee > The column loads can be modified fra similar manners by multiplying factor , Avaye load Colum load os TSEDA nak p55 0 5 100 Fe See as i ism 9 om. om 235m wer? © aK! ist A pet all 4 1 i 1 ar ak ae Vi aR (e) 40% 6 @ | le loe449 \ aps? ais | | on oe, | Oe st AN om oe ae om 285m ys wu? ne wr 708 | | | 1998rey Ship eR La = 2240 LN/m™ dk = 10D EN/ mm Average soil pressure, Tav = = 27) ul Folal sof] neachon = 21-72%(525% 24-5) = 2(95+10 kN Jota calumry load = con+icooxr+47o = 4270 kN % Aver [onl Se SSIS SLO ALTO eae Som 701 Ag load dav (modified) = Tav® EE near Ra se oe ee DB125-10 Modification facky fy column load, Avg. load Clurn toad ae pe oar ci 4270 oy)Along Hox long Dinection Hex postive woman = 2791.9 KNem (Jom at vip) tax” negative moment = 2090.4 k-m (a DELL stp) Sirsa for short Dinechfon. Hep S determination GF Me Thickness / fective dept (4) §& Ye Not | que critical section for diagonal dension shear sill be ot He colum caging gooukn §& load af te edge G An mak. V= 2000KN = 2MNn be = ae (oer) + (e544) ostd = hW+2d Given Het, 47 9 MIN [oe ae L (normal woeight— conenshe) Pec (quan column) & a, - 30 edge column) Noa, (OO etal bd See ejay = A > o@TOL = eee tt | > 2a hod — 08771 = © 3 ds 4.58% m | ® Ve = 4 (a+ BANG bd | > 22 kG sord yx. 2a = (istadyed het7%d 7 a44d430d y (ue sewsed Css 2dy NE ee 7 Spe mare 82 FS = 344 344 > 9417394 - 227s =o d= 0.552 _ ™m OM) Ve = DATErb.d > 2 = deaslopr(i os 2d 4 Seeley =) Sd + > = td4isd -— hve} So da - 0.519 m Thane fire, qt duign ma] Ack, d= 0-19 m = 2.5m Aasunviy a maimum cover & 76 mn over fe cheek rai rfo rca and also amurning Arak the shel bats fo ba used ane re mm in dramefcy , Ae trtal Aicknass & the slob is , L— 6.592 + 007 + ee UGOG =H ONG Mm ¥F The Aiickness § As ma will sobisfy dhe wide beam shear condi#fan across the three. ships Urey: consideration . 0025 ae Step 7: Maximearn prcibve and wegotive momenht per ane od. Feom diagram Tay” positive momant— psx we atl, WIL aa Max” wgative more per unt adh Ma = = 5d4-F kN-m /en Mee eee 2 yi S ae BOF kOestep 8! Determination d- Reinfoscemend— For Maximum _posihve _yhomen Hy = SOL FUN /m Hue Tait (1) BSF 09 A (A194 x10) « (O64 -%)-& Ete AAS ae 085% 20.9 +4 Re 2d5-31A5 Ay = 0-0425-4 Os ie P 5919 = 094004150 + 4199210 ¥ (061 - %) BeniGaTc 5 0ccnyau =n, =o > 0FX — psa + 0:6996 a= 60538 m | Ay = 00425 % 0.0573 | = 000245 wW/m = 2456 mm /m Use 25 mm diameter bars of 200mm ¢/e_ } . 1050 | a Ay (provided) = 471 * Ga- | = 2455 mn /n Fev maximum neqahive moment Mie = 38674N0- fon Mae PA fy (d-%) > BOF = 09x A & 4>-7ae> (ec1 - %,) : oe ace 2 Sale? iGiee eno 3) | = Eres ears | DBS 4Cb OG x0 EL | A, = 60425D> 396.7 = 09¥ 004250 *41d9xI0 (0.61 - %) > 6.0244 = Onealece ManorG ey mt > 05a - OC4a + 0.0244 =o As 00414 m “AR = 00425 ¥ 00414 = 0001760 m/m = 1760 mm’ /m Use 25mm diameder bars a@- see mm tye Aypovidly = 4915 —— 1925- ra 7m wv for rugadive momenb of- Nth ship yeu This moment (sy 2 SF Be FUT = 104-95- kN-m tu = PAT (d-4,4) 3 10495 = 09>A, *413-9xI0 (001- 3%) GH Seu ti O85 Fb | Gaal sas + Ay = 004257 A | 7% 10495 = OF HO.0425 Am 49.9 XID (OC1- %) | > 900659 = bla - oa > 050° —oCJaq + 0:00659 =o a= 0:0109 m “\ As = 010425 % 0-0)09 = 0004689 wn = 460 mri/m SCRE Bandi a