Ordinary Level

BUSINESS &
ACCOUNTING
STUDIES
01 jHdmdr miqìu
(Background of business)
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úIh ks¾foaYh
ksmqK;d ksmqK;d uÜgu wka;¾.;h bf.kqï M,

1'wkqoekqfuka 1'1jHdmdr ms<sn| • jHdmdr˜ ixl,amh • jHdmdr ixl,amh ks¾jpkh

hq;=j jHdmdr uQ,l
s mokula • jHdmdr wruqKq lrhs'
f,dalhg f.dvkÕd .kshs' •
m%úIag fjhs' • mdßfNda.ls wjYH;d yd jHdmdr wruqKq olajhs'
jqjukd • jHdmdr úiska mdßfNda.ls
• NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrk
• fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdr wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
• ksIamdok idol • NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr yd
fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdr
i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'
• ksIamdok idOlj,
wjYH;dj olajhs
1'2jHdmdr flf¾ • we,aue;s md¾Yjh
we,aue;s • we,aue;s md¾Yjhkaf.a • jHdmdr flf¾ we,aue;s
md¾Yjhkaf.a wruqKq md¾Yj kï lrhs'
wruqKq bgqlsÍfï • tla tla we,aue;s md¾Yj
uQ,l
s moku ilid j, wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
.kshs'

01 jHdmdr miqìu Tn fld;rkakï mdvï lr,o@

01 jHdmdr hkq y÷kajkak
02 ndg¾ l%uh hkq y÷kajkak
03 jHdmdr wruqKq ljf¾o
04 mdßfNda.l
s wjYH;d
y÷kajkak
05 wjYH;d j, ,laIK
ljf¾o
06 jqjukd y÷kajkak
07 jqjukd j, ,laIK ljf¾o
08 úúO wjYH;d imqrd .kakd
úúO wdldr olajkak
09 wjYH;d iy jqjukd w;r
fjkialï ,shkak
10 NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr
hkq y÷kajkak
11 fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdr hkq
y÷kajkak
12 NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr yd
fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdr
j,g WodyrK ,shkak
13 iDcq ksIamdokh yd
jl% ksIamdokh fjk fjku
y÷kajkak
14 ksIamdok idol y÷kajkak
15 ksIamdok idOl m%Odk
fldgia y;r kïlr
y÷kajkak
16 we,aue;s md¾Yj kïlr
y÷kajkak
17 we,aue;s md¾Yj iy
Tjqkaf.a wruqKq fjk
fjku olajkak
18 miq.sh úNd. m%Yak
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jHdmdr miqìu (Background of business)

jHdmdr (Business)
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ndg¾ l%uh ^NdKav yqjudrej& (Butter method)

w;S;fhaoS ñksiqka ;ukaf.a olaI;dj iy ;uka i;= iïm;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;ukag jvd;a
fyd¢ka ksmoúh yels NdKav muKla úYd, m%udKfhka ksIm a dokh l<y' tu ksid tu
NdKav w;sßla; ìys úh' miqj fuu NdKav w;sßla;h wfkl=;a mqoa.,hka iuÕ yqjudre
lr .ksñka Tjqkg a wjYH wfkl=;a NdKav ,nd .;ay' fuu l%uh ndg¾ l%ug
^ NdKav yqjudrej& f,i ye¢kafõ' fuh jHdmdr úldYkfha wdrïNhhs'
miqj jHdmdr uqo,a Ndú;h" ld¾ñl úma,jh" miqlr wo jk úg f;dr;=re hq.h olajd
úldYkh ù we;

jHdmdr wruqKq (Objective of business)

01 ………………………………………………………………………
jHdmdrhlg ,dN bmhSu jeo.;a jkqfha tys whs;slrejka fhojQ uqo,g iß,k
m%;s,dNhla ,nd §u wjYH jk ksid h'

02 ……………………………………………………………………...
jHdmdrhl r|d meje;au ;SrKh jkqfha jHdmdrhla úiska mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d
yd jjqukd fld;rï id¾:l j imqrd,kafkao hk lreK u; h'

Wm wruqKq

03 ………………………………………………………..
jHdmdr idOdrK ñ,lg .=Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd ,nd §ug lghq;= lrhs'

04 ……………………………………………………….
lïlrejdf.a isg by< l<ukdlrejka olajd úúO /lshd wjia:d jHdmdr úiska
ìys flfrhs'

05 ……………………………………………………….
;u fiajlhka ;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd jegqmg wu;rj Tjqka fjkqfjka úúO
iqN idOk lghq;= lsÍu o fndfyda jHdmdrj, wruqKls'
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01'jHdmdr úldYkh úúO wÈhr hgf;a idlÉPd flf¾' fuu úldYkfhaa uq,u
a wÈhr y÷kajkq ,nkafka"
^1& úoHq;a jdKscHh f,i h ^2& NdKav yqjudre f,i h
^3& uqo,a Ndú;h f,i h ^4& ld¾ñl úma,jh f,i h (O/L - 2010)

02'my; oelafjk m%ldYk w;=frka —jHdmdr˜ hkak ks¾jpkh lsÍug jvd;a .e<fmk m%ldYh f;darkak'
^1& NdKav yd fiajd yqjudreùu iïnkaO ´kEu lghq;a;ls'
^2& NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSu yd úlsKSu iïnkaO ´kEu lghq;a;ls'
^3& NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh yd iïnkaO ´kEu lghq;a;ls'
^4& ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍug NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu iïnkaO ´kEu lghq;a;ls'
(O/L - 2012)
03' jHdmdr wdrïN jQfha"
^1& NdKav yqjudrefõ m%;sM,hla f,i h ^2& uqo,a Ndú;fha m%;sM,hla f,i h
^3& m%jdyk l%uj, m%;sM,hla f,i h ^4& ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,hla f,i h
(O/L - 2012)
04' my; oelafjkafka jHdmdr úldYkfha wÈhrhka h'
A - uqo,a Ndú;h B - NdKav yqjudrej
C - f;dr;=re ;CIKh D - ld¾ñl úma,jh
jHdmdr úldYkfha wÈhr wkqm<
s sfj,ska oelafjk ms<s;=r f;darkak'
(1) A, B, C, D (2) B, A, C, D (3) B, D, A, C (4) B, A, D, C
(O/L - 2013)

mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd jqjukd (Consumer Needs & Wants)

wjYH;d (Needs)

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WodyrK
uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;d
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wfkl=;a ñksia wjYH;d
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wjYH;d j, ,laIK

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jqjukd (Wants)

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WodyrK
wjYH;dj jqjukd
wdydr

we֕

jqjukd j, ,laIK

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my; oelafjk wjYH;d imqrd .kakd úúO wdldr igyka lrkak

wjYH;dj jqjukdj
wdydr
ksjdi
we֕
m%jdykh
ikakf
s õokh
wOHdmkh
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wjYH;d iy jqjukd w;r fjkialï ,shkak

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01' NdKav yd iei£fï § fiajdjl oelsh yels .;s ,CIKhla jkafka"

^1& iam¾Y l< yels ùu h ^2& taldldÍ ùu h
^3& fjka l< yels ùu h ^4& .nvd l< fkdyels ùu h
(O/L - 2010)

02' my; i|yka ± w;=frka ñksia wjYH;djhla f,i ie,lsh yelafla l=ulao@
^1& fmd;a m;a ^2& wdydr mdk ^3& n;a yd jHxck ^4& iqj| ú,jqka
(O/L - 2011)
03' my; i|yka oE w;=frka jqjukdjla f,i ie,lsh yelafla"
^1& wdydr h ^2& n;a h ^3& we֕ h ^4& ksjdi h
(O/L - 2012)

04' my; i|yka oE w;=frka ñksia wjYH;djla jkafka"

^1& mekai,a h ^2& we֕ h ^3& mdjyka h ^4& fnfy;a h
(O/L - 2013)

05 my; i`oyka isoê

a h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka m%Yakj,g ms<;
s =re imhkak'
zz ks¾u,d ;ud jiskau fi!LH wdrlaIs; f,i ilia lrkq ,nk b¢ wdmam" msÜgq" frdà" lv, uqx
weg" wdmam iy n;a WoEik wdydr f,i wehf.a u jHdmdrfha ;nd wf,ú lrhs' ZZ

fuu jHdmdrh úiska imqrd,kq ,nk uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;dj l=ula o@

^1& wdydr ^2& we֕ ^3& ksjdi ^4& fi!LHh
(O/L - 2014)
06' fuu jHdmdrh úiska imhkq ,nk b¢ wdmam" msÜgq' frdà' lv," uqx weg" wdmam" iy n;a hkdÈh
y÷kajkqfha"
^1& wjYH;d f,ih' ^2& ksIamdÈ; f,ih' ^3& fhojqï f,ih' ^4& m%d.aOkh f,ih'
(O/L - 2014)
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07 my; i|yka isoaêh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka wxl m%Yak j,g ms<;
s =re imhkak'
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= iïnkaO w;aaoelSï nyq," .%dóh m%foaYhl Ôj;ajk .DyKshl jk lreKdj;S
;u mjqf,a idudðlhskag kejqu t<j¿ ,nd§u i|yd ;u f.j;af;aa t<j¿ j.d lrkkakS h' wef.aa
ÈhKsh jkk iudê msm[
s a[d iy ;lald,ss j,g oeä reÑl;ajhla olajhs' lreKdj;S mjqf,a
m%fhdackhg m%udKj;a t<j¿ ;ndf.k w;sßla;h wi, i;s fmdf<ys fjf<÷kag úl=Kd ,dN
,nhs'
fuu isoaêfha we;=<;a jk ñksia wjYH;djla iy Bg wod< jqjukdjla ms<sfj,ska oelafjk ms<; s =r
f;darkak'
^1& ;lald,s - wdydr ^2& wdydr - msm[
s a[d
^3& wdydr - fi!LH ^4& msm[
s a[d - ;lald,s
(O/L - 2015)
08 my; i`oyka isoaêh weiqfrka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
<ud we`ÿï ueiSu ms<sn`o ämaf,daudOdßKshl jQ È,sks" fudaia;r ks¾udK Ys,m
a h
s l= jk È,dka iu`.
iudkj m%d.aOkh fhdod —ÈÆ fglaia˜ kñka <ud we`ÿï uid wf,ú lsÍfï jHdmdrhla fmr mdi,la
wi,ska f.dvke.s,a,la ñ, § f.k wdrïN lrk ,§'
fuu isoaêfha i`oyka —ÈÆ fglaia˜ jHdmdrh úiska imqr,kq ,nk uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;djh l=ula o@
^1& wdydr ^2& weÿï ^3& ksjdi ^4& wdrlaIdj
(O/L - 2016)
09 my; i|yka isoaêh weiqfrka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
—Yla;s lkaiag%lI
a kaia˜ kñka" mÈxÑh i|yd f.j,a bÈlr §fï jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hk Yla;sg
2016 j¾Ifha§ fyd|u bÈlsÍfï iïudkh ysñ úh' Yla;s ;ud úiska u mq¿iaid ilia lr .kakd
.fvd,a muKla ish bÈlsÍï lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrhs'
fuu isoaêfha i|yka —Yla;s lkaiag%laIkaia˜ jHdmdrh úiska imqrd,kq ,nk uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;dj
l=ulao
^1& wdydr ^2& we֕ ^3& ksjdi ^4& wOHdmkh (O/L - 2017)
10 my; i|yka isoaêh weiqfrka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
—<Õu mdi, fyd|u mdi,˜ ixl,amhg wkqj uE;l§ kj úoHd.dr we;=¿ mdif,a f.dvke.s,s
ixj¾Okh flreKq fk¿ï ú, uyd úoHd,fha 2017 j¾Ifha w'fmd'i W' fm< úNd.fhka úYsIag f,i
iu;a j oekg rúu,a iud.fï ;djld,sl /lshdjl kshq;= iudê úYaj úoHd,hg f;aÍ we;s nj okajd
úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj u.ska wehg ,smh
s la tjd we;'
by; isoaêfha i|yka fk¨ïú, uyd úoHd,h u.ska imqrd,kq ,nk uQ,l
s ñksia wjYH;dj l=ula o@
1&fi!LH 2&ksjdi 3&wdrlaIdj 4&wOHdmkh (O/L - 2018)
11 my; i|yka isoaêh weiqfrka m%Yakj,g ms<;
s =re imhkak'
f.dúmf<ys jev lrñka isák w;r;=r we;sjQ msmdih ixis÷jd .ekSug úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;sh
u.ska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk — ñysß ri y, — fj; .sh lu,d m<;=re n÷kla o úu,d lsß ùÿrejlao
ñ,§ .kakd ,§'
—ñysß ri y,˜ úiska imqrd .kq ,nk ñksia wjYH;djh l=ulao@
1& wdydr 2& ikaksfõokh 3& ksjdi 4& wOHdmkh (O/L - 2019)
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12 by; isoaêhg wkqj lu,d f.a yd úu,d f.a"

1& wjYH;d iudkh' 2& Wjukd iudk h' 3& wjYH;d úúO h' 4& Wjukd iSñ; h'
(O/L - 2019)
13 my;a i|yka isoaêh weiqßka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak
.sßl=, uyd úoHd,fha wdÈ YsIH ix.uh mdi,a iuQmldr ió;sh yd wOHhk yd wkOHhk ld¾h
uKav,h tl;=j ;siai iy,a fuda,a jHdmdrfha whs;slre jk oyï fialr mß;Hd. lrk iy,a
Ndú;fhka ilia lr ,nd.kakd iy,a leo ùÿrejg mdif,a isiqka reÑl;ajhla olajhs
.sßl=, uyd úoHd,h úiska imqrd,kq ,nk ñksia wjYH;dj l=ulao
1& wdydr 2& wOHdmkh 3& fi!LHh 4& wdrlaIdj
(O/L - 2020)

14 Tnf.a wjYH;d y;rla oelafjk ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lr" ta ta wjYH;djg wod< jk Tnf.a
jqjukdj ne.ska i|yka lrkak'
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(O/L - 2012)
15 my; i|yka isoaêh weiqfrka m%Yak j,g ms<;
s =re imhkak'
mshodi ld,hla ;siafia lsß .jhska we;s lrk .eñfhls' Tyq ;u lsß .jhskf
a .ka msßisÿj fodjd
.kakd kejqï lsß wjg ksfjia j,g idOdrK ñ,lg Tyq úiska u fnodyeÍu isÿlrhs' Tyq ;u
iyhg fialfhl= n|jd .ekSug woyia lrk w;r" ;u jHdmdrh —odi kejqï lsߘ kñka ,shmÈxÑ
lsÍug o wfmaCId lrhs'
(i) kejqï lsß l=uk ñksia wjYH;dj imqrd,kafka o@
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (O/L - 2013)

16' my; i|yka isoAêh weiqfrka m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

wurisxy uqo,ska re' 50 000 la o" re' 500 000 la jákd f,dß r:hla o fhdod weô,smsáfha ó lsß
ksIamdolfhl= jk risldf.ka uqojmq ó lsrs yÜá ñ,§ f.k fld<U msysá rcfha wdh;k j,
wdmkYd,d j,g fnod yeÍfï jHdmdrhla —wuri ó lsߘ kñka 2015'01'01 Èk wdrïN lrk ,§'
tÈk u re' 20 000 la ;ekam;a lr cx.u .sK
s qula wdrïN lrk ,§' ñ,§ .;a uqojmq ó lsß yÜá
i|yd udih wjidkfha§ fplam;la uÕska f.ùï lrkq ,nk w;r" wdmkYd,d ysñhkag tu lsßyÜá
w;amsg uqo,g imhhs'
^wd& by; isoaêfha i|yka ksIamdÈ;h uÕska imqrd,kq ,nk uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;dj l=ula o@
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (O/L - 2015)
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17 wjYH;d yd jqjukd hkak fjk fjku ks¾jpkh lrkak'

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18 ^w& ñkssia jqjukdjla hkq l=ula o@
^wd& ñksia jqjukdjla oelsh yels ,CIK folla ,shkak'
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19 ^w& ñksia wjYH;djhla hkq l=ulao@

^wd& ñksia wjYH;d j, ,laIK folla ,shkak'
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20 ^w& ñksia Wjukdjla hkq l=ulao@
^wd& ñksia Wjukdj l ,laIK folla ,shkak'
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21 my; i|yka m%ldY i;H o wi;H o hkak olajkak'
ñksia wjYH;d iSñ; jk w;r ñksia jqjukd ixlS¾K fõ …………………………. (O/L - 2020)
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ksIamdok jHdmdr (Production Business)
• NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr (Goods Production Business)
• fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdr (Services Production Business)

NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr (Goods Production Business)

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fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdr (Services Production Business)

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NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr yd fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdr fjk fjku olajkak
NdKav ksIamdok jHdmdr fiajd ksIamdok jHdmdr

iDcq ksIamdokh yd jl% ksIamdokh

iDcq ksIm
a dokh

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WodyrK………………………………………………………………………

jl% ksIamdokh

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WodyrK………………………………………………………………………
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ksIamdok idol (Factors Of Production)

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ksIamdok idOl m%Odk f,i fldgia y;rls'

• N+ñh

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WodyrK …………………………………………………………………………...

• Y%uh
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WodyrK …………………………………………………………………………....

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• m%d.aOkh
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WodyrK …………………………………………………………………………....

• jHjidh

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my; i|yka whs;uh l=uk ksIamdok idOlhg wh;a oehs olajkak

mßmd,k f.dvke.s,s " jHdmdr whs;slrejd " f;a o¿ fk,k lïlrejd " nih "
LKsc f;,"a isxyrdc jkh " nia ßhÿre ".x.d " yuqod ks,Odßhd " ÿrl;kh

N+ñh

Y%uh

m%d.aOkh

jHjidh

01' j¾;udkfha fj<|fmdf<ka NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g .ekSug yelsù we;af;a"

^1& iDcq ksIamdokh ksid h ^2& jl% ksIamdokh ksid h
^3& m%d:ñl ksIamdokh ksid h ^4& NdKav yqjudrej ksid h
(O/L - 2010)

02 my; i|yka isoaêh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= iïnkaO w;aaoelSï nyq," .%dóh m%foaYhl Ôj;ajk .DyKshl jk lreKdj;S ;u
mjqf,a idudðlhskg
a kejqï t<j¿ ,nd§u i|yd ;u f.j;af;aa t<j¿ j.d lrkkakS h' wef.aa ÈhKsh
jkk iudê msms[a[d iy ;lald,ss j,g oeä reÑl;ajhla olajhs' lreKdj;S mjqf,a m%fhdackhg
m%udKj;a t<j¿ ;ndf.k w;sßla;h wi, i;s fmdf<ys fjf<÷kag úl=Kd ,dN ,nhs'

by; isoaêh iïnkaO ksjerÈ m%ldYh f;darkak'

^1& lreKdj;S iDcq ksIamdokfha muKla fhfoa'
^2& lreKdj;S jl% ksIamdokfha muKla fhfoa'
^3& lreKdj;S iDcq ksIamdokfha yd jl%% ksIamdokfha fhfoa'
^4& iudÈ jl% ksIamdokfha fhfoa' (O/L - 2015)

03 my; i`oyka isoê

a h weiqfrka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
<ud we`ÿï ueiSu ms<n
s `o ämaf,daudOdßKshl jQ È,sk"s fudaia;r ks¾udK Ys,m
a h
s l= jk È,dka iu`.
iudkj m%d.aOkh fhdod —ÈÆ fglaia˜ kñka <ud we`ÿï uid wf,ú lsÍfï jHdmdrhla fmr mdi,la
wi,ska f.dvke.s,,
a la ñ, § f.k wdrïN lrk ,§'

—ÈÆ fglaia˜ jHdmdrh úiska ñ,§ .;a f.dvke.s,,

a wh;a jk ksIamdok idOlh l=ula o@
^1& N+ñh ^2& Y%uh ^3& m%d.aOkh ^4& jHjidhl;ajh
(O/L - 2016)
 12

04 my; i|yka isoaêh weiqfrka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

—Yla;s lkaiag%lI
a kaia˜ kñka" mÈxÑh i|yd f.j,a bÈlr §fï jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hk Yla;sg
2016 j¾Ifha§ fyd|u bÈlsÍfï iïudkh ysñ úh' Yla;s ;ud úiska u mq¿iaid ilia lr .kakd
.fvd,a muKla ish bÈlsÍï lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrhs'
—Yla;s lkaiag%lI
a kaia˜ jHdmdrh úiska Ndú;d lrkq ,nk .fvd,a wh;a jk ksIamdok idOlh jkqfha'
^1&N+ñh h' ^2&Y%uh h ^3&m%d.aOkh h ^4& jHjidhl;aj h' (O/L - 2017)
05 f.dúhl= ;u jHdmdrhg .xj;=r ksid isÿjQ w,dNh o ú| ord .ksñka id¾:lj jHdmdrh lrf.k
hdu" wh;a jk ksIamdok idOlh l=ulao@
^1&N+ñh ^2&Y%uh ^3&m%d.aOkh ^4&jHjidhl;ajh (O/L - 2018)
06 my; i|yka isoaêh weiqfrka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
f.dúmf<ys jev lrñka isák w;r;=r we;sjQ msmdih ixis÷jd .ekSug úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;sh
u.ska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk — ñysß ri y, — fj; .sh lu,d m<;=re n÷kla o úu,d lsß ùÿrejla
o ñ,§ .kakd ,§'
—ñysß ri y,˜ Ndú;d lrk m<;=re wh;a jk ksIamdok idOlh l=ulao@
^1&N+ñh ^2&Y%uh ^3&m%d.aOkh ^4&jHjidhl;ajh (O/L - 2019)
07 my;a i|yka isoê
a h weiqßka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak
.sßl=, uyd úoHd,fha wdÈ YsIH ix.uh mdi,a iuQmldr ió;sh yd wOHhk yd wkOHhk ld¾h
uKav,h tl;=j ;siai iy,a fuda,a jHdmdrfha whs;slre jk oyï fialr mß;Hd. lrk iy,a
Ndú;fhka ilia lr ,nd.kakd iy,a leo ùÿrejg mdif,a isiqka reÑl;ajhla olajhs
by; isoê
a fha we;=<;a iy,a le| ilia lsÍug Ndú;d l< iy,a wh;a jk ksIamdok idOlh l=ulao
^1&N+ñh ^2&Y%uh ^3&m%d.aOkh ^4&jHjidhl;ajh (O/L - 2020)

08 jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrk ksIamdok idOl y;rla kï lrkak'

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(O/L - 2012)
09 Rcq ksIamdok yd jl% ksIamdokh hkak ks¾jpkh lrkak'
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (O/L - 2014)
10 iqrx. uqyqÿ fjrf<ka wyq,d .kakd ismm
a s lgqj,ska iydhlhl=f.a o iydh we;sj ue,shï yd idhï
j¾. Ndú;d lr úis;=re ismams lgq ks¾udK idod úfoaYSh ixpdrlhskg
a wf,ú lrhs'
^w& fuu isoê
a fha i|yka jHdmdrfha ksIamdok idOl folla ,shkak'
^wd& i|yd Tn i|yka l< tla tla ksIamdok idOlh i|yd isoê
a h weiqfrkaa ksoiqk ne.ska ,shkak'
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (O/L - 2016)
 13

jHdmdrhlg we,aue;s md¾Yj (Alleged Parties)

we,aue;s md¾Yj iy Tjqkaf.a wruqKq

we,aue;s md¾Yj wruqKq

…………..…...………… …………………………………………………
jHdmdrhlg iïm;a
imhk mqo.a ,fhda tys
whs;slrefjda fj;s' …………………………………………………

…………..…...………… …………………………………………………
jHdmdr lghq;= fufyh
jkakka yd jHdmdrh
ms<n
s |j whs;slrejkaf.a
;SrK l%shd;aul
…………………………………………………
lrkakka l<uKdlrefjda
fj;s

…………..…...………… …………………………………………………
jHdmdr ld¾h bgq lrk
mqo.
a ,fhda fiajlhka
fj;s' …………………………………………………

…………..…...………… …………………………………………………
jHdmdrhlg wjYH úúO
oE imhkafkda
iemhqïlrejka fj;s' …………………………………………………

…………..…...………… …………………………………………………
jHdmdrfhka NdKav yd
fiajd ñ,§ .kakd
mqo.
a ,hka
.kqfokqlrefjda fj;s
…………………………………………………

…………..…...………… …………………………………………………
hï jHdmdrhla úiska
ksIamdokh lrk
ksIamdÈ;j,g iudk
NdKav yd fiajd
…………………………………………………
ksIamdokh fyda wf,ú
lsÍu isÿlrkafkda
;r.lrefjda fj;s'

…………..…...…………
jHdmdr i|yd wjYH
Kh" WmfoaYk fiajd …………………………………………………
wdÈh imhk nexl= yd
wfkl=;a Kh fok
wdh;k uQ,H …………………………………………………
wdh;kj,g wh;a fõ'
 14

…………..…...………… …………………………………………………
rgl wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj
i|yd wjYH m%;sm;a;s …………………………………………………
iïmdokh lrkafka rch
hs'

…………..…...………… …………………………………………………
jHdmdrfhka msg;
Ôj;ajk ck;dj m%cdj …………………………………………………
f,i ie,fla
…………..…...…………
wkd.;fha§ jHdmdrj,
wdfhdackh lsÍug …………………………………………………
wfmalaIdfjka isák …………………………………………………
mqo.
a ,hska wkd.;
wdfhdaclhka fõ

we,aue;s md¾Yjh u.ska jHdmdr wfmalaIs; odhl;ajh

we,aue;s md¾Yjh Þhl;ajh i|yd ksoiqka

whs;slrefjda • m%udKj;a m%d.aOk Þhl;ajhla ,nd §u

l<ukdlrefjda • jHdmdr ie,iqï ksis f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu" ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSu

fiajlfhda • mjrk ,o ld¾h ksis f,i bgq lsÍu" Y%u M,Þhs;dj jeä lsÍu

iemhqïlrefjda • .=Kd;aul wuqøjH È.ska È.gu iemhSu" l,g fõ,djg wuqøjH

iemhSu
rch • jHdmdr i|yd ys;lr úúO Èß .ekaùï ,nd §u

01' jHdmdrhl  fh¥ uqof,a iqrlaIs;;djh ms<sn`oj Wkkaÿjla olajk w;r  idOdrK jegqma ,nd
.eksug Wkkaÿjla olajhs'
fuu m%ldYfha  yd  hk ia:dkj,g wod< ksjerÈ fhÿï ms<sfj,ska oelafjk ms<;
s =r f;darkak'
^1& ;r.lrefjda" fiajlfhda ^2& whs;slrefjda" iemhqïlrefjda
^3& fiajlfhda" whs;slrefjda ^4& whs;slrefjda' fiajlfhda (O/L - 2016)
02' jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkays wruqKq lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
A- idOdrK jegqmla ,nd .ekSu' B - nÿ whlr .ekSu C -wLKavj weKjqï ,nd .ekSu

by; A,B yd C hk wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj ms<f

s j<ska oelafjk ms<;
s =r
f;darkak'
^1& fiajlfhda" rch" iemhqïlrefjda ^2& fiajlfhda" whs;slrefjda" iemhqïlrefjda
^3& fiajlfhda" uq,H wdh;k" ;rÕlrefjda ^4& l<ukdlrefjda" rch" whs;slrefjda (O/L - 2017)
 15

03 ÿkays| Èh we,a, wi, Ôj;a jk rEmd nvbß`.= ñ,§ f.k ;ïnd fiajlfhl=f.a o iydh we;sj
foaYSh yd úfoaYSh ixpdrlhskag wf,ú lrhs'
^wd& rEmdf.a jHdmdrh flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk by; isoê
a fha i|yka md¾Yjhla i|yka lr tu
md¾Yjh jHdmdrh flfrys Wkkaÿjla oelaùug fya;=jla ,shkak'
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…....…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (O/L - 2016)
04 jHdmdrhla lghq;= ms<n
s | Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj folla ,shkak'
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... (O/L - 2017)
05 fld.a., mÈxÑ iqukd" ldka;sf.a iydh o we;sj ;u bvul l=re÷ j.d lr fy< l=re÷ f;a˜
ksIamdokh lr" ufvd,a ¥j keröug meñfKk ixpdrlhskag" k.rfha fj<|ie,a j,g yd foaYSh
mdßfNda.slhskg
a wf,ú lsÍfï jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hhs'
^w& —fy< l=reÿ f;a ˜ jHdmdrfha we,aue;s md¾Yj jk fiajlhka iy .kqfokqlrejka i|yd isoaê
we;=<;a ksoiqk ne.ska ,shkak'
^wd& by; ^w& ys i|yd Tn i|yka l< tla tla we,aue;s md¾Yjh" —fy< l=re÷ f;a ˜ jHdmdrh
flfrys Wkkaÿjla oelaùug fya;=j ne.ska ,shkak'
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…....…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (O/L - 2019)

06 —úl=ï rn¾ ksmehqï˜ jHdmdrfhys ysñlre jk úl%u by< hk b,a¨ug uqyqK §u i|yd ish jHdmdrh
mq¿,a lsÍfï woyiska nexl= Khla whÿï l< úg oek .ekSug yels jQfha rch úiska jd¾Isl nexl=
Kh fmd,S wkqmd;h 12] isg 8] olajd wvq lr we;s njhs
by; isoaêfha we;=<;a úl=ï rn¾ ksmehqï jHdmdrfha we,aue;s md¾Yj folla ,shkak
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (O/L - 2020)