Kazt mL Magus ei] Engine ing ope. For del pur Enqineenina college — Bape ~ OF ~ eat at vaSs ieee ¥ “Tar perature Temnperfunk_ TA An €xpretyon of Acat Sneek” “Tempercttune. coin meen bifforent fas ay aa ) c * , RAS In’ differant i4jtrohongs, 9} DAW | Berth daw Ange tne | boda in thermal eiteiaae equilf bxium wij, the. Jind ona one in thenme/ eal baile whi ene odupe. gh is the Bester law oft fran dynemieds «ou bar 134 Jaw? tha Firat law of thermocancmies and Sates that 'n all Iromtforemoshons Ha. amount of oot aiven to AU Agglem MeEy be balanced. bg dhe) Barty of Ha dein in the, Inderal | emote of the, SéteR Sate fe fhe Ps i eroturZ and the . cise _ derpe, te Spat “31 PIL MRE chp, ood| 3 fori aelf- Aeting sfanevlaws 4p 33 impossible machine — wantinge Ince enelicat process unaided ba ares ekfernah cagned to conves. Aaat- fore ~ boda oto fowern +emparatunr do bedu at Atgher sfowmperreahwr’® « Tactherima) pro ceagios Tha. fhanmodanearm'e. proeey M whieh tes Jérpetiocpiria of Jple_ 6 ater Tema} . rh compant fs krewn 28 jgothenmal proces. daz du tdw > d&odw [ 4tuscod AEE BIR pris MI eine eR Poca Ta pty i cathe oh ae “Inde 4he” 845.8 From Bian 2 known as BU aha pte P70 cess.ay P VU a. c a ' a z CD dac Tags barie) ‘poroetiag 1) Thai Phone degen e— process Sn whol tne preggurs of He. Bariere is mot change 1% Known = Jaoborv'e PECL, Paoelonic. praceis: mag Yiedmednninic. Process Se volta. ha Velen! off ne ABB paeohn, conb food Eisewitoe fat Her wink done ee gate. wil te. Zee £2 beriowri poekonre P7toe##8- dQ = du ttw ~ é y . 5 » 5 ay DS tohert > da: d Lawzo7Reversible proceeds: Shy rg o% Prece8S — wdy'o) eon be Ttwrnet in toe Oppostse.— Lisecatie, Se tha da ggdjerr ond dre Busse dng ‘) Pass dteugtr— exae tthe In Ha. Bam Bate ob ae Biase ay im dimecd- | prserag, Example! . mays of water Tee changes Inko. Woden when 0 careteln amount of toot 3 Obserbos bath one ae gate mets Of water ehenaes info lee when ha Some Wont ts of- tect jg mamove from sf. Tareversibio Prrece ss» 45 Moa Pees wdyteh wt Ps - 1S not CxoetlZ= mavergea the Sagjer~ dees net pay py LM ee Ta Berna nfercme da fe ieExample‘ “fre. boot prodnea— ' tate Heo Sone tion | be fee hwo obsjeets nan inneversiblas | Process. DS The work Benet aginst ee | , | 5 » Agate but His fometion ja chorged, jade- erties can nok ba 4uersfonmed Inde WOK + Deares of freedom. Tha wmv Of Independanf— Wok ba wae, OH danas e Baers on a witha ut vislotingc, onxk- cond fraint Jom poded unl 38 entlet mumuor of deanecs of fredstom, Oh “oninweon Kaye, sanelugne ahttyer Degnes. st. frecden of 4! ebayer “Satter. 13 the. Numbaw of Independent. | panrmetens hot dedines Hg- Bade em pesihbr-moon fase pares The overong- igdanes between te ba a, molecele- frovella ct.” sae mean trot pean, OS eatrigiong ig, called 4p fe ots faned. drevetied — ctmdoge NV ecitigions’ Hah oi Rp Endoo. Pel Ff nm thermo dgnomie peree2 83 Wwe— meee . : < Boome fon OO quant tg— bx whe debs ug about He eats of ft . " low Of Aes oma‘ whyek cdla effictene met- defo — Ha eee “Sherire dana shen cixnerce! Sfete- of ong work}, OMNIA Subedanee . Tis_ nosed : qeoond Be wag Sapp hicg: be “ela Bu» “wok ; cated = Ie endures ( yu mesa ahi AMR ves a ee ‘ree aie b- ey | For kinestie Tbsort ser Of Ras Shp, Head PVe i : Me Sof? ’ I > MneX| Cansidan contain qwontitic OF 228 leonGiey In a enbe. of each sitet. al? | M0, of molecules bea vn of mes | of each. “The moleerleg ane moving, ah rendom wt Ovenagg Spreet c- , Pree = ca” volume oP vi Vv Cong ter f dra, comporents of the —_— ryelrertye of ~ molecule © ore, __sy Jf U, vp ww Bong HM, & Oe = deneetron.we a coy Tra change of momimturr Per— calligion 2 O7Rine] momenta — final Momentam mu = my) = 2mv Tha iejenen between’ Je opposite. wolle is 4 4 J. Bhat no, Of ealtiging por $2eonag = “+ iat chenge oft momantam Som =" EF 2mu™ = 0 L Siméon tae - _ ~ ‘ v 7 TZwe UF “wis 2mw a OK_— a y | Total ebenga of oranda peu rolecute/s k Bend. | ta) a gv aw + Tt 7 x z a = 2h wera wy) 1 | am oo | 2z sf zs | | ome ig n mobenie, So okt ehemae. fo a mmerendum form all’ meleeutesy t me 2 R¥ory 8 Los A Zmnie™ = 7 =F wR krow = 4 Foner Presse = “preg 4 prea . F ap Fle P 2mne™ om AX COTof | Fon damental — Postulefes of Ki nedye_ toons of | | 2asex, | SP 1. AI gades art consgrgt of dome bagie, Unik ete moleeates . } : 2: Tha. .rmefecules rove. in vende n— direction 3. “Tre. rrolacutes ondangy coll sind! aomongge Aramszelyes ond fo tha walth of “Phat eorteinar, wear. Colfjgions "ane ‘perfeahs>, elestie—;. 4. Tha. Size Of rmeléenias JB YerA Sralty eomponed to fea @yerage — thteramoleen (or disdener. 5. volume, Oceuplety bye es “Yroleeutes 1 negligible comparect to Jolaf’ volume of SB. G Tnleremojecntary'ferea— “ara -negdjat blo.Gnd dra work dors fre expansion and yetuedan of gag in adiabade— ond 'sedtortmel Proceed: sof”? Join dora bg ~ RSS, TS0+enmat eae lap ug Conse 1 an mofeente_ of B88. Fon — a fbthanmal Chonse— Px > WRT. Hence ey wort ne whani) Rr anv] “Ly v t p ar é Pe ea D a J 2903 Rr Loge Va me ALeabahe expansion! Let ug consider 1Q~ cote Sos | Fon Gdiabedve Chenxe Pv = Conttea A penea- dha work ctor. whan ra eh expands : Adiaboteotiae Pome & volame V2 'S obho- eo \ ‘a Wo pi dv “ of Ape 5 ~ wo wv Vv 1px Pye Paysig onion Taotherma} rwe¢uE tion + Let 1 &m molecule of 40g. Fen on IRothertmal Yorke => food ot ets work cdene— chanae- py MRT. tener fhe whan Hs. 204 CPOE Tofisematis” Sver a ig or ve ferme vy te vy va aie -J Prily os ve . > fs ea \ee 2G / 7 - s ; Von K sige 2 ~ J Dav1 Cop Yo = -Fr pe tly 2 Rr (amv evi) 2 Rp Anvy 2 dnva_y vy, F 2-303 Rr VEE Pctiaben'e Testuetbns Leap vg conser | am weles of 2 S53. fan Adlabate ehenae pvr = cerbtent (x) Henan, fe work. dens— when Ste sey expands Abrabatestla~ from Volum€s Vv, be Y, ty ve zi wee P. dv: ‘ Uraerien. Degertbe dro Arse fave of THormosdramies Made mach cot 4 Show rot d@edu +pdy Sol”: defination > Page PX daz dutdw = du + Pav da v tra tect Supplied fo the Kae. du = Jue thoreayee in Inder Naf Cnergne of Ao xa. dw 2 Pdy = Pa work. lone ba gas,For. Adhabahe, prrecess. preve, that. py ® seonsdant- san! Let dhene be. ona. rrolan of iteal aot in m exlinger Liles wipe HL frictionless. pisden , The pores gs wut of Hit gos be (ey, Vo Juma {vs Tempenatuna_ xy Ft so)| ; Indeagnad rag bots Syieo WR REt, , p vs “ vw lod a ~ bee 7 ——- [ whore S24 Ce? Mbten ty UY K SP ses a A°Qe DB pv ck a Conedent— = GY) EY Gi) 3s knewn 94 tee adobeta, 24a” of Perfeat wat. Now Cla bom Ati 2 Ft above exMTeHB 90ND, horas te pressuna_ ad ye/ume— respestveting— Of a yaont'ta— of gas ond Por qhefn— , corvrver po nding— yy | values. 9 Oftper A Chia bate. chense trey es ated x Feat eee Show that the Odjabadh'e curves ora— ¥ times tteeper tar Modhermal Curved - | sq? ha. iZedher met evvatern py = consfonf and Adiabade equation py = corStorF ‘plojaed “Mr Sigune |? ths 'Slope- oof eae eunve. is jven by SP. aver ©’ ay a 3 tg, Hotere! ewe , Adlabadie ome me 34odharcrmat ewe —>x, .pei squaton Of on “igo tharmat ajven ba pyc eritank . Difforandiodtingg wi mespeck Je, we Kebs Tr Slop a Of Hoo efecral proces, my eee aac v te _ yt RE > eS me ~) Tha Bhpe- of Peat actabate— .prrcetg: | fins we, me = ¥&8/ oo my 2 8m, Cr vale TS always neater Hen tT intel 2 prom PBedtvewmet | The eda batie. “eto and 8 Himeg!dewallg ev? of perfect ass ven in . ; So? Desevbe. Dear@er Of frreetr ena eapotpn ot ener ads: calhic Degrees 6 Jneatim: A melecige. tn Boag coy eve Alonge ohhe- 4 Ore OF Hi Hanan condinote ang. 4p has Hrree dognees of fnasdnm. Peanees of frecem — mean ha_ Nember of. hte pendant ( Vartabie hak must be known Fe deseribe, He Bate. OR thes. posthon of:te— body eomplefels. Pecertding fe kineh'e thorns of KeBen tte mean kinate enengae Of A molecule_ot an vin vo temperate. T 74 Aiven ba, “2 ZB bev ak Bet) Bee re igglest sae a eeang BM) eqbvalent prban gduene ‘veers ialena, “Hoa shonan Ores anes earsal) - oe a =v edrw Y s(Ee) = Baie rek ee 2 (Eno) 23 ew)AN pds det Lom > pkr “oe Pree overaage kin etre ene Ate Ciytetet ob F PS Eqtpart'tisn of \enerBre\ StatemerF | Te eneraa fF 93 Mebentes in A daperve gesiem_— uncer thermo) eV I pi umny "3 eyalta— tiyjdet omens chase aver labte_ degnecs of freecton. ome Average eneng4e— PL each 3. $ cdeanes it Fron tons belas dky, 13 the Hein fg Boleros » eenbtart- any ro Kalvin temponedune.,y Explain: wore Recording 40 lutea Theorraee OF Bes the | | | | | i | [ren ktnefy'e eneracke oF a ws rel ie fat aw pepo 7 ig” Aiven baat me ede.) { | { | Bast of x, az Ore at) | | Square velocity along. ons one. equivelen mean Wa Ms a “ow” Heneo weve =e Pay Vi Tn ‘ule _ cose. to cares Ona kinetre ener of ta, erase OF! weteert ane. Cyst, This 18,Platnum mesizfonge drenimomoser - 241"! Prinaiple: pase ~ 71 © eleusiug Rp = Re (it 8) = : Boe 1] ‘ f = P bedi rum Resig danse, of O° acallenaer baton, Re = Folin cat PS) —=Y FYE Platnum, X= 994 x10~7 Po “5.8 xen ® 2. 7P ey zs Ra = Ro Circe &) BA O > 10 tren Rise = Ro (ut tee ee] < Res ~ Re see Le = Wy 10> Ro : 2 10 dSeng = gh oy ohh O-e8 4eer (YY we RAb Prem Raz % (t+ X Op) > = Po- Be —==* vv Roe Putt Stra. “* eo vale W) in NY eo wre AH. > Oper a Rx hima Bs Ry X [or Ry = a Fan Rey - oA R : Rim 7 Rowv " ” Rig’) Re Rioo - Pe K low Ry (i weet rsp) Re [sings em Gi] XK (oe Re (ee + pe) Rs (tot: ot toot BD Aes 1 Be Bo PIA. a tee tO A oe = PO ot 1p loo BE — pene + loop cit oe - (oo Bon (car £7 ohn EA whee- $= a K+ $e P Te wofugs of ’ mes foune bg Finding trea_ rerigtenca, of platinum EE oe Pures . Unknown femperatuna. 0°¢ 4 (ora 4440S. Then ew ep tk being ke ® joa, be cofenloates .Prine ple Tha plad’inur thermometer J beget on ue prinepie. dtd the elealnicat resitfenca Of A mefallia wire 18 fount to inex€age. L L ond Digenibe. eannoPs cae & foe ing Oe jp. effieleness i“ mn Saitp-10 4. cannol’s Engine? garnet angina ie a thoonetiear frarme danermc— L, ives Sale proprset ba Leonond cannot. 3+ Bs Hh. 28tipote of amok mee Possible Sdficieney thot a rook engine during. the conversion process af heat Into wank anct. covwertelac, werisings botwean twe reservoirs con Process Carnot engine Working process? Vin atoll — Lo b> aA Following oro four. paroeatses of cannot excla.: A: Tsothermal expansion 1 In ta Proce, ig Teves bie fx 7 : thermal 24 Sxpangion , In tag Process tha. amount of twat Cor bg Hea| peal | Nlacb- XS Vin Prom Sta oat Sounea whieh 14 at a jemporatume of Ty, The gas expends and oeg wank on the. Swytound/na . 2+ Aulicharm. expansion > In tea process M4 Neversble Adiabate gas expangion, Hera tha gpster- 18 as . : emma l se Mgulated ana te Bos Continues te expend ona wonk 34 dere, Oo” surnounding Now the. jJempenatune §% dower Ty 3, Potrerenal compression 2 In the precees ig reversible. }gothonmal compression. Hew +e Aces Noth Vad Ocawy wher the surrounding & do Hea work af dempenetord Ty 4. Pélobetia. comprertion 1 In“Hs. Process TRVErBioIe acdiabatia 48 compression . Pacin, Ma Adstern 38 thermal Mrscleted. he | dempero-tuma— OBen, ri geg ete emer Tater He durmoundiing Contenua to do Hoe Wolk On Pha x8i=? 4 Revensiv te iodheirhof CxPArsen 1 Preyaboch'& » 9-3 ' 2 }aoqnermet g- At » 4 , pwabadt = » come! 7 | pv¥ ctnsd compression 2 dt so *, v » aj pay eo NAT A 0 te d |3 x PB ag 5 4 " 8 ~dr=0 > pv*= coms,Urvw 7 & +i we nRtdn VE — nay An ae NR, dn Vo wa oe - ie pS Py ‘ An. = Now's Resrers;bie.) did baie pm. ; 4 py S cord pange OY - SS+ whet de aon oan Yoh" Royvertioie and Peneversibf2. process , Sof" pea- Ge whet do yon meon bs entropa 9) Preven that tee enfnopae fh Contlenb ah neversioi2- proeoy . St and Jacreage. ot Prevettibl2= prscass | 90/7: 2x Entnert Page — 6p Entmepe ig. constant ab FCeverBpys_ prone: Suppose in a neversibfe expangion of an how ‘ ‘a Bs, Qi sue of teat enerne jg Iorbog £ . bg S88 lem Prom fhe -gunnound! at temperatura. > Ia Ten the, Qn drop iChemas— IB Aven by ~@_| CS CSourmoundinge T 09 Sasjon~ = = Therefore 45, 2 Bancprts Sas a ° Strmi lenge far fae, reverge” porece Bho wehan deat 14 Absorbes bag ire unting Foor SAkpem Ba, SF cama sf a> (4 s) aire = T oe CDeurmourding T Therefore, 2 Teday “en propa vetange 9 9S SN asi AS _ xc Oro tOThenasora al mevortible press takog plac Wh eerbtent entropa. Entoeps— 't- Ineneaseg of InrOverBib la prrocors, Let two ebyeets completela> Stolatet frm tie environment au in Cantect wi Gath O4ter tp temperature Of Fra tre Obyeetg are _ P24 peactvels 7 ond 5 GT > dean toot wis Flow fren jee. wer Obyech Ha Celt © SF ech. Leb, Mertin ~O vena Shenk period Of dime ' en! Camount— of teed 1S rant formes fromm. Pr. > wom. nO fo Fre cole one, Beisda = Inereage: Of entropg- of drs colt obyeek. Trarafors, to chense. oF ‘en anopt— of the Se ‘ 5% , . rakes ada vals | Th wy ys Sp 14 Observet frm He the <9” GS) thes TT, 7k fo de SO that fg the ctenge— of en trera— Le - deg 1g alwage positive. Nene, fon fnrevertible. preeBs enwrorar I's Jnecenge .wy pun predwtin OF lemperstona,, Bxpla’n., Kinadre. ioe prodaton of} Jempeces : ne sof”: j leente. of ow Now, congder | dre amole. BoS< OEP Eng 2 oe aet,t 3 a = pt Ts ee Ae kB of O&O teed am Mleewe_ of a ges 13 eyual fo BRT. Divtdirge betty sin, of 29% @) ty NM, we Rk, sane at Bogmeis der oh Reed wna k 2 Osltaman’s embod Np Aveacnso’s “women dime’ = obaaa eae rae ep ands ty eho. idea Esfebligi- Yelatom bef ep ey 2 ms : Sof * Bu. Linge, love of cHhacme dayermnies _— das det tw D> das ly + Pw ~-u we Krew diet, melon Spectre. teat 2 = 28 ar ~dace- St ae Ane, d _ cys a. rc ae Bt a congfan® volems—of Buy des, f. d@cdu Piv Than : __ , a => dd 2 dv+0 da= dr =. pees g B dard | dunt ie, de — wyx D> -. Pp. dv > tii), LY i: iy, a OW Fre Re tp tdp ot ey dr = Cp:Bépesa 4 RALeiRera tor Ms oferatinggs 1g 7RNOUE- n a. wee know that a. beat eraine . abB3orbs 4. . Cgn Prom Web demperadunt— Bousred anvents Soma OF tee dak to won Se Fhe. TBE of Ata deat higsipata. lowe dem peredune.. rete mafrigenctor. riaezites eee lowe témperatursi) hoot: Zounet— rE neces tect fron dugh — Pomperadura Bounce - 4 ili fat xermtor can be. Teganded CR codte Sloat Ayoat engine wemtange iin tua “Satta ties sven: on deat awy TT co 2fflerent of mefrgereder= Th Oa ee Aim ay TT Tin. coe fPretert ap. et Onan 1 Ay ~ A aaa = ag, a Hens, oie dow porn peraturr—ered. law off ban nods. palpees Explain = Page - 3H th dre beds A ond Bo ose In He thonra} eye brian wi are dhind ene— fan eee on ge eee bo dg equilibyie~ | wrt Ms con A, B ant @ are jn thorme| ack hen, Thenmocuple ?2 Differences between daw of rowmadanarvies = Fscs Law fh he amount cf haat fo a Lgtjern if erat to tra Aum of jnpomnat onenads chonge— ond work dont ba te Sasser. 9. conservation of @NO?RR: B) Injannal Onengte 8 Indswadeed ——_——_————— At thetheraticalla | d= 5, can nod B24 Indorrracion About tha. dineation Of cherieak/ Phagicat chenge . Gs Aeaurdingg 40 tha. law Certinnous motion. Of Sinst onder is impossible Co OPerale. mackina_ without ererax/ fuct ) Supplied. du tdw firrat Jaw ena Seeond Sea0nd Lew 4. Sh 18 jmpossible fore oO | Betf- oadinge mochine workings In & ogehioak process unaided ba Me externa agerci-te cone ds ook fror—~ boda at Aowor dampercura- to beda at o tgher dernporedune- g. Eniror& 4: moturatcallg da = Ts con Ret lnfertmediong out the dineato~ Of chemical] pryssicak chong 5 C: Aeanridting. fo He. low cont nucs ome Hore of Sraond ondor— (ontag Obserbes ererato> from Bourse thar convert He inte wari foxtalt 3 » Impossible »| p04 ond iotkoumal IT bidfecances bestweer adiabadin Prowesses Tsofhermah AdiaboHe- Sothern mak , ig ne teak booms 4. Tena lt heat prromafor 4. Thee! jn dhs Hporrmod nor — Bush & process. oe 2: At omg adver volume, the pressure 4 more followingc qe ideot 298 equation. i 2. AS the Wer Suggests He | femparature of or iodnorcmnad | jatornal Oren as process samain’ congjent- none | \ | a Iorynad reperroin MAX | oo Sapiens boat ear be adaed Je an Adiobade hi we Ore pamova fromthe. Skstome I~ ook pereees and. 20 there. ander te keap fa Sompencdune- 7 jg 779 oddrtron OT @onstont Subpractron oft Hao. dood 5: ina doonsformetion in dusk. BL Ang pawl fenmadionn in an adiabadve— process fost. prroeot, if Slow.| Pse2s8 2 eons Reversib}.o— de Tn dag Prrecesg oer tho Change. tho. meaetion apes Teyenge and Sor forrest Gnd boekwand cheng. A He fJempenatuna, heat end wonk for alt Steps ara Cywak ona opposite» [IE] Differences betwen Evers pres SLle, and. frneversible jarevers) bla ee ee yeverted . 2 Sytem a7 valthing Obyeck con tum tack fo inital State. 3. This Process 12 not Spondenzov4 . 4. Theemnedanamie Late. mainteing 24s Ii bum, 2s SSdtem= OF Wen king. Oby aon op AUT book, do ji fak AHHete 3. Thig process 1B Beortaneous, 4. Thocredgnamie Sele doce wf = Moijntelr— eet lrbr vane,] Adjatwe ecauaton of teak gos qe tsk Prpecoding Locorm— He being. 2xachs, in dha marmer as follower in Te doduation of pv *etongtant- we dave, pdv . @v,dT syYy 20 _ TS v From ok Caradon , py o DB PosPp-a9 SUb SH puting for pin eguation Yo we aeehs, dv so ayat + Bt. ay R&R, dv co > wv x TT v 4 y- Roepe ae 24 epee ES I Dividing ba @y, p_ ~4) dv so dv Pate we vy wiegnatng— st 4 fey Sere v Ss Ing +t An v = dn k wnt > an > = Ink > Wh W Eyuason Gi) ig Known of tha Odiabat'e eauaton. of jdaar dos,