AERODYNAMICS 2

Engr. Francis P. Batac

 CHAPTER 6

Level Flight
In case of Level Flight (R.C. = 0)

∑𝐹𝐻 = 0 + ↑∑𝐹𝑉 = 0
+
𝑇−𝐷 =0 𝐿−𝑊 =0
𝑇 = 𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑞𝑆 𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 𝑞𝑆 = 𝑊

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐴𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑉
𝑇𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉 𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 𝑞𝑆 = 𝑊
𝑃𝐴𝑉 = 𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑑 1
𝐶𝐿 𝜌𝑉 2 𝑆 = 𝑊
2

𝑊 2 1
𝑉=
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔, 𝐷 𝑜𝑟 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑;

𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 𝑞𝑆 𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 𝑞𝑆 = 𝑊

𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑞𝑆,

𝐷 𝐿
=
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐿
𝐶𝐷
𝐷= 𝐿
𝐶𝐿
𝐶𝐷 1
𝐷= 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝐷= 𝑊
𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐿
ൗ𝐶
𝐷
To maintain a level flight condition, if velocity is
decreased angle of attack must be increased to
produced higher lift coefficient.

The decrease in velocity causes a decrease in total

drag primarily due to the decrease in parasite drag.
However, at lower values of velocity, angle of attack
must be increased to be able to produce a lift
coefficient needed to support the aircraft weight.
High values of lift coefficient results to higher
induced drag which causes an increase in the total
drag.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝐷𝑉

𝐶𝐷 𝑊 2 1
𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑊
𝐶𝐿 𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿

𝑊 2 1 𝐶𝐷 2
𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑊
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐿 2

𝑊 2 𝐶𝐷 2
𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑊
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 3

𝑊 2 1
𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑊
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 3 /𝐶𝐷 2
The power-required curve is defined as a plot of PR
versus V∞ , as shown in the figure; note that it
qualitatively resembles the thrust-required curve. As
the airplane velocity increases, PR first decreases,
then goes through a minimum, and finally
increases.
At the velocity for minimum power required, the
airplane is flying at the angle of attack that
corresponds to a maximum CL3 / CD2

Minimum Power Required, 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 :

𝑊 2 1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 3
൘ 2
𝐶𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Even though most airplane drag polars can be modeled into the parabolic format for only a limited range of lift coefficients,
it is instructive to consider drag and power required on that basis:

𝐷 = 𝐷0 + 𝐷𝑖
1 1
𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷0 𝜌𝑉 2 𝑆 + 𝐶𝐷𝑖 𝜌𝑉 2 𝑆
2 2
1 2 𝐶𝐿 2 1 2
𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷0 𝜌𝑉 𝑆 + 𝜌𝑉 𝑆
2 𝜋𝐴𝑒 2

1 1 𝑊2 1 2
𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷0 𝜌𝑉 2 𝑆 + 2 𝜌𝑉 𝑆
2 𝜋𝐴𝑒 1 2 2
𝜌𝑉 𝑆
2

1 2 2𝑊 2
𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷0 𝜌𝑉 𝑆 +
2 𝜋𝐴𝑒𝜌𝑉 2 𝑆
Minimum Drag, 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 :

1
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝐷0
𝐶𝐿
ൗ𝐶
𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Velocity at Minimum Drag, 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 :

𝑊 2 1
𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛

Power Required at Minimum Drag, 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷 :

𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑡
𝑊 2 1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷 =𝑊 3
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
൙ 2
𝐶𝐷𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Minimum Power Required, 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 :

𝑊 2 1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 3
൘ 2
𝐶𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Velocity at Minimum Power Required, 𝑉 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 :

𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑊 2 1
𝑉 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 𝑃
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛

Drag at Minimum Power Required, 𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 : 𝐴𝑡

𝑚𝑖𝑛

1
𝐷 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4𝐷0
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝐿 𝑃
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
൙𝐶
𝐷𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
Thrust Available TA, is strictly associated with the engine of the airplane; it is the propulsive thrust provided
by an engine-propeller combination, a turbojet, a rocket, or the like.

Reciprocating piston engines with propellers exhibit a variation of

thrust with velocity.

Thrust of a turbojet engine is relatively constant with velocity.

These two power plants are quite common in aviation today; reciprocating engine–propeller combinations power the
average light, general aviation aircraft, whereas jet engines are used by almost all large commercial transports and
military combat aircraft.
The intersection of the TR curve ( dependent on the airframe ) and the maximum TA curve ( dependent on
the engine ) defines the maximum velocity Vmax of the airplane at the given altitude.

• Conventional jet engines are rated in terms of thrust (usually in pounds). Hence, the thrust curves are
useful for the performance analysis of a jet-powered aircraft.

• Piston engines are rated in terms of power (usually horsepower); so the concepts of TA and TR are
inconvenient for propeller-driven aircraft.
• In this case power required and power available are the more relevant quantities. Moreover,
considerations of power lead to results such as rate of climb and maximum altitude for both jet
and propeller-driven airplanes.
Reciprocating Engine – Propeller Combination
A piston engine generates power by burning fuel in confined cylinders and using this energy to
move pistons, which, in turn, deliver power to the rotating crankshaft, as schematically shown in the
figure.

The power delivered to the propeller by the crankshaft is defined as the shaft brake power P.
However, not all P is available to drive the airplane; some of it is dissipated by inefficiencies of the
propeller itself. Hence, the power available to propel the airplane PA is given by

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝜂𝑝
The power-available curve for a typical piston engine–propeller combination is
sketched in the figure below.
Jet Engines
The jet engine derives its thrust by combustion-heating an incoming stream of air and then exhausting
this hot air at high velocities through a nozzle.

The power available from a jet engine is obtained from the equation:

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑇𝐴 𝑉∞
The power-available curve for a jet engine is sketched in the figure below.
• In the engineering system, power is in foot-pounds per second (ft · lb/s)
• In SI, power is in watts
• Another widely used unit of power is horsepower. All reciprocating engines are rated in terms
of horsepower (hp), and it is important to note that

𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏
1 𝐻𝑃 = 550 = 746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑠

𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴 = 𝐵𝐻𝑃 × 𝜂𝑝
The lower air density at altitude causes an
increase in power required.

The velocity for a given lift coefficient

increases with an increase in altitude.

As altitude increases the power required

curve translates upward and rightward as well
as a slight clockwise rotation.
The lower air density at altitude causes a reduction in power for both reciprocating and jet engines

Reciprocating Engine Jet Engine

For both the propeller- and jet-powered
aircraft, the maximum flight velocity is
determined by the high-speed intersection of
the maximum PA and the PR curves.
1. The drag polar equation of an advanced light twin airplane in clean configuration can be written
as: CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2. Its weight is 18,680 N and the wing area is 14.4 m2. (a) Determine its
minimum thrust required, and the velocity and power required(HP) corresponding to minimum
thrust required. (b) Determine its minimum power required(HP), and the velocity and thrust
required corresponding to minimum power required. Assume SSLC

1
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑊
𝐶𝐿
ൗ𝐶
𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥

18,680 𝑁
Given: 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛
13.13
CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2
W = 18,680 N 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 1,422.58 𝑁
S = 14.4 m2
SSLC
Reqd:
a) 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
b) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 , 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1. The drag polar equation of an advanced light twin airplane in clean configuration can be written
as: CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2. Its weight is 18,680 N and the wing area is 14.4 m2. (a) Determine its
minimum thrust required, and the velocity and power required(HP) corresponding to minimum
thrust required. (b) Determine its minimum power required(HP), and the velocity and thrust
required corresponding to minimum power required. Assume SSLC

𝑊 2 1
𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛

18,680 𝑁 2 1
Given: 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
14.4 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
1.225 𝑚 3
CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2
W = 18,680 N
S = 14.4 m2 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 47.46 𝑚/𝑠
SSLC
Reqd:
a) 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
b) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 , 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1. The drag polar equation of an advanced light twin airplane in clean configuration can be written
as: CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2. Its weight is 18,680 N and the wing area is 14.4 m2. (a) Determine its
minimum thrust required, and the velocity and power required(HP) corresponding to minimum
thrust required. (b) Determine its minimum power required(HP), and the velocity and thrust
required corresponding to minimum power required. Assume SSLC

𝑊 2 1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷 =𝑊 3
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
൙ 2
𝐶𝐷𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛

Given:
18,680 𝑁 3 2 1
CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷 =
W = 18,680 N 𝑚𝑖𝑛 14.4 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
1.225 𝑚 3
3
ൗ 2
S = 14.4 m2
SSLC
Reqd: 1 𝐻𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷 = 67,518.54 𝑊 = 90.51 𝐻𝑃
𝑚𝑖𝑛
a) 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷 746 𝑊
𝑚𝑖𝑛
b) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 , 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1. The drag polar equation of an advanced light twin airplane in clean configuration can be written
as: CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2. Its weight is 18,680 N and the wing area is 14.4 m2. (a) Determine its
minimum thrust required, and the velocity and power required(HP) corresponding to minimum
thrust required. (b) Determine its minimum power required(HP), and the velocity and thrust
required corresponding to minimum power required. Assume SSLC

𝑊 2 1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 3
൘ 2
𝐶𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Given:
CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2
W = 18,680 N
S = 14.4 m2
SSLC
Reqd:
a) 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
b) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 , 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1. The drag polar equation of an advanced light twin airplane in clean configuration can be written
as: CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2. Its weight is 18,680 N and the wing area is 14.4 m2. (a) Determine its
minimum thrust required, and the velocity and power required(HP) corresponding to minimum
thrust required. (b) Determine its minimum power required(HP), and the velocity and thrust
required corresponding to minimum power required. Assume SSLC

𝑊 2 1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑊
𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 3
൘ 2
𝐶𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Given: 3
18,680 𝑁 2 1
CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
W = 18,680 N 14.4 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
1.225 𝑚 3
S = 14.4 m2
SSLC 1 𝐻𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 59,239.6 𝑊 = 79.41 𝐻𝑃
Reqd: 746 𝑊
a) 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
b) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 , 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1. The drag polar equation of an advanced light twin airplane in clean configuration can be written
as: CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2. Its weight is 18,680 N and the wing area is 14.4 m2. (a) Determine its
minimum thrust required, and the velocity and power required(HP) corresponding to minimum
thrust required. (b) Determine its minimum power required(HP), and the velocity and thrust
required corresponding to minimum power required. Assume SSLC

𝑊 2 1
𝑉 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑆 𝜌 𝐶𝐿 𝑃
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛

18,680 𝑁 2 1
Given: 𝑉 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛 14.4 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
1.225 𝑚 3
CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2
W = 18,680 N
S = 14.4 m2 𝑉 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 36.06 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛
SSLC
Reqd:
a) 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
b) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 , 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1. The drag polar equation of an advanced light twin airplane in clean configuration can be written
as: CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2. Its weight is 18,680 N and the wing area is 14.4 m2. (a) Determine its
minimum thrust required, and the velocity and power required(HP) corresponding to minimum
thrust required. (b) Determine its minimum power required(HP), and the velocity and thrust
required corresponding to minimum power required. Assume SSLC

1
𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑊
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝐿𝑃
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
൙𝐶
𝐷𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛

Given: 18,680 𝑁
𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 =
CD=0.0358+0.0405CL2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ൗ
W = 18,680 N
S = 14.4 m2
SSLC 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 1,642.65 𝑁
𝑚𝑖𝑛

Reqd:
a) 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝐷
𝑚𝑖𝑛
b) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 , 𝐷𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
2. A light airplane with a rectangular wing having a span of 24.73 ft and a chord of 4.5 ft is flying
straight and level with a velocity of 212 fps. The airplane has a wing loading of 14.4 psf.
Determine the thrust required and the power required (Hp) if its drag polar equation is
CD=0.028+0.050CL2. Assume SSLC.

1
𝐷 𝑊
𝐶𝐿
ൗ𝐶
𝐷

1
Given: 𝐷
𝐶𝐿
𝐶𝐷 = 0.028 + 0.050𝐶𝐿 2 ൗ𝐶
𝐷
𝑉 = 212 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑊 𝑙𝑏 1
𝑆
= 14.4 𝐷
𝑓𝑡 2 0.2696
𝑏 = 24.73 𝑓𝑡 0.0316
𝑐 = 4.5 𝑓𝑡
SSLC 𝐷 𝑙𝑏𝑠 0.028 + 0.050𝐶𝐿 2
2
Reqd: 0.028 + 0.050
𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 (𝐻𝑃) 0.0316
2. A light airplane with a rectangular wing having a span of 24.73 ft and a chord of 4.5 ft is flying
straight and level with a velocity of 212 fps. The airplane has a wing loading of 14.4 psf.
Determine the thrust required and the power required (HP) if its drag polar equation is
CD=0.028+0.050CL2. Assume SSLC.

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 𝐷𝑉

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 𝑙𝑏𝑠

Given:
1 𝐻𝑃
𝐶𝐷 = 0.028 + 0.050𝐶𝐿 2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑉 = 212 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 550 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
𝑠
𝑊 𝑙𝑏
𝑆
= 14.4 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑏 = 24.73 𝑓𝑡
𝑐 = 4.5 𝑓𝑡
SSLC

Reqd:
𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 (𝐻𝑃)
3. A 18,930 N aircraft equipped with rectangular wing with a half-span of 6 m and a chord of 1 m is
flying at a speed corresponding to minimum power required at a constant altitude of 8,193 m
(standard atmosphere). If its drag equation is CD = 0.028 + 0.041CL2, what is the aircraft speed (in
mps, nearest hundredths)?

𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝐿𝑃
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛

Given:
𝑊 = 18,930 𝑁
𝐶𝐷 = 0.028 + 0.041𝐶𝐿 2
ℎ = 8,193 𝑚
𝑏
= 6𝑚
2 𝐶𝐿𝑃
𝑐 =1𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛

Reqd: 𝐶𝐿𝑃
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
3. A 18,930 N aircraft equipped with rectangular wing with a half-span of 6 m and a chord of 1 m is
flying at a speed corresponding to minimum power required at a constant altitude of 8,193 m
(standard atmosphere). If its drag equation is CD = 0.028 + 0.041CL2, what is the aircraft speed (in
mps, nearest hundredths)?

Given:
𝑊 = 18,930 𝑁
𝐶𝐷 = 0.028 + 0.041𝐶𝐿 2
ℎ = 8,193 𝑚
𝑏
= 6𝑚
2
𝑐 =1𝑚

Reqd:
𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
3. A 18,930 N aircraft equipped with rectangular wing with a half-span of 6 m and a chord of 1 m is
flying at a speed corresponding to minimum power required at a constant altitude of 8,193 m
(standard atmosphere). If its drag equation is CD = 0.028 + 0.041CL2, what is the aircraft speed (in
mps, nearest hundredths)?

𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝐿𝑃
𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛

Given:
𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑊 = 18,930 𝑁 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐶𝐷 = 0.028 + 0.041𝐶𝐿 2
ℎ = 8,193 𝑚 𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑏
= 6𝑚
2
𝑐 =1𝑚

Reqd:
𝑉𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛
 - END -
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Laus Deo Semper!