( l,

^wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - n<kaf.dv)

Business Studies

ksmqK;dj 1'0

jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr mßirh

wkqYdil;ajh ( iqks,a rdcmlaI uy;d

iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI jdKsc

iïm;a odhl;ajh ( H.P.K.D. ioud,s

r$ueoneoao uyd úoHd,h

jdKsc úIhka i`oyd bf.kqï wdOdrl f.dkq ieliSfï jHdmD;sh

r$ fldaka.ia;ekak uyd úoHd,h

 1

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ( jHdmdr ixl,amh ú.%y lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï M, (
jHdmdr ixl,amh y÷kajhs'
wjYH;d yd jqjukd ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjkialï ksoiqka olajñka ii|hs'
ksIamdÈ; hkak y÷kajhs'
ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .kqfha ksIamdÈ;j,ska nj ;yjqre lrhs'
NdKav yd fiajd w;r fjkialï ii|hs'
wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .ekSu;a fjf<|fmd<;a w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj fmkajd fohs'
jHdmdrj, .;s ,laIK ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrhs'
jHdmdr lghq;= hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
fok ,o jHdmdrhl jHdmdr lghq;= ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
jHdmdr wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wd¾Ólhl meje;aug jHdmdrj, odhl;ajh w.hhs'
 2

jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr mßirh

Foundation of Business and Business Enviroment
jHdmdr hkq
,dN ,eîfï wruqK we;sj fyda ke;sj mj;ajdf.k hk ñksia wjYH;d yd
jqjukd imqrd,Su ioyd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ksYamdokh" fnodyeÍu" wf,úh yd
wkqnoaO ish¨ lghq;= idudkHfhka jHdmdr f,i w¾: .ekafõ'
ta wkQj jHdmdr hkq ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lsÍu ioyd we;s ´kEu wd¾Ól
lghq;a;ls'

wjYH;d yd jqjukd (Needs & Wants)

ñksid úiska wksjd¾hfhkau imqrd .; hq;= ldhsl yd udkisl ;;aj wjYH;d
f,i ye¢kafõ'
Wod (- wdydr" we÷ï" ksjdi" wOHdmkh" fi!LH wdÈh
ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .kakd úúO wdldr jqjukd f,i ye¢kafõ'
Wod (- n;a" mdka" Trf,daiqjla" mß.Klhla wdÈh f,i ;jÿrg;a my; j.=fjka
meyeÈ,s l, yel'
wjYH;d jqjukd
1' wdydr 1' n;a" mdka" b¢wdmam" f;a" m<;=re"
2' we÷ñ 2' idß" .jqï" l,siï" iru
3' ksjdi 3' ;Ügq ksjdi" hq., ksjdi" fkajdisld.dr
4' wOHdmkh 4' mdi," msßfjk" úYaj úoHd,h
5' fi!LH 5' rcfha frday,a" fm!oa.,sl frday,a
6' ikaksfõokh 6' ÿrl:k" *elaia" úoHq;a ;emE,
7' wdrlaIdj 7' fmd,Sish" yuqodj" rlaIKh
8 úfkdaoh 8' ix.S;h" Ñ;%má
 3

wjYH;d yd jqjukd j, fjkialï my; mßÈ ±laúh yelsh'

wjYH;d jqjukd
 iSñ; fõ  wiSñ; fõ'
 iEu mqo.,hdgu fmdÿh'  mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkiah'
 Ôj;aùu i|yd w;HjYH fõ'  w;HdjYH fkdfõ'
 jHsmdßlhskg
a ks¾udKh l<  jHdmdr u`.ska ks¾udKh lrhs'
fkdyel'
 iudc n,fõ. u`.ska fjkia l,  iudc n,fõ. u`.ska fjkia l,
fkdyel' yelsh'
 m%d:ñlhs'  oaú;Slhs'

ksYamdÈ;h Product
mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd fj<|fmd,g bÈßm;a lrk
´kEu fohla ksYamdÈ;hla fõ'
fuh m%Odk jYfhka NdKav yd fiajd f,I j¾. l, yelsh' NdKav yd fiajd
w;r fjkialï my; j.=fõ ±lafõ'
NdKav fiajd
1. fN!;sl meje;aula we;' ^iam¾Y 1. fN!;sl meje;aula fkdue;'
l, yelsh'’ ^iam¾Y l, fkdyelsh&
2. .nvd l< yelsh' 2. .nvd l< fkdyelsh'
3. iucd;Sh jk mßÈ ksYamdokh 3. imhkakd wkQj fjkia fõ'
l< yelsh'
4. imhkakdf.ka fjka l< yelsh' 4. imhkakdf.õ fjka l<
fkdyelsh'
 4

Ndú;h wkQjo NdKav yd fiajd j¾. l< yelsh' th my; igyk u`.ska bÈßm;a l<
yelsh'
ksYamdÈ;

NdKav fiajd

meje;au wkQj Ndõ;h wkQj jhdmdr iyh fiajd iDcq fiajd

l,amj;sk NdKav
l,a fkdmj;sk ld¾ñl NdKav mdßfNda.sl NdKav
NdKAv m%d.aOk whs;u myiq NdKav
øjH yd fldgia idmamq NdKav
ienhqï yd jHdmdr fiajd úfYaIs; NdKav
fkdfijQ NdKav

mdßfNda.sl NdKav - Consumer Goods

uyckhd ish mßfNdackh i|yd fhdod .kakd NdKav fõ' lsishua wjia:djloS
mdrsfNda.sl NdKav Ndja;fhka fl<jr fõ' úkdY fõ' kej;;a w¨;a NdKavhla tla
l< hq;=h'

myiq NdKav - Convenience Goods

mdßfNda.slhka ksrka;rfhka ñ,g .kakd NdKav myiq NdKav fõ'
tajdfhys ,laIK f,i"
 ñ,g .ekSfï§ jeä fjfyila fyda ld,hla lem fkdflf¾'
 fndfydaúg ksYaÑ; ikakula iys; NdKav fõ'
Wod(- mdka" lsß" wdydr" inka" oka;df,am hkdÈh
 idudkHfhka ñ, my< uÜgul mj;S'
 is,a,r fj<|ie,a j,ska myiqfjka ñ,g .; yelsh'
 5

idmamq NdKav - Shopping Goods

iudk NdKavj, ñ," .=Kh" fhda.H;djh jeks ,laIK ii|d n,d ñ,g .kq
,nk NdKav fõ'
fuys§ f.jk ñ,g Wmßu ;Dma;shla f.k fok NdKav ñ,g .ekSug wfmalI
a d
lrk w;r
 ikaku
 .=Kh
 ñ,
 myiqj
 fmkqu
 fudaia;rh
 j.lSu hkd§ .=Kdx. ie,ls,a,g .ksñka idmamq lsysmhl ießird iudk
NdKav iei£fuka wk;=rek ñ,g .kS'

õfYaIs; NdKav - Specialty Goods

ñ,§ .ekSug úfYaIs; wdhdihla .kakd NdKav fõ' idudkHfhka fïjdfha ñ,
b;d by<h'
Wod(- iaj¾KdNrK" fudag¾ r:" mß.Kl

fkdfijQ NdKav - Unsought Goods

fj<|fmdf,ys úlsKSu i|yd ;snqk;a mdßfNda.slhd ta nj fkdokakd NdKav fõ'
Wod(- w¨;ska y÷kajdfok rlaIK Tmamq j¾." w¨;ska m%ldYhg m;ajk fmd;a j¾.
tajdfha ,laIK"
 tajd fkdfijQ NdKav f,I mj;skqfha y÷kajdÿka uq,a wjêfha muKla ùu'
 wêl m%j¾Okhlska miq hï ld,hl§ tajd idmamq fyda myiq NdKav bjg m;a
ùu'
 wvq msßjegqmla ;sîu'
 ñ, ;rula by< hdu'
 úYd, f,i m%j¾Okh l< hq;= fõ'
 6

ld¾ñl NdKav - Indñtrial Goods

fjk;a NdKav ksmoùug fhdod .kakd NdKav fõ'
Wod(- fudg¾ r: ksmojk wdh;khla gh¾" negß ñ,g .ekSu'

øjH iy fldgia (Material & Parts) Wod(-hlv" jdfka

m%d.aOk whs;uhka (Capital Items)

iemhqï iy jHdmdr fiajd (supplies & Business Services)

Wod(- úÿ,sh" .Eia" c,h" kv;a;=j

fj<|fmd, - Market
.eKqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka uqK.efik fyda iïnkaO jk ´kEu ;;ajhla
fj<|fmd, f,I ye¢kafõ'
ñksia wjYH;d ys jqjukd bgq lr .ekSug fj<|fmd, ;=,ska NdKav yd fiajd
imhd .kS

jHdmdr .;s ,laIK - Characteristics of Business

01' úl=Kqï fyda yqjudreùï isÿ ùu'
iEu jHdmdrhlau NdKav yd fiajd uqo,auh w.hla u; úlsKsu fyda yqjudre
lsÍu isÿ flf¾' NdKav yd fiajd ñ,la u; ñ,§ .ekSu yd úlsKSu jHdmdrj,
w;HjYH idOlhls'
02' NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokq isÿ ùu'
iEu jHdmdrhlau" wka whg úlsKSu i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksYamdokh lsÍu
iy$fyda ñ,§ .ekSu isÿ lrhs' tajd mdßfNda.sl NdKav fyd ld¾ñl NdKav úh yelsh'
03' .kqfokq wLKavj isÿ ùu'
wLKav mokula u; È.ska È.gu NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokq isÿ lrhs kï th
jHdmdrhla f,i y÷kajhs'
 7

04' ,dNfhka $ m%;s,dNfhka wNsfm%arKh ùu'

jHdmdrhl uQ,sl wruqK uqo,a iemhSu yd Okh w;am;a lr .ekSuhs' ta wkQj
remsh,a Y;j,ska ,nk ,dNh" jHdmdßl iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .ekSu" jHdmdßl
wjia:d Wod lr .ekSu" iudc m%;s,dN w;alr §u hkdÈh wka;¾.; fõ' jHdmdr
lafIa;%fha <dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a by; m%;s,dN wruqKq lr.;a tajdo fõ'
tneúka jHdmdrhl j¾Okh iy m%idrKh i|yd ,dNh w;HjYhu fõ'

05' wjodkula ;sîu'

,dN ,eîug we;s wúksYaÑ;;dj yd w,dN iaÿ ùug we;s yelshdj ksid
jHdmdrj,g m%dfhda.l
s j md,kh l< fkdyels ksid wjodku we;s fõ'

 mdßfNda.sl reÑh fudia;r iy b,a¨u fjkiaùu ksid

 hka;% WmlrK yd ksYamdok ;dlaIKh fjkia ùu ksid
 fj<|fmd, ;r`.ldß;ajh by< hdu ksid
 wuqøjH ys`.h” úÿ,sh ì|jeàu yd bkaOk ys`.h we;sùu ksid
 l%ñlhkaf.a .eg¨" jev j¾ck wdÈh ksid
 .sks.eks,s" fidr I;=re Wmøj" wk;=re wd§ úm;a ksid
 jHdmdrfha iïm;a Ndú;h ms<sn| jerÈ l<ukdlrK ;SrK ksid

06' jqjukd ks¾udKh lsÍu'

Ñksia jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu jHdmdr úiska isÿ
lrhs' th isÿlrk wdldr lsysmhls'
 wuqøjH ksñ NdKav njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu u`.ska
 hï NdKavhla nyq, ia:dkhl isg tu NdKavh i|yd úYd, b,a¨ula mj;sk
fjk;a ia:dkhlg m%jdykh lsÍu u`.ska
 hï NdKavhla ys`. ld,j,§ ,nd§u i|yd .nvd lsÍu u`.ska
wd§ f,i NdKav ksYamdokh yd fiajd iemhSu ;=,ska ñksia jqjukd
ks¾udKh lrhs'
07' wd¾Ól lghq;a;la ùu'
ys`. iïm;a Ndú;fhka NdKav yd fiajd ksYamdokh lsÍfï yd fnodyeÍfï
lghq;=j, ksr; ùu fya;=fjka jHdmdr w;HjYHfhkau wd¾Ól lghq;a;la fõ' th
uqo,a iemhSfï mrud¾:fhka isÿ jkakls'
 8

jHdmdrhl m%Odk lghq;= 2 ls'

1. ñksia wjYH;d ys jqjukd imqrd,Su'

2. iïm;a j,g w.h tl;= lsÍu'

NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ksYamdofha§ fhdod .kakd iïm;aj, iajrEmh fjkia

lsÍu u`.ska we;s jk w.h jeä ùu tl;= l< w.h f,i ye¢kafõ'
fuf,i iïm;a j,g w.h tl;= lsÍu jHdmdrhl isÿ jk m%Odk lghq;a;ls'

jHdmdrj, wruqKq
1. fj<|fmdf,a /£ isàu'
2. ,dN Wmßu lsÍu'
3. úl=Kqï Wmßu lsÍu'
4. fj<”fmd, fldgi jeä lr .ekSu'
5. mdßfNda.sl ;Dma;sh by< kexùu'
6. fldgiaj, fj<|fmd, w.h Wmßu lsÍu'
7. jHdmdßlhskaf.a mqoa.,sl ;Dms;ah
8. iudc yd m%cdjf.a iqNidOkh
9. fiajl iqN idOkh
wd¾Ólh meje;aug o jHdmdr odhl fõ'

Wod(- fjkiajk ixlS¾K jqjukd imqrd,Su'

kfjda;amdokh
/lshd W;amdokh
cd;sl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh

mejreu 01
—wdisß fíl¾ia˜ Tn m%foaYfha m%isoaO fílß kaYamdok jHdmdrhls' tys lghq;=
fyd¢ka wOHkh lr my; i|yka .eg¨ i|yd ms<s;=re imhkak'

1. tu jHdmdrh u`.ska ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lrkq ,nk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
2. ta yryd iïm;a j,g w.h tl;= lsÍu lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
3. tu jHdmdrfha wruqKq olajkak'
4. ta yryd wd¾Ólhg w;ajk m%;s,dN ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
 9

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ( jHdmdr úldYkh yd m%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06
bf.kqï M, (
iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
jHdmdr úldYkfha wjia:d olajhs'
iDcq ksIamdokh yd jl% ksIamdokh w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
uqof,a úldYkh úia;r lrhs'
fjf<|dfï w;S; iajrEmh yd j¾;udk iajrEmh ii|hs'
jdKscHh yd fjf<|du w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
jHdmdr i|yd mj;sk Wmldrl fiajd y÷kajd fohs'
úoHq;a jdKscHh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
úoHq;a jdKscHh j¾;udkfha m%p,s; ùug fya;= wkdjrKh lrhs'
jHdmdr f,dalfha j¾;udkm%jK;d iy tuÕska jHdmdrj, isÿ ù we;s fjkialï meyeÈ,s lrhs'

jHdmdr úldYkh yd m%jK;d

Development of Business & New Trends

 ñksidf.a wjYH;d Tyq úiskau ksYamdokh lr .;a wE; w;S;fha mej;sfha

iajhxfmdaIs; w¾Ól l%uhls'
 th iDcq ksYamdokh (Direct Production) f,i ye¢kafõ'
 ta ;=,ska úfYaISlrKh we;s úh'
 tys m%;sM,hla f,i w;sßla; ksYamdokh we;s úh'
 w;aßla; ksYamdokh Tjqfkdjqka w;r yqjudre lr .ekSu ksid NdKav yqjudrej
isÿ úh' (Barter System) jHdmdr úldYkfha uq,au wjia:dj NdKav yqjudre
l%uh fõ'
 NdKav yqjudrej ksid NdKavj, whs;sh fjkia úh' fuu fjki fj<|du (
Trade) f,i yÿkajk ,§'
 fj<|fmd, i|yd ksYamdokh lsÍu jl% ksYamdokh fõ'
NdKav yqjudrefõ ÿ¾j,;d u. yrjd .ekSug yqjudre udOH f,i újO øjH Ndú;d
lrk ,§'
 10

NdKav yqjudre l%ufha isg wo olajd uqo,a Ndú;fha we;s jQ l%ñl úldYh
1. øjH Ndú;h
Wod(- ismamslgq" ÿïfld<
2. f,day j¾. Ndú;h
Wod(- rka" ߧ jek oE
3. f,day ldis uqo,a Ndú;h
úúO m%udKj,ska hq;a f,day len,sj, uqyqK; nr" msßisÿ nj iy w.h;a ioyka lrk
,§' miq ld,Skj we;s jQ wÉpq ldis j,g moku fuhhs'

4. ldis yd fkdaÜgq Ndú;h

jákd f,day uqo,a f,i Ndú;hg .ekSfï wmyiq;djg ms<shula f,i ffki¾.sl
jákdlula fkdue;s ldis Ndú;hg .;a w;r" miq ld,Skj fkdaÜgq uqo,a Ndú;hg
.kakd ,§' rcfha n,h,;a wêldßh úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ldis yd fkdaÜgq fuhg
wh;ah'
Wod(- Y%S ,xldj - remsh,a
weußldj - fvd,¾
n%s;dkH - mjqï

5. nexl= uqo,a Ndú;h

nexl= cx.u .sKqï wdY%s; fplam;a Ndú;h
6. úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;h
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha yd äðg,a ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj iu. yÿkajd ÿka mß.Kl
cd,hla u.ska .kqfokq isÿjk l%uhls'
Wod(- Khm;a
yrm;a
fmr f.jqï ldâm;a
hqfrdamSh rgj, we;s jQ ld¾ñl m%fndaOh iu. fuf;la mej;a .Dy l¾udka;
uyd mßudK l¾udka; njg m;a jQ w;r ta iu`. fj<|dfï m%idrKhla isÿ úh'
ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu`. nexl=" m%jdykh" rlaIKh" ikaksfõokh" .nvdlrKh
jeks Wmldrl fiajd j,o j¾Okhla isÿ úh'
ld¾ñl úma,jh jHdmdr úldYkfha ;=kajk wÈhr fõ'
jdKscuh hkq fj<|du yd Wmldrl fiajdj, tl;=j fõ'
 11

jdkscHh

fj<odu Wmldrl fiajd

nexl=
foaYsh úfoaYsh rlaIKh
is,a,r fj<|du wdkhk fj<|du m%jdykh
f;d. fj<|du wmkhk fj<|du ikaksfõokh
.nvdlrKh

úoHq;a jdKscH hkq wka;¾cd,h yryd ñ, § .ekSfï yd úlsKSfï lghq;=

lsÍuhs'
úoHq;a jHdmdr hkq jHdmdrj,g wod, ish¨u ld¾hhka wka;¾cd,h yryd
isÿ lsÍu fõ'
f;dr;=re hq.h jHdmdr úldYkfha y;rjk wÈhr fõ'

úoHq;a jdKscH m%p,s; ùug n,mE fya;=

 ,shlshú,s j,ska f;drj jHdmdr f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍug yelsùu'
 jHdmdr lghq;= fõ.j;a ùu'
 fufyhqï msßjeh" f;d. msßjeh wvq ùu'
 f.da,Sh jQ fj<|fmd, wjldYhla ìys ùu'
 NdKav yd fiajd j, .=K;ajh by< hdu'
 .kqfoKqlrejkaf.a ld,h yd Y%uh b;=re ùu'
 Mß.Kl idlaIr;dj jeä ùu'
 Há;, myiqlï j, j¾Okh'

jHdmdr úldYkfha jeo.;a wjia:d y;r

1. NdKav yqjudrej
2. uqo,a Ndú;h
3. ld¾ñl úma,jh
4. f;dr;=re wd¾Ólh
 12

jHdmdr lafIa;%fha kj m%jK;d

1. f.da,ShlrKh jHdma; ùu'
2. úoHq;a jHdmdr ìys ùu'
3. úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;hg meñKsu'
4. mßirh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu'
5. jHdmdr iudc j.lSï ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 ( úúO ks¾Kdhl u; jHdmdr j¾. lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06
bf.kqï M, (
jHdmdr j¾. l< yels úúO ks¾Kdhl ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
mdi, msysá m%foaYfha we;s jHdmdr úúO ks¾Kdhl u; j¾. lrhs'
tl u jHdmdrh úúO ks¾Kdhl u; j¾. lsym
s hlg wh;a jk nj meyeÈ,s lrhs
fok ,o jHdmdrhla tla tla ks¾Kdhlh u; l=uk j¾.hlg wh;a jkafka oehs olajhs'
YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h j¾. lrk wdldrh olajhs'
o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg tla tla ksIamdok wxYfha odhl;ajh bÈßm;a lrhs'

jHdmdr j¾.SlrKh
Classification of Business
my; ±lafjk ks¾Kdhl hgf;a jHdmdr j¾. l< yelsh'

1. ksYamdokfha iajNdjh wkQj

I. m%d:ñl wxYh ( Primary)
iajNdj O¾ufhka ,eî we;s foa ta wdldrfhkau m%fhdackhg .kakd ksYamdok
jHdmdrhls'
Wod(- lDIsl¾udka;h" jk j.dj yd ësjr lraudka;h" m;,a yd lekSï
l¾udka;h
 13

II. oaù;sl wxYh (Secondary)

m%d:ñl ksYamdok kej; fjkia lsÍug Ndckh lsÍfï jHdmdrhhs'
Wod(- ksYamdok l¾udka;" bÈlsÍï l¾udka;h

III. ;D;Shsl wxYh (Tertiary)

ish¨u fiajd iemhSfï jHdmdrhhs'
Wod(- úÿ,sh" .Eia" úIam yd jdhq iólrK iemhSu'
c,h msßisÿ lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu'
u,dm%jdyk lghq;=" li, l<uKdlrKh iy tu øjH m%;spl%ShlrKh'
Fj<|du" m%jdykh" kjd;eka iemhSu yd wdydr mdk iemhSu'
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok lghq;=
uQ,H" rlaIK yd ksjdi whs;shyd foam, fj<odï
jD;a;Suh fiajd yd fjk;a fm!oa.,sl fiajd
rdcH mßmd,k" cd;sl wdrlaIdj" wOHdmkh" fi!LH iy iudc
wdrlaIdK fiajd

2. ysñldß;ajh wkQj$whs;sh wkqj

I. fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHdmdr
Wod(- flaj, iajdó" yjq,a" iud.ï" iuQmldr
II. rdcH wxYfha fyj;a fmdÿ wxYfha jHdmdr
Wod(- rdcH ixia:d" rdcH iud.ï

3. wruqK wkqj
I. ,dN wruqKq lr.;a jHdmdr
Wod(- ;ks" yjq,a" iud.ï
II. ,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a jHdmdr
Wod(- iudc fiajh i|yd jQ mqKH wdh;k

4. mßudKh wkqj
I. iq¨ yd uOH mßudK jhdmdr
II. uyd mßudK jHdmdr

5. ksYamdok wxYh wkQj$l¾udka; uQ,H wkQj

I. lDIsld¾ñl jHdmdr
II. ld¾ñl jHdmdr
III. fiajd jHdmdr
 14

jHdmdr j¾.SlrK moku

ksYamdokfha ysñldß;ajh wruqK mßudKh ksYamdok wxYh
iajNdjh wkQj wkQj wkqj wkQj
m%d:ñl fm!oa.,sl ,dN wrquqKq iq¨ yd uOH lDIsld¾ñl
oaú;sl fmdÿ lr.;a mßudK ld¾ñl
;D;Shsl ,dN wruqKq uyd mrsudK fiajd
lr fkd.;a

l¾udka; uQ,H wkQj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

o'foa'ks'g
odhl;ajh^]&
wd¾Ól lghq;= ^ 2010 ia:Djr ñ, wkQj & 2018
lDIsl¾udka;h" jk j.dj yd êjr l¾udka;h 7'0
OdkH j.dj ^ ù ydr& 0'1
ù j.dj 0'7
t<j¿ j.dj 0'6
Wla j.dj" ÿïfld< j.dj iy fjk;a nyq jd¾Isl fkdjk fnda. 0'0
m<;=re j.dj 0'6
f;,a iys; m,;=re fnda. j.dj ^fmd,a";eò,s"Ths,a *dï j.dj 0'6
f;a j.dj 0'7
fjk;a mdkSh fnda. j.djka ^fldamS' fldfldajd wd§& 0'0
l=¿nvq" iqjofok fnda." fnfy;a iy T!Iëh me<Eá j.dj 0'7
rn¾ j.dj 0'2
fjk;a nyqjd¾Isl fnda.j.dj 0'2
lsß" ì;a;r" uia iy fjk;a I;aj ksYamdokhka 0'6
0'1
 15

me, fnda lsÍu iy lDIsld¾ñl ^by;ska i|yka& lghq;= i|yd jk

wdOdrl ld¾hhka
0'6
jk j.dj" .ia lemSu" yd jkdka;r wdY%s; ksYamdok
1'2
ëjr l¾udka;h
26'1
l¾udka;
2'3
f;,a yd lekSï l¾udka;h
15'5
ksYamdok l¾udka;
1'0
úÿ,sh" .Eia" jdIam yd jdhq iólrK iemhSu
0'1
c,h msßisÿ lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu
0'3
u,dm%jdyk lghq;=" li, l<uKdlrKh iy tu øjH
m%;spl%ShlrKh
6'8
bÈlsÍï l¾udka;h iy tu fiajdjka
57'7
fiajdjka
fj<odu" m%jdyk fiajdjka" kjd;eka iemhSu iy wdydrmdk 23'3
iemhSfï fiajdjka
0'7
f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok lghq;= ms<sn| fiajdjka
14'0
uQ,H rlaIKh iy ksjdi whs;sh iy foam< fj<odu
11'6
jD;a;Suh fiajdjka iy fjk;a fm!oa.,sl fiajdjka
rdcH mßmd,kh" cd;sl wdrlaIdj" wOHdmkh" fi!LH iy iudc 8'1
wdrlaIK fiajdjka
90'8
uQ,sl ñ, .Kka wkQj iuia; tl;= l< w.h
9'2
NdKav yd fiajd u; wh flfrk nÿ iykdOdr
100'0
fj<|fmd, ñ, wkQj o< foaYSh ksYamdÈ;h ^o'foa'ks'&
uQ,dY%h ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j – jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2018
 16

o< foaYSh ksYamdÈ;fha wdxYsl ixhq;sh

ksYamdokfha iajNdjh wkQj j¾. lsÍfï§ m;,a yd leKSï l¾udka;h m%d:ñl
wxYhg wh;a jk w;r l¾udka; uQ,H wkQj j¾. lsÍfï§ m;,a yd lekSï l¾udka;h
ld¾ñl wxYhg wh;a fõ'
tfiau ksIamdokfha iajNdjh wkQj úÿ,sh" .Eia" jdIAm" yd jdhq iólrK
iemhSu" c,h msßisÿ lsÍu iy fnod yeÍu" u,dmjyk lghq;=" li< l<uKdlrKh
iy tu øjH m%;spl%SlrKh ;D;Shsl wxYhg wh;a jqjo l¾udka; uQ,H wkQj tajd
ld¾ñl wxYhg wh;a fõ'

Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha fiajd wxYfha j¾Okhg n,md we;s fya;=

1. mdßfNda.slhdf.a úhoï l< yels wdodhu jeä ùu'
2. Ôjk rgdj fjkia ùu'
3. ixlS¾K jQ NdKav yd kj ;dlaIKhg wod, fiajd j, jeä ùu'
4. jHdmdr jeämqr jD;a;hS fiajd b,a¨ï lsÍu'
5. úoHq;a jdKscHfha jHdma;sh
6. fiajd jHdmdrhg we;=,aùug we;s ndOd wvq lsÍu'

mejreu 02
Tn m%foaYfha mj;sk jHdmdr ms<sn| we.hSula isÿ lr my; j.=j yels;dla
iïmQ¾K lrkak'
jHdmdrfha ksYamdokfha ysñldß;a wruqK mßudKh ksYamdok wxYh
ku iajNdjh jh wkQj wkQj wkQj wkQj
wkQj
Uyd mßudK
iq¿ yd uOH
,dN wruqKq

,dN wruqKq
lr fkd.;a

lDIsld¾ñl
fm!oa.,sl
m%d.aOkh

oaú;shsl
;D;shsl

mßudK

ld¾ñl
lr.;a

fiajd
fmdÿ
 17

ksmqK;d uÜÜu 1'4 ( jHdmdr" fhojqï-ksuejqï ls%hdj,shla f,i ú.y% lrhs'

ld,ÉfPao ixLHdj ( 06
bf.kqï M, (
jHdmdrj, fhojqï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
jHdmdr ld¾hhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
jHdmdrj, ksuejqï ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
jHdmdr" fhojqï - ksuejqï ls%hdj,shla f,i rEm igyklska olajhs'
lsishï ksuejqulg wod< fhojqï" tla tla fhojqï j¾.h hgf;a fjka lrolajhs'
jHdmdr ld¾hhka jHdmdrj, iajNdjh wkqj fjkia jk nj ksoiqka iys;j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

jHdmdr fhojqï ksujqï l%shdj,sh

Business Input And Out Put Process
,dN wruqKq lr.;a fyda fkd.;a ´kEu jHdmdrhla NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùug
fhdod .kq ,nk iïm;a ksIamdok idOl ^iïm;a& f,I y÷kajhs'

1. N+ñh $ iajNdúl iïm;a - Natural Resourcs

2. Y%uh $ udkj iïm;a - Human Resourcs
3. m%d.aOkh - Capital
4. jHjidhl;ajh - Entrepreneurship
5. oekqu - Knowledge
6. f;dr;=re - Information
7. ld,h - Time

by; ±la jQ ksYamdok idOl fyj;a iïm;a fhojqï ^Input) f,i o yeoskafõ'
fufyhqï l%shdj,sh ;=,ska fhojqï" ksujqï fyj;a NdKav yd fiajd njg mßj¾;kh
flf¾'
 18

fuu fhojqï iy ksujqï l%shdj,sh my; igyk u`.ska ir,u ±laúh yelsh'

fhojqï Input l%shdj,sh Process ksujqï Output

iajNdúl
iïm;a
udkj iïm;a
NdKAv
m%d.aOkh
fufyhqï
jHjidh l%shdj,sh
fiajd
±kqu
f;dr;=re
ld,h

jHdmdr l%shdj,sh

jHdmdr úúO ld¾hhka bgq lrhs' tajd my; ±lafjk f,i j¾. l< yelsh'

1. mßmd,k lghq;= ( Administration )

jHdmdr lghq;= yd iïnkaO jQ ,shlshú,s mj;ajd f.k hdu" ikaksfõok lghq;=
mj;ajd f.k hdu hkdÈh we;=,;a fõ'

2. fufyhqï ^ksYAmdok& ( Production )

iïm;a" NdKav fyda fiajd njg m;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh fõ'

3. wf,úlrKh ( Marketing )
.kqfokq lrejkaf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd yÿkdf.k tajd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu fõ'

4. uQ,H lghq;= ( Finance )

wruqo,a iïmdokh yd fhoùu yd Bg wod, lghq;= fõ'

5. =udkj iïm;a lghq;= ( Human Resource )

wdl¾IKh" f;dard .ekSu" nojd .ekSu" mqyqKq lsÍu" iqnidOkh hkdÈh iïnkaOfhka
jQ lghq;= fõ'
 19

6. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh ( Research & Development )

ksujqfï .=Kd;aul nj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu yd kj ksmhqï fidhd .ekSu we;=,;a fõ'

7. f;dr;=re l<uKdlrKh (Information Management)

f;dr;=re iïmdokh" f;dr;=re hdj;a ld,Sk lsÍu" f;dr;=re moaO;s l<uKdlrKh
hkdÈh fõ'
ta wkQj jHdmdr fhojqï ksujqï l%shdj,sh my; mßÈ kej; bÈßm;a l< yelsh'
fhojqï$iïm;a jHdmdr ld¾hhka ksujqu

N+ñh mßmd,kh
Y%uh fufyhqï ^ksYamdok&
m%d.aOkh wf,úlrKh
jHjidhl;ajh uQ,H lghq;= NdKAv fyda
fiajd
f;dr;=re udkj iïm;a lghq;=
ld,h m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh
±kqu f;dr;=re l<uKdlrKh

mejreu 01
fílßhl jHdmdr l%h
s dj,sh" fhojqï" ksujqï l%shdj,shla f,i rEm igyklska
olajkak'
 20

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5 ( jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;=
úuihs'
ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06
bf.kqï M, (
f;dard.;A jHdmdrhla weiqfrka jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
tla tla md¾Yajh jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'
tla tla md¾Yjah" jHdmdr flfry s Wkkÿa ùug fy;a = úúO jk nj wkdjrKh lrh's
jHdmdr flfry s Wkkÿa jl a olja k md¾Yja jHdmdrhlg jeo.; a jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
jHdmdrhl id¾:l meje;ua i|yd Wkkÿa jl a olja k md¾Yja hkfa . a wfmlaIad ms<sn| j
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj fmkajd fohs'
jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj" jHdmdr flfrys olajk we,au iy Tjqka jHdmdrh
flfrys n,mEï lsßug we;s yelshdj u; tu md¾Yajhkaf.a m%uqL;dj ;SrKh lrhs'

jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj - Stakeholders

jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj ke;fyd;a we,aue;s md¾Yj lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'
whs;slrefjda $ fldgia ysñfhda
l<uKdlrefjda
fiajlfhda
Khysñfhda
mdßfNda.slfhda
iemhqïlrefjda
úNj wdfhdaclfhda
rch
m%cdj
fjk;a md¾Yj
 21

ta tla tla md¾Yjh jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= my; ±lafõ'
whs;slrefjda - ;uka wdfhdackh l< uqo,g m%udKj;a ,dNhla ,efí±hs ±k
.ekSug
jHdmdrfha j¾Okh ms<sn| ±k .ekSug
fj<|fmd, fldgi ±k .ekSug

l<uKdlrefjda- jHdmdr ,dNh Wmßu lsÍug

jHdmdrfha j¾Okh ms<sn| ±k .ekSug
l<uKdlrK ;SrKj, id¾:l wid¾:l nj ±k.ekSug

fiajlfhda- by< jegqmla ,nd .ekSug

m%ido §ukd ,efí±hs ±k .ekSug
/lshdfõ Wiiaùï ,nd .ekSug

Khysñfhda- imhk ,o Kh uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj ±k

.ekSug
Kh uqof,a iqrlaIs; nj ±k .ekSug
wem iq/l=ïj, iqrlaIs; nj ;yjqre lr .ekSug

mdßfNda.slfhda- .+Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .ekSug

j.lSï ksis mßÈ bgq lrkafka±hs ne,Sug
jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSug

iemhqïlrefjda- wLKavj weKjqï ,nd .ekSug

imhk ,o NdKav i|yd uqo,a wdmiq whlr .ekSug
 22

úNj wdfhdaclfhda- ;uka i;= iïm;a wkd.;fha§ tu jHdmdrfha wdfhdackh

lrhs'

rch - nÿ whlr .ekSug$nÿ iyk ,nd §ug

fiajd kshqla;sh j¾Okh lsÍug
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh ms<sn| uek ne,Sug

m%cdj - mßirh iq/lSu ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sug

/lshd wjia:d ,nd .ekSug

jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yj" jhdmdrhlg jeo.;a ùug fya;= lsysmhla
my; i|yka fõ'
md¾Yjh jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a ùug fya;=
whs;slrefjda - wdfhdack jeä lr .ekSug
jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSug
fiajlfhda - fiajl ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lr .ekSug
fiajlhka rojd .ekSug
fiajl wdl¾IKh ,nd .ekSug
Khysñfhda- wLKav wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh lr.ekSug
wvq msßjehlska wruqo,a iïmdokh lr.ekSug
rch- nÿ iyk ,nd .ekSug
há;, myiqlï ,nd .ekSug
;dlaIKsl ±kqu ,nd .ekSug
.kqfokqlrefjda- wod, NdKav fyda fiajd i|yd fj<|fmd,
iqrlaIs; lr .ekSug
mdßfNda.sl úYajdih f.dvk`.d .ekSug
.kqfokqlrejkaf.a mlaImd;S;ajh we;s lr
.ekSug
 23

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6 ( jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk jHdmdr mßirh j¾.
ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 02
bf.kqï M, (
jHdmdr mßirh y\qkajhs'
jHdmdr mßirh wOHhkfhka jHdmdßlfhl=g ,efnk m%fhdack ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
jHdmdr mßirh j¾. lrhs'
jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk úúO mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
fok ,o jHdmdrhl wNHka;r yd ndysr mßir n,fõ. i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'

jHdmdr mßirh – Business Environment

jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk idOl l%shd;aul jk mßirh
jHdmdr mßirh fõ' th fldgia 2 lg j¾. l< yelsh'

1. wNHka;r mßirh ( Internal Environment )

ixúOdkh ;=< isák thg n,mEï lrk lKavdhï (Forces) yd ;;aj ( Condition )
fõ"

2. ndysr mßirh ( External Environment )

jHdmdr mrsirhg n,mEï lrk jHdmdr wdh;khg msg;ska we;s ish¨u foa fõ'
jHdmdr ndysr mßirhg wh;a jHdmdrhg n,mEï we;s lrk iqúfYaIs ixúOdk
fyda lKavdhï wdikak mßirh f,i ye¢kafõ'
jHdmdrhl mq¿,a jgmsgdj iy ta yd neÿKq n,mEï lrk lKavdhï id¾j
fyj;a fmdÿ mßirh fõ'
 24

jHdmdr mßir idOl .e,Sï igyklska ±laúh yelsh'

jHdmdr mßirh

wNHka;r mßirh ndysr mßirh

whs;slrefjda wdikak mßirh ndysr mßirh
l<uKdlrefjda mdßfNda.slfhda wd¾Ól mßirh
fiajlfhda iemhqïlrefjda foaYmd,k mßirh
ixúOdk jHqyh ;r.lrefjda ffkk;sl mßirh
ixúOdkuh ixialD;sh wdfoaYk NdKav m%cd mßirh
ksYamdolfhda ;dlaIKsl mßirh
fj<|fmd,g msúiSug iajNdúl mßirh
wfmalaId lrk kj
jHdmdßlfhda iudc yd ixialD;sl
mßirh
f.da,Sh mßirh

jHdmdr mßirh wOHkfhka w;a jk m%fhdack

1. Yla;Ska yÿkd .ekSu
2. ÿ¾j,;d yÿkd .ekSu
3. jHdmdr wjia:d yÿkd .ekSu
4. ;¾ck yÿkd .ekSu

jHdmdr mßirh j¾. lsÍu my; rEm igykskao fmkaúh yel'

25
 26

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7 ( jHdmdr wNHka;r mßir n,fõ." jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï ú.%y
lrhs'
ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06
bf.kqï M, (
jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk wNHka;r mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
tla tla wNHka;r mßir n,fõ.h wdYs%; Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'
jHdmdr wNHka;r mßirfha Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d" jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys n,mEï lrk wdldrh
;=,kd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
Yla;Ska m%fhdackhg f.k jHdmdr id¾:l lr .; yels wdldrh;a" ÿ¾j,;d u.yrjd .ekSug
.; yels ls%hdud¾.;a meyeÈ,s lrhs'

jHdmdr wNHka;r mßir n,fõ.

jHdmdr wNHka;r mßir idOl f,i

 whs;slrejka
jHdmdrhlg iïm;a iemhQ" ke;fyd;a wruqo,a wdfhdackh l< ,dN fyda mdvq
úoord .kakd md¾Yjh fõ'

 l<uKdlrejka
jHdmdßl ie,iqï ilia lsÍu yd ;SrK .kq ,nk md¾Yjh fõ'

 fiajlhska
by< l<uKdlrejka úiska ilik ie,iqï yd .kq ,nk ;SrK wkQj my<
uÜgïg,g wod, ld¾hhkays ks;r md¾Yj fõ'

 ixúOdkuh ixialD;sh
jHdmdrfha isák ish¨u fokd w;r fnodyod .kakd yd B<`. mrïmrdj fj;
mjrd fokq ,nk úYajdi" jákdlï" wdl,am" m%;sudk" mqreÿ" yeisÍï rgd fõ'

 ixúOdk jHqyh
ixúOdkfha wruqKq myiqfjka ,.d lr .ekSug yels jk mßÈ ixúOdkfha lghq;=
iïm;a yd wêldßh fn§ hk wdldrh fõ'

 iïm;a
NdKav fyda fiajd ksmoùu i|yd fhojqï f,i Ndú;d lrk N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh"
jHjidhl;ajh" ld,h" f;dr;=re yd ±kqu hkd§ ish,a, fõ'
ta ta mßir n,fõ.h yd neÿkq Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d my; wdldrhg o bÈßm;a l<
yelsh'
 27

mßir idOlh Yla;Ska ÿ¾j,;d

whs;slrejka jeä ixLHdjla isàu' ixLHd;aulj l=vd ùu'
Tjqkaf.a uQ,H Yla;sh jeä ùu' uQ,H Yla;sh ySk ùu'
Tjqkaf.a ±kqu yd m,mqreoao ±kqu yd l=i,;d wvq ùu'
jeä ùu'

l<uKdlrejka mqyqKqj yd m,mqreoaÿ jeä ùu' mqyqKqj yd m<mqreoao wvq ùu'

ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj' ;SrK .ekSug miqng ùu'
jerÈ ;SrK .ekSu'

fiajlhska olaI m,mqreÿ fiajlhska isàu' kqmqyqKq fiajlhska isàu'

úúO yelshdjkaf.ka hq;= ùu'
hym;a wdl,am ±Íu'
wNsfm%arKh jQ fiajlhska isàu'
j.lSfuka yd j.ùfuka f;dr
fiajlhska isàu'
whym;a jevmqreÿ mej;Su'
iDK wdl,am ±Íu'
wld¾hlaIu fiajlhska isàu'

ixúOdkuh Okd;aul we.hSï yd yr ukd yr moaO;s" p¾hd O¾u

ixialD;sh moaO;shka mej;Su' moaO;s ia:dms; fkdùu'
wdfõKsl" ÈhqKq p¾hd O¾u yd by, wëlaIKhla fkd;sîu'
mqreÿ mej;Su'

ixúOdk jHQyh WÑ; mßÈ jev fnod §u' N+ñld w;r .egqï we;s ùu'
WÉ; mßÈ ixúOkh f.dvk.d wxY w;r ukd iïnkaëlrKhla
;sîu' fkdùu'

iïm;a m%udKd;aul nj h,a mksk ,o iïm;a ;sîu'

.=Kd;aul nj iïm;a W!k;dj
m%udKj;a iïm;a fkd;sîu'
 28

mejreu 04
mdi,l tÈfkod bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh i|yd n,mEï lrk n,fõ.
yÿkd f.k ta ta n,fõ. mdif,a lghq;= j,g Okd;aulj yd iDKd;aulj
n,mdk wdldrh olajkak'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8 ( wdikak mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï ú.%y lrhs'
ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04
bf.kqï M, (
jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk wdikak mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
wdikak mßir n,fõ. wdY%s; j we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:d ,ehsia;=.; lrh's
wdikak mßir n,fõ. wdYs%; j jHdmdrj,g we;s jk ;¾ck fmkajd fohs'
f;dard.;a jHdmdrhl wdikak mßir n,fõ." tu jHdmdrhg lrk n,mEï i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'
jHdmdr wjia:d y\qkdf.k tajdhska m%fhdack .ekSug;a" ;¾ckj,g uqyqK §ug;a fhdackd
bÈßm;a lrhs'

jHdmdr wdikak mßir n,fõ.

jHdmdr wdikak mßir n,fõ. my; fõ'

 .kqfokqlrefjda ^ mdßfNda.slfhda &

jHdmdrfha NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g .kakka fõ'
mdßfNda.slhska ±kqj;a nj" mdßfNda.slhskf
a .a wdodhu hkd§ lreKq
iuyr jHdmdr j,g wjia:d Wod lrk w;r iuyr jHdmdr j,g ;¾ck o we;s
lrhs'
 iemhqïlrejka
jHdmdrhlg wjYH iïm;a imhk mqoa,hska yd wdh;k iemhqïlrejka
fõ'
iemhqïlrejka l,g fj,djg .=Kd;aul øjH iemhsu fyda fkd iemhSu" jÜgï
,eîu fyda fkd,eìu hkd§ lreKq jHdmdr j,g wjia:d fukau ;¾ck o we;s
lrhs'
 29

 ;r`.lrefjda
jHdmdr bÈßm;a lrk Ndkav fyda fiajd j,g iudk ksYamdÈ; bÈßm;a lrk
fjk;a jHdmdr ;r`.lrejka fõ'
kj ;r.lrejka fj<|fmd,g meñKsu" fj<|fmdf,a isák ;r.lrejka bj;a
ùu" ;r.lrejka Tjqkaf.a NdKav yd fiajd iu. úúO myiqlï ie,iSu jHdmdr
j,g wjia:d ys ;¾ck o Wod lrhs'

 wdfoaYl NdKav ksmojkafkda

jHdmdrh bÈßm;a lrk NdKavh fyda fiajdjg úl,am NdKav fyda fiajd
bÈßm;a lrkakka wdfoaYl NdKav ksmojkakka fõ'

 fj<|fmd,g msúiSug wfmalaId lrk kj jHdmdßlfhda

fj<|fmd,g msúiSug wfmalaIdfjka isákakkao mj;sk jHdmdrhlg wjia:d yd
;¾ck we;s lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9 ( id¾j mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï ú.%y lrhs'
ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06
bf.kqï M, (
jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk id¾j mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=.; lrh's
tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ.h meyeÈ,s lrhs'
tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ.h jHdmdrj,g we;s jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'
id¾j mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys w;s lrk n,mEï i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'
id¾j mßir n,fõ." wdikak mßir n,fõ. flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï ú.%y lrhs'
id¾j mßir n,fõ. w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj ksoiqka oljñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

id¾j mßir n,fõ.

jHdmdrj,g n,mEï lrk id¾j mßir n,fõ. my;ska ±lafjk f,i bÈßm;a l<
yelsh'

1. wd¾:sl mßirh
jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd ck;djf.a l%h Yla;sh n,mdk w;r jHdmdr lghq;=
i|yd ±Íug isÿ jk msßjeh o wd¾Ól idOl u; r|d mj;S'
Wod(- ñ, WoaOukh" fmd,S wkqmd;h' o, cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h" fiajd kshqla;sh"
Ôjk úhou" wdodhu fn§hdfï úIu;dj" b;sßlsÍï" wdfhdack
fuu idOl jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrk w;r bka we;s jk wjia:dj,ska m%fhdack
.ekSug;a ;¾ck j,g uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdr lghq;= l< hq;=h'
 30

2. foaYmd,k mßirh
rdcH ksfhdað; wdh;k" mj;sk rcfha foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s jHdmdr j,g n,mEï
lrhs'
Wod(- rcfha foaYmd,k o¾Ykh yd m%;sm;a;s" újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh
lsÍu'
tu.ska we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:dj,ska m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ck j,g uqyqK §ug;a
jHdmdr W;aidy .; hq;=h'

3. ffk;sl mßirh
rcfha wKmk;a yd mkjk kS;sÍ;s tu rfÜ jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrhs'
Wod(- mdßfNd.al lghq;= ms<sn| wêldÍ mk;" lïlre kS;s Í;s" Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s
mk;
fuu kS;s Í;s yd wKmk;a j,g wkql+,j jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hdug;a
tu.ska we;s jk wjia:d yd ;¾ck j,g uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdr W;aidy .; hq;=h'

4. ;dlaIKsl mßirh
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha m%jK;d yd lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl" ffjoH yd wfkl=;a
lafIa;%j, isÿ ù we;s ;dlaIKssl fjkialï óg wh;a fõ'
Wod(- kj ;dlaIKsl fidhd .ekSï
;dlaIKh iS>f
% hka fjkia ùu
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha fjkia ùï
NdKav h,a mekSu
;dlaIKsl mßirfha fjkiaùu fya;=fjka we;sjk jHdmdr wjia:dj,ska m%fhdack
.ekSug;a ;¾ck j,g uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdr W;aidy .; hq;=h'

5. m%cd mßirh
jHdmdr iu. iïnkaOjk m%Odku idOlh ck.ykhhs' tkï fj<|fmd, iukaú;
jkafka mqoa.,hkaf.ks'
Wod(- ck.ykfha m%udKh ckjd¾.sl ñY%h
ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;h wOHdmk uÜgï
ia;%S$mqreINdjh mjqf,a ixhq;sh
jhia jHqyh .Dy rgdj
m%cd mßirfha we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:d j,ska m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ckj,g uqyqK
§ug;a jHdmdr W;aidy l< hq;=h'
 31

6. iajNdúl mßirh
iajNdúl iïm;aj,g isÿjk ydksodhl ;;aj .ek wo f.da,Sh jYfhka wjOdkh
fhduq fjñka mj;S' f,dfõ fndfyda rgj, jHdmdr lghq;= ksid jd;h" c,h iy mi
¥IKhg ,laj we;' iajNdúl mßirfha we;sjk fjkialï jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys
n,mEï we;s lrhs'
Wod(- iajNdúl iïm;a fidhd .ekSu
ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï
N+ñfha msysàu iajdNdúl úm;a
fuys we;s jk jHdmdßl wjia:dj,ska m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ck j,g uqyqK §ug;a
jHdmdßlhd W;aidy .; hq;=h'

7. iudÔh yd ixialD;sl mßirh

mqoa.,hska ;=, we;s úYajdih" iudc idrO¾u hkdÈh óg wh;a fõ'
Wod(- mqoa.,hska ;=< mj;akd úYajdi yd jákdlï
isß;a úß;a
is;=ï me;=ï
w.ñl úYajdi
fuu idOl jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrk w;r tajdg wkq.; fjñka jHdmdr
lrf.k hdug isÿ fõ'

8. f.da,Sh mßirh
f.da,ShlrKh fya;f = jka rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd yqjudreùug jdis wjia:djla
ie,iS ;sfí' tfiau mqoa.,hskaf.a ixialD;sh o fjkilg ,la ù ;sfí' fï ksid úúO
NdKav yd fiajd f,dal fj<|fmd,g tla ù we;' ±ä ;r`.ldß;ajhla o olakg ,efí'
Wod(- fj<| .súiqï we;s ùu
fj<| yjq,a we;s ùu
f,dal ixúOdk ìys ùu
wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka kS;s Í;s we;s ùu
f.da,Sh m¾irh ;=,k
s a we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:d j,ska m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ck j,g
uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdßlhd W;aidy .; hq;=h'
id¾j mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu ksoiqkla u.ska eyeÈ,s l,
yels h'
 32

wd¾Ól mßirh hgf;a fmd,S wkqmd;h wvqùu ksid Kh .ekSï jeä ù jHdmdr wjia:d
Wod fõ' tfiau fmd,S wkqmd;h jeä ùfuka Kh .ekSï iSud jk w;r jHdmdr j,g
;¾ck j,g uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ'
fndfydaúg id¾j mßir n,fõ." wdikak mßir n,fõ. flfrys n,mEï we;s lsÍu
;=,ska jHdmdr flfrys wjia:d fyda ;¾ck u;= lrhs'
Wod(- NdKAv yd fiajd j, ñ, uÜgu jeä ùu ksid iemhqïlrejka imhk
NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, o jeä fõ'
tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ. w;r o wka;¾ iïnkaO;djhla mj;sk nj my;
ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

 ueKsla b,a,ï iajdNdúl mßirhg wh;a fõ’ kuq;a th jHdmdr lghq;a;la njg
m;a lsÍfï § kS;sfha wjirh ,nd .ekSug wjYH fõ'
 jdKsc nexl= úiska .kqfokqlrejkaf.a myiqj ioyd kùk ;dlaIKsl
WmlrKhla jk fg,¾ hka;%hla iú lsÍfï§ uy nexl=dõ wjirh ,nd .eg¿
wjYH fõ'
 33

miq.sh úNd. m%Yak

2019 wf.daia;= »
01' jHdmdr úldYkfha wjê 4 my; ±lafõ'

A- ld¾ñl úma,jh B-uqo,a Ndú;h

C- NdKav yqjudrej D-f;dr;=re wd¾Ólh

by; i|yka wjê ksjerÈ wkqms<sfj,g olajd we;af;a
1. A, C, D, B 2. B, A, C, D 3. B, D, A, C 4. C, A, B, D 5. C, B, A, D

02' iudÔh yd ixialD;sl mßirhg wh;a uQ,sldx. ksjerÈj we;=,;aj we;af;a

^1& úYajdi" w.kdlï" ;dlaIKh yd iïu;
^2& w.kdlï" wdh;k" jhia jHqyh yd iïm%odhka
^3& isß;a úß;a" w.kdlï" ixúOdk jHqy yd iïm%odhka
^4& úYajdi" w.kdlï" isß;a úß;a yd fr.=,dis
^5& úYAjdi" w.kdlï" isß;a úß;a yd iïm%odhka
03' my; j.=fõ id¾j mßir uQ,sldx. iy Bg wod, isoaëka lsysmhla fõ'
uQ,sldx. isoaêka
^»& wd¾Ól A - foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhka fjkiaùu
^»»& iajNdúl B - kj lïlre kS;s Í;s n, meje;aùu
^»»»& ;dlaIKsl C - kj ksIamdok l%uhla fidhd .ekSu
^»¼& ffk;sl
D – úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h fjkia ùu

by; § we;s uQ,sldx. wkqms<sfj, wkQj isoë

a ka ksjerÈj .,md we;af;a

^1& A" B" C" D ^2& B" D" C" A ^3& C" A" B" D ^4& C" D" B" A ^5& D" A" C" B
 34

2019 wf.daia;= »»

01' wkQId cx.u ÿrl:k is,a,rj wf,ú lrk w;ru kj udÈ,sfha ÿrl:k ljr
(Phone Cover) ks¾udKh lrkakshla o fõ' kd¾udKlrKh ms<sn|j wh I;=j
ukd ±kqula yd m,mqreoaola fõ' weh ;u wf,úh iy ,dNh j¾Okh lr .ekSu
i|yd idudkHfhka tu ÿrl:k ljr ioyd my, ñ,la kshu lrkq ,nhs' 2019
j¾Ifha ueo Nd.h ;=, wef.a ljr úl=Kqï m%udKh tall 50000 lg ,.d jQ w;r
tall 20000 úl=Kd we;af;a ux.; (Online) l%uh ;=,ks' wkQId ;u jHdmdrh mq¨,a
lr .ekSfï Wmdhud¾. yÿkd .ekSu i|yd Sowt ^Y'ÿ'w';'& úYaf,aIKfhys
fhfoñka isáhs'
^¸&'^w&' by; isoaê wOHkfhys we;=,;a m%Odk jHdmdr l%shdldrlï fol úia;r lrkak'
^wd&' by; jHdmdrfha m%Odk wruqKq fol fudkjdo@
^¸¸&' ÿrl:k ljr i|yd by< msßjegqmla we;s ùu flfrys n,md yels idOl y;rla
ioyka lrkak'
^¸¸¸&'ux.; fj<|du ;=,ska wkQIdg ,nd .; yels jdis folla yd wjdis folla meyeÈ,s
lrkak'

^¸¹&'^w&' jHDmdr i|yd Swot úYaf,aIkh ksid we;s jk jdis 4 olajkak'

^wd&'ÿrl:k ljr l¾udka;h i|yd fmdÿfõ we;s wjia:d folla yd ;¾ck 2 la
,shkak'
^¹&' wkQId i;=j we;s Yla;Ska 2 la ioyka lrkak' tajd jHdmdrfha bÈß ixj¾Okhg
flfia fhdod .; yels±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak'

2018 wf.daia;= »
01' ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd ms<sn| ksjerÈ m%ldYh l=ulao@
^1& mqoa.,fhl=g wjYH;d wiSñ; m%udKhla we;s w;r jqjukd we;af;a iSñ;
m%udKhla fõ'
^2& jHdmdßlhl=g wjYH;d ks¾udKh l, yels w;r jqjukd ks¾udKh l<
fkdyels ùu'
^3& wjYH;d fmdÿ jk w;r jqjukd mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia fõ'
^4& wdorh" wdydr" wdrlaIdj" ld¾ñl wOHdmkh wjYH;dj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla
fõ'
^5& jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lr .ekSugmqoa.,hl= hï ksYamdÈ;hla f;dard .ekSu
wjYH;dj fõ'
 35

02' ´kEu ixúOdkhlg fmdÿ fkdjk ,laIK jkafka

^1& iïm;a Ndú;d lsÍuh'
^2& ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lsÍuh'
^3& NdKav fyda fiajd iemhSugh'
^4& rcfha m%;sm;a;s yd kS;s Í;s j,g wkq.; ùuh'
03' ksIamdÈ; j¾.SlrKfha .,dhEu yd thg wod, WodyrKh ksjerÈj olajd we;s
ms<s;=r l=ulao@

^1& iamDIH NdKav l,a fkdmj;sk - fudag¾ jdyk

^2& iamDIH NdKav mdßfNda.sl fiajd - m%jdykh

^3& wiamDIH fiajd iDcq fiajd - nexl=

^4& wiamDIh NdKav Ndú;h wkqj - .Dy NdKav

^5& iamDIH NdKav Ndú;h wkqj – rlaIKh

04' jHdmdr mßir n,fõ." idOl yd tajdfha n,mEï ksjeroaj ioyka lr we;s
m%ldYh l=ulao@
^1& jHdmdrhl mß.Kl l%shdlrejka wNHka;;r idOlhla jk w;r Tjqkaf.a
l=i,;d wvq lu jHdmdrhg ;¾ckhla fõ'
^2& ;r.lrejka jeä ùu jhdmdrhg ;¾ckhla jk w;r th wdikak mßir
n,fõ.hla fõ'
^3& úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h my; jeàu wmkhklrejkag wjia:djla jk w;r
th wdikak mrir n,fõ.hla fõ'
^4& uQ,H wdh;k id¾j mdßißl n,fõ.hla jk w;r Tjqkaf.a ±ä
;r.ldß;ajh jHdmdrhg wjia:djla fõ'
^5& ixúOk jHqyh ;==, ikaksfõokh ksis mßÈ isÿ ùu ixúOdkhg Yla;shla
jk w;r th wdikak ndysr mßior n,fõ.hla fõ'
 36

2018 wf.daia;= »»
01' ^1&' ^w&' wjYH;d" jqjukd" ksIamdÈ; hk mo ks¾jpkh lr tajd w;r mj;sk
iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^wd&' ksIamdok l%uh iDcq ksIamdokfha isg jl% ksIAmdokh olajd udre úug
m%Odk fya;= 4 la olajkak'
^»»&' ^w&' ;u mrmqr lDIsl¾udka;fha kshqla; ùug wlue;a;la olajkq ,efí'fufia
ùug n,mdk fya;= 4 la olajkak'
^wd&' id¾j mßirfha ±lsh yels õfYau ,laIk 2 la ,shkak'
^»»»&' f.da,ShlrKh hkq l=ula±hs w¾:l:kh lr" th foaYsh jHdmdr flfrys we;s
lrk Okd;aul yd iDKd;sul n,mEï 2 ne.ska úia;r lrkak'
^»¼&' ^w&' —ixúOdk ixialD;sh˜ hkak w¾:l:kh lrkak'
^wd&' ixúOdk ixialD;sh ;=, we;s Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;djhka tl WodyrKh
ne.ska olajñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

2017 wf.daia;= »
01' my; ±lafjkafka ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd j, ,laIk lsysmhls'

A - wiSñ; ùu B - ks¾udKh l< yels ùu

C - úúO ùu D - meje;au ioyd w;HjYh ùu

E - iSñ; ùu F - fmdÿ ùu
by; oE w;=frka ñksia jqjukd j,g wod, ,laIk muKla wxx.= ldKavh f;darkak'

^1& A" B" D ^2& A" B" C 3& A" C" E ^4& B" D" E ^5& B" D" F

02' my; j.=fõ X ;Srej u.ska udOH lafIa;%hg iïnkaO we,aue;s md¾Yjlrejka lsysm
fofkla o Y ;Srej u.ska Tjqka ta i|yd Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= lsysmhla o ±lafõ'

X Y

A – md¾Yjlrejka 1' idOH jD;a;slhskf

a .a whs;Ska ;yjqre
lsÍug
B – uyck;dj
2' f;dr;=re /ia lsÍug
C – rch
3' f;dr;=re l<uKdlrKhg
D – udOH jD;a;slhkaf.a jD;a;Sh
4' f;dr;=re u.ska ±kqj;a ùug
ix.ï
5' f;r;=re ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg
E – udOH wdh;k mßmd,lhska
 37

we,aue;s md¾Yjlrejka yd Tjqka Wkkaÿjla ±laùug fya;= ksjerÈj .,md we;s

ldKavh f;darkak'

^1& A-1" B-2" C-5" D-3" E-4 ^2& A-1" B-3" C-4" D-5" E-2

^3& A-2" B-4" C-5" D-1" E-3 ^4& A-3" B-1" C-2" D-4" E-5

^5& A-5" B-2" C-3" D-4" E-1

03' my; ±lafjkafka jHdmdrhlg wod, mdßißl idOlj, m%jK;d lsysmhls'

A- wd¾Ólfha ñ, uÜgu by< hdu B- fiajH fiajl .egqï j¾Okh ùu

C- ;r`.ldÍ;ajh jeä ùu D- fiajl msßjegqu wvq ùu

E- r|jd.;a iemhSï wvq ùu F- mdßfNda.sl iñ;sj, n,h jeäùu

G- wuqøjH wmf;a hdu wvq ùu H- jhia.; ck.ykh jeä ùu

by; oE w;=frk wNHka;r ndßißl idOlj, m%jk;d muKla we;=,;a ldKavh
l=ulao@

^1& A" B" C" D ^2& A" D" E" G ^3& B" C" E" H ^4& B" D" E" G ^5& C" F" G" H

2017 wf.daia;= »»
01' ^1&' ^w&' jHdmdrhl wruqKq 4 la ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
^wd&' —ksIamdÈ;" NdKAv yd fiajd j,g muKla iSud fkdfõ'˜ ksIamdÈ; jYfhka
ie,lsh yels NdKav yd fiajd fkdjk oE 4 la kï lrkak'

^»»&' ^w&' mdßfNda.sl NdKav j¾.SlrKhg wkQj —,S nvq˜ yd —Yíoud,dj˜ (Glossary)
hk NdKav wh;a jk jra.SlrKh fjk fjku olajkak'
^wd&' by; ^¸¸& ^w& ys we;s NdKav 2 Tn ioyka l, j¾.SlrKhkag wh;a jkafka
wehs oehs fya;= iys;j meyeos,s lrkak'
^»»»&' ^w&' miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=, ixpdrl l¾udka;fha Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh
ksIamdos;hg ,enqKq odhl;ajh l%ufhka jraOkh ùug fya;= jQ lreKq 2 la ioyka
lrkak'
^wd&' iuyr jHdmdr lafIa;%j, rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wdh;k ;r.ldÍ jHdmdr
lghq;=j, fhoS isgsk kuq;a fm!oa.,sl wxYhg jvd rdcH wxYfha jHdmdrj,ska
;u wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug ck;dj fm<USug n,mdk lreKq 2 la flásfhka
meyeos,s lrkak'
^»¼&' Y%S ,xldfõ jhia.; ck;dj jeä ùu" wjia:djla úh yels l¾udka;hla yd
;¾ckhla úh yels l¾udka;hla ne.ska kï lr Bg fya;= olajkak'
 38

2016 wf.daia;= »

01' mdßfNda.slhl= úiska ;u wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgqlr .ekSu i|yd NDKav yd

fiajd ñ, § .ekSfï§ uQ,sl jYfhka i,ld n,kq ,nk idOl jkafka"
^1& úhou yd weiqreuhs ^2& weiqreu yd .=Kd;ajhhs'
^3& ;Dma;sh yd fj<| kduhhs ^4& úhou yd fj<|kduhhs
^5& úhou yd ;Dma;shhs

04' my; j.=fõ X ;Srej u.ska jHdmdr j¾.SlrK mokï lsysmhla o" Y ;Srej u.ska
tu mokï i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla o ±lafõ'

X Y
A – whs;sh 1' ueKsla .eÍu

B – wruqK 2' rdcH ueKsla ixia:dj

C- mßudKh 3' ueKsla Tm ±óu

4' ueKsla l¾udka;h ms<sn| fkdñf,a
D- l¾udka; uQ,h
WmfoaYk
E- ksIamdokfha iajNdjh 5' fiajlhska fofofkl=f.ka iukaú;
ueKsla jHdmdrh

tla tla jHdmdr j¾.SlrK mokug .e,fmk ksoiqk ksjerÈj olajd we;s ldKavh
f;darkak'

^1& A-2" B-5" C-3" D-4" E-1 ^2& A-2" B-4" C-5" D-1" E-3

^3& A-2" B-3" C-4" D-1" E-5 ^4& A-1" B-3" C-2" D-5" E-4

^5& A-4" B-2" C-5" D-1" E-3

05' iuka; úiska fílß ksIamdok ñ,§ f.k wf,ú lsÍu i|yd —iuka; fydag,h˜
kñka jHdmdrhla m<d;a iNdfõo wkque;sh ,ndf.k" we.¨ï lïy,la wdikakfha
msysá Tyqf.a ksjfiys wdrïN lrk ,§' thg fiajlhska fofofkl= nojd.;a w;r
fydag,fha l<uKdldÍ;ajh Tyqf.a mq;=g mjrkq ,eîh'
ta wkQj iuka;f.a jHdmdrh flfrys we,aula olajk md¾Yjhka .Kk
^1& 3 ls ^2& 4 ls ^3& 5 ls ^4& 6 ls ^5& 7 ls
 39

06' my; j.=fõ ±lafjkafka id¾j mdßißl idOl lsysmhla yd tu idOl i|yd
ksoiqka lsysmhls'
id¾j mdßißl idOl ksoiqka

A – m%cd úoHd;aul 1' frdfnda ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq ùu'

B- ;dlaIKsl 2' jhia.; ck.ykfha j¾Okh

C- wd¾Ól 3' f,dal fj<|fmdf,a f;,a ñ, by, hdu

4' Ndú;d l< yels fmd,s;Ska >k;ajh kshu
D- foaYmd,ksl
lsÍu
E- kS;suh 5' mia wjqreÿ cd;sl ixj¾Ok ie,eiaula
bÈßm;a lsÍu'

id¾j mdßißl idOl yd ksoiqka ksjerÈj .,md we;s ldKavh f;darkak'

^1& A-1" B-2" C-3" D-4" E-5 ^2& A-4" B-5" C-2" D-3" E-1

^3& A-2" B-1" C-3" D-5" E-4 ^4& A-4" B-3" C-5" D-2" E-1

^5& A-2" B-1" C-5" D-3" E-4

2016 wf.daia;= »»
01' ^¸& ^w&' jHdmdrhl uQ,sl Y%S; ^ld¾h& 4 la ioyka lrkak'
^wd&' .kqfokqlrejka yd ;r.lrejhka fjk fjka jYfhka jHdmdrhlg
wjia:djla yd ;¾ckhla jkafka flfia±hs ±laùu i|yd WodyrKh ne.ska
,shkak'
^¸¸& ^w&' ixúOdk ixialD;sh ;=, we;s Yla;shla yd ÿ¾j,;djhla i|yd WodyrKh
ne.ska olajd meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^¸¸¸& my; olajd we;s id¾j mdßißl idOl w;r mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj tla
WodyrKhla ne.ska olajñka fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

^w&' iajNdúl mßirh - iudÔhSh yd ixialD;sl mßirh

^wd&' foaYmd,k mßirh - wd¾Ól mßirh

 40

2015 wf.daia;= »
01' my; i|yka lreKq w;=frka jqjukd j, ,laIK muKla wvx.= ms<s;=r l=ulao@
^1& wiSñ; ùu" úúO ùu yd fmdÿ ùu'
^2& jHdmdßlhskg
a ks¾udKh l< yels ùu" fmdÿ ùu yd iSñ; ùu'
^3& mqoa., noaO ùu" iSñ; ùu yd úúO ùu'
^4& wiSñ; ùu" úúO ùu yd mqoa., noaO ùu'
^5& fmdÿ ùu" jHdmdßlhskag ks¾udKh l< yels ùu yd úúO ùu'
02' wd¾Ólfha úúO wxYj,g wh;a jHdmdr lghq;= lsysmhla my; ±lafõ' ta w;=frka
fiajd wxYhg wh;a jHdmdr lghq;= ±lafjk ms<s;=r f;darkak'
^1& .Dy l¾udka;h yd wdkhk fj<|du
^2& l=reÿ wdY%S; ksujqï ieliSu yd m%jdykh
^3& bÈlsÍï yd .Eia
^4& m%jdykh yd ëjr lghq;=
^5& ikaksfõokh yd m%jdykh
03' my; i|yka hq., w;=frka fkdfijQ NdKav i|yd ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;darkak'
^1& Ôú; rlaIKh yd mqoa., yÈis wk;=re rlaIKh
^2& fudag¾ r:h yd fudag¾ r: rlaIKh
^3& mqoa., yÈis wk;=re rlaIKh yd ksjdi
^4& m%jD;a;s m;%h yd fudag¾ r:h
^5& ksjdi iy .sks rlaIKh
 41

04' my; j.=fõ ±lafjkafka flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl lghq;= i|yd n,mdk wNHka;r
n,fõ. iy Yla;Ska lsysmhls'
wNHka;r n,fõ. Yla;Ska

A- ixúOdk jHqyh 1' m<mqreoao

B- ysñlre 2' hdj;ald,Sk nj

C- fiajlhska 3" lS¾;skduh

4' ;SrK .ekSfï myiqj
D- Ndú;d lrk iïm;a

by; j.=j ie,ls,a,g .ksñka wNHka;r n,fõ. yd Yla;Ska ksjerÈj .,md we;s
ldKavh f;darkak'

^1& A-1" B-2" C-4" D-3 ^2& A-4" B-2" C-3" D-1

^3& A-4" B-3" C-1" D-2 ^4& A-3" B-4" C-2" D-1

^5& A-2" B-1" C-3" D-4

05' my; j.=fõ X yd Y ;Sre u.ska jHdmdrhl wdikak mßir n,fõ. 2 la o wjia:d
yd ;¾ck ,ehsiq;=jla o ms,sfj,ska ±lafõ'
X Y

A- wdfoaYk 1' l¾udka;fha ksIamdok ioyd we;s b,a¨u by,hdu'

NdKav
ksmojkafkda 2' mdßfNda.slhska NdKav ikaku flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq
lsÍu'
B- l¾udka;fha
3' nqoaêh foam, ysñlu ms<sn| kS;sh ,sys,a lsÍu
;r.ldß;ajh
4' fj<|fmd,ska bj;a ùug iSud mej;Su'
wdikak mßir n,fõ. folg wod, wjia:d yd ;¾ck ksjerÈj .,md we;s ms<s;=r
f;darkak'

^1& A-2"4 B-1"3

^2& A-2"3 B-1"4

^3& A-1"4 B-2"3

^4& A-1"2 B-3"4

^5& A-3"4 B-1"2

 42

2015 wf.daia;= »»
01' ^¸&' jHdmdr wdh;k iudc ixúOdk moaO;sfha fldgils'
^w&' iEu ixúOdkhlgu fmdÿ jQ ,laIK we;' úêu;a jHdmdr ixúOdkhl ±lsh
yels fmdÿ ,laIK fláhka úia;r lrkak'
^wd&' —iudcfha meje;aug jHdmdr w;HjYH fõ'˜ jHdmdr ks¾jpkh lrñka fuu
woyi meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^¸¸& jHdmdrhl id¾:l fyda wid¾:l njg tys wNHka;r yd ndysr mßirhla
n,mdkq ,efí'
^w&' jHdmdrhlg n,mdk wNHka;r mßir idOl 2la kï lr" tajd jHdmdrfha
id¾:l;ajh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^wd&' jHdmdrhlg n,mdk id¾j mßir idOl 2 la kï lr" tajd jHdmdrfha
wid¾:l;ajh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^¸¸¸& Y%S ,xldfõ jHdmdr wxYh ;=, fiajd imhk wdh;k nyq,j olakg ,efí'
^w&' jHdmdr Wmldrl fiajd 4 la i|yka lrkak'
^wd&' Y%S ,xldfjka wmkhkh lrkq ,nk fiajd 2 la fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

2014 wf.daia;= »
01' my; i|yka oE w;=frka jHdmdrhl m%Odk wruqKla f,i ie,lsh fkdyels
lreK l=ulao@
^1& ,dN Wmßu lsÍu ^2& fj<|fmd, fldgi jeä lr .ekSu
^3& /lshd wjia:d Wmßu lsÍu ^4& fj<|fmdf,a /£ isàu
^5& úl=Kqï Wmßu lr .ekSu
02' úúO md¾Yj jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug n,mdk fya;+ka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

A- ,dNh B- jHdmdßl j¾Okh C- fj<|fmd, fldgi

D- .;a ;SrKj, id¾:l;ajh E- jegqm F- /lshdfõ ia:djrNdjh

G- Wiiaùu H- ;k;=f¾ ixj¾Okh

By; ioyka oE w;=frka l<uKdlrejka muKla jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿj olajk
fya;+ka we;=,;a ldKavh f;darkak'

^1& A" B" D"H ^2& A"C"D"H ^3& A"D"E"H ^4& B"D"F"H ^5& D"E"F"G
 43

03' my; ±lafjkafka jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrkq ,nk mdßißl n,fõ. lsysmhls'

A- .kqfokqlrejka D- iemhqïlrejka

B- iudc ixialD;sl idOl E- wdfoaYl NdKav ksIamdolhska

C- ;r.lrejka F- ;dlaIKsl idOl

2014 wf.daia;= »»
01' ^¸&' iudch ;=, jHdmdrh úiska jeo.;a N+ñldjka lsysmhla bgq lrkq ,efí'
^w&' ld¾ñl úma,jh fya;= fldfgf.k jHdmdr lafIa;%fha we;s jQ m%Odk fjkialï
fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
^wd&' jHdmdr úiska iïmq¾K lrkq ,nk úúO mqoa., wjYH;d fudkjdo@
^¸¸&' Y%S ,xldfõ merKs wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh ;=, lDIsl¾udka;h uQ,sl jqjo"
j¾;udkfha lDIsl¾udka;hg wu;r j úúO jQ wxY fj; keUqreùula olakg
,efí'
^w&' fuu j;auka m%jK;dj i|yd n,mdk fya;= 4 la ,shkak'
^wd&'—jdKscH˜ yd —jHdmdr˜ w;r we;s ikïnkaO;djh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^¸¸¸& my; ±lafjk ixl,am hq., w;r iudk wiudklï úuikak'

^w&' fj<|fmf, ia:dkh (Market Place) yd fj<|fmd, wjldYh (Market Space)

^wd&'l,amj;sk NdKav yd myiq NdKav

^¸¹&' laIKsl wdydr jHdmdrh (Fast Food Business) Y%S ,xldfõ kd.ßl m%foaYhkays
b;d iS>%fhka j¾Okh fõ'
^w&' laIKsl wdydr jHdmdrh iS>% j¾Okhg n,mdk id¾j mdßißl idOl
fudkjdo@
^wd&' laIKsl wdydr jHdmdrh ;=< ;u .kqfokqlrejka wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSu yd
r|jd .ekSu flfrys ys;lr f,i n,mdk wNHka;r mdrißl idOl fláfhka
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
^¹&" ^w&' jHdmdr lafIa;%fha we;eï wxY j, jHdma;shla iu. isÿjk jHdmdr
l%shdldrlï u.ska iudchg yd jHdmdr flfrys we,aula olajk md¾Yj j,g
wys;lr n,meï we;s fõ' tfia wys;lr n,mEï we;s lrñka jHdma; jk wxY
fudkjd±hs fláfhka úia;r lrkak'