AAE 354

Lesson 03-2

Flight Dynamics

Directional
Control
Rudder
Yawing Moment Coefficient
𝑑𝐶𝐿𝑣
𝑌𝑣 = 𝐶𝐿𝑣 𝑄𝑣 𝑆𝑣 = 𝛿𝑟 𝑄𝑣 𝑆𝑣
𝑑𝛿𝑟
𝑁 = −𝑙𝑣 𝑌𝑣
𝑵−
𝑑𝐶𝐿𝑣
𝑁 = −𝑙𝑣 𝛿𝑟 𝑄𝑣 𝑆𝑣
𝒀+
𝒗
𝑑𝛿𝑟
 Rudder Control Power
𝑑𝐶𝐿𝑣
𝑪𝒏 = −𝜂𝑣 𝑉𝑣 𝛿𝑟 = 𝐶𝑛𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑟
𝑑𝛿𝑟
𝒅𝑪𝑳𝒗 𝑑𝐶𝐿𝑣 𝑑𝐶𝐿𝑣 𝑑𝛼𝑣
𝑪𝒏𝜹𝒓 = −𝜂𝑣 𝑉𝑣 = = 𝐶𝐿𝛼𝑣 𝜏
𝒅𝜹𝒓 𝑑𝛿𝑟 𝑑𝛼𝑣 𝑑𝛿𝑟

𝑙𝑣 𝑆𝑣
𝑪𝒏𝜹𝒓 = −𝜂𝑣 𝑉𝑣 𝐶𝐿𝛼𝑣 𝜏 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑣 =
𝑏 𝑆𝑤

𝒅𝑪𝑳𝒕
Compare with: 𝑪𝒎𝜹𝒆 = −𝜂𝑉𝐻 = −𝜂𝑉𝐻 𝐶𝐿𝛼 𝜏
𝒅𝜹𝒆 𝑡
Flap Effectiveness Parameter
 Effect of Rudder Deflection
𝑪𝒏𝒄𝒈 = 𝐶𝑛𝛽 𝛽 + 𝐶𝑛𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑟

Compare with: 𝑪𝒎𝒄𝒈 = 𝐶𝑚0 + 𝐶𝑚𝛼 𝛼 + 𝐶𝑚𝛿𝑒 𝛿𝑒

Rudder deflection
for a given 𝛽: 𝑪𝒏𝒄𝒈 = 𝐶𝑛𝛽 𝛽 + 𝐶𝑛𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑟 = 0

𝐶𝑛𝛽
∴ 𝛿𝑟 = − 𝛽
𝐶𝑛𝛿
𝑟
 During Transitions
𝑟𝑏
𝑪𝒏𝒄𝒈 = 𝐶𝑛𝛽 𝛽 + 𝐶𝑛𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑟 + 𝐶𝑛𝑟
2𝑢0
Compare with:
𝑞𝑐ҧ 𝛼ሶ 𝑐ҧ
𝑪𝒎𝒄𝒈 = 𝐶𝑚0 + 𝐶𝑚𝛼 𝛼 + 𝐶𝑚𝛿𝑒 𝛿𝑒 + 𝐶𝑚𝑞 + 𝐶𝑚𝜶ሶ
2𝑢0 2𝑢0
 Rudder Design Requirements
• Adverse Yaw
• Cross Wind Takeoff/Landing
• Asymmetric Power Condition
• Spin Recovery
 Adverse Yaw

The rudder must be able to overcome the adverse yaw so that a coordinated turn
can be achieved. The critical condition for yaw occurs when the airplane is flying
slow (high CL).
 Cross Wind Takeoff/Landing

The rudder must be powerful enough to permit the pilot to trim the airplane for the
specified cross-winds. For transport airplanes, landing may be carried out for cross-winds
up to 15.5 m/s or 51 ft/s.
Cross Wind Landing
 Asymmetric Power Condition

𝑇1 𝑙1
𝑪𝒏𝒄𝒈 = 𝐶𝑛𝛽 𝛽 + 𝐶𝑛𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑟 −
𝑄𝑆𝑏

The rudder must be powerful enough to overcome the yawing moment produced
when one engine fails at low flight speed
Asymmetric Power Condition
 Example
Obtain the minimum control speed in the event of an engine failure for the
following airplane while maintaining 𝛽 = 0:
𝑆𝑤 = 65 𝑚2, 𝑆𝑣 = 6.5 𝑚2 , 𝑙𝑣 = 10.5 𝑚, 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 880 𝑘𝑊 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒),
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝜂𝑝 = 75%, 𝑦𝑝 = 4.2 𝑚, 𝑑𝐶𝐿𝑣 Τ𝑑𝛿𝑟 = 0.02 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑔,
𝜂𝑣 = 1, 𝛿𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250 .

Solution:
𝑌𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒
= 𝑇 ∗ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝜂𝑝 ∗ 𝐵𝐻𝑃 ∗ 𝑦𝑝 Τ𝑉
4.2 2.772 ∗ 106
= 0.75 ∗ 880 ∗ 1000 ∗ =
𝑉 𝑉
𝑌𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝐶𝐿𝑣
= −𝑙𝑣 𝑌𝑣 = −𝑙𝑣 𝐶𝑙𝑣 𝑄𝑣 𝑆𝑣 = −𝑙𝑣 𝛿 𝜂 𝑄 𝑆
𝑑𝛿𝑟 𝑟 𝑣 𝑤 𝑣
1
= −10.5 ∗ 0.02 ∗ 25 ∗ 1.0 ∗ ∗ 1.225 ∗ 𝑉 2 ∗ 6.5
2
= −20.9 ∗ 𝑉 2
Under equilibrium condition:

෍ 𝑁𝑐𝑔 = 𝑌𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 𝑌𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑟

+ 𝑌𝑎𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 = 0

2.772 ∗ 106
− 20.9 ∗ 𝑉 2 + 0 = 0
𝑉

2.772 ∗ 106
3
𝑉=
20.9
= 0.51 ∗ 102 = 51 𝑚Τ𝑠 = 183.6 𝑘𝑚Τℎ𝑟
Spin Recovery