Lec6 IDDPNQL Geology Lowres

Block 2
Mining Exploration
Lesson 1
Cartography Surveys:
Introduction to
geologic mapping
Exploring
Geosciences –
12 Thematic Lessons-
September 19th, 2020
Your Host:
Francine Fallara, P. Geo., M.Sc.A (OGQ #433)
Exploration geologist with over 25 years

of field experience in various difficult
geological environments
Consultant in analytical data analysis
specialized in complex geological
exploration studies
Expert in 3D geological modeling and
www.ffexplore3d.com
digital targeting of minerals
Thematic Bloc 2 - Overview
Thematic Block 2 Lesson Subtitle Date - 2020 English
1 Cartography Surveys September 19th 1:30 – 3:30 PM
Mining Exploration 2 Geophysical Surveys September 22nd 1:30 – 3:30 PM
3 Geochemical Surveys September 29th 1:30 – 3:30 PM
3
Exploring Geosciences: B2-Mining Exploration: L1- Cartography Surveys
Lesson 1 – Cartography Surveys
Lesson 1 Sub-lessons September 19th
a. Intro to geologic maps
Cartography b. Field observations 1:30 – 3:30 PM

Surveys c. Field data collect
d. Explaining Geometry
4
What is a Geological Map?
 Geologic mapping is an interpretive process producing a range of
specialized theme maps for different uses including:
 Geological history of any given area:
• Land management and land-use planning
 Natural resources development, protection and extraction costs:
• Characterizing energy, mineral resources, natural gas, coal, oil
• Waste repository siting
 Assessing groundwater:
• Quality and contamination risks
 Predicting hazards:
• Earthquakes, volcano, flooding and landslide
 Civil engineering:
• Buildings, highways and infrastructures sites
5
Geological Specialized Theme Maps
 Quaternary Geology: Glacial and Fluvioglacial Sediments
6
 Bedrock Geology: Lithology and Structure
Geological and
(Gallagher and Sicard, Gouv. Alaska)

structural map
Sagavanirktok
Quadrangle, North
Slope, Alaska
7
 Predicting Hazards: Earthquakes
Earthquakes
Charlevoix Seismic Zone
Quebec Natural
Resources Canada
8
 Predicting Hazards: Flood-risk areas
Flood-risk areas map

Hydric Expertise Centre
of Québec
9
 Civil engineering: Buildings and infrastructures sites
Éléonore Gold Mine, Goldcorp Mistissini bridge Meadowbank Gold Project

Nordic structure East dyke construction
Group Fernand Gilbert
10
Introduction to Geologic Mapping
 Geologic maps graphically communicate
substantial amounts of observed geological
information used by non-geologists:
 What are you standing on?

 Where are similar rocks found?
 How old are the rocks?
 What are they composed of?
 How were they formed?
 How have they been affected by faulting,
folding or other geological processes?
 What is the existing or potential mineral
resources and geologic hazards?
MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02)
http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/ 11
Geological Field Cartography
“A geologist must remember that accurate

geological maps are the basis of all
geological work, even laboratory work, for
it is pointless to make a detailed
investigation of a specimen whose
provenance is uncertain”
J. Barnes ‘Basic Geological Mapping’ 2007
12
Geological Field Cartography
 Geologists, when recording observations, use descriptive terms and rock
names common or unique to an area
 Mapping is a transfer of observations relevant for specific purposes from

field surveys into a system by which the planar or spatial distribution of
different elements can be represented
 These terms are synthesized and rewritten into formal map descriptions
 National and international standard classifications exist to define geologic

information such as rock composition and texture
13
 Geologic mappers work to
illustrate composition and
structural deformations of the
Earth's surface and at depth
by depicting their field
observations
 Interpretations on maps use

lines, symbols and colors to
illustrate different traits about
the nature and distribution of
rock units within an area
Fallara et al., 2006 14
 Geological maps take practice to understand, because three-dimensional (3D)
complex features, such as folds and faults, are projected flat on a two-
dimensional (2D) surface
 Geological maps are viewed in map view or plan view: Viewed from above
Trish Gallagher and Karri Sicard, USGS, 2016 15

Geological Mapping: Field Methods
https://structuralgeo.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/bartlett-sketch.jpg
16
 Field observations directly transferred from nature to map/notes
 Layered on various geologic thematic maps to complete interpretations
17
 Observe and record field data
selectively and systematically for
the construction of a geological
map at a given scale
 Compile a field note book
containing an accurate record of all
field data, including field sketches
and photographs
 Compile field sheets representing a
visual summary, using accepted
conventions, of all the mapping
data recorded in the field notebook https://structuralgeo.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/skisseringsblog-1.jpg
18
 Produce an accurate interpretative

geological map using conventional
map symbols
 Construct a representative
geological section across the
mapped area
https://structuralgeo.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/skisseringsblog-1.jpg
19
https://structuralgeo.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/portugal.jpg
20
21
22
Fundamental Approach:
1. Understand your base map

and major landmark elements:
 Grid, coordinate system, scale
and declination (i.e. adjust your
compass)
2. Correctly position yourself:

 Pace and bearing, triangulate
method, GPS
Rajesh, R. 2017 23
Fundamental Approach:
3. Traversing mapping technique:
 Walking along a predetermined
route plotting in the geology on
the way
 The geology in between
traverses is interpolated, using
any clues can be surveyed from
the topographic map
 This method is used
predominantly for
reconnaissance work
 Large areas of ground can be
covered
Rajesh, R. 2017 24
 For each outcrop, geologists record in field notebooks their observations:
 Rock traits
• Rock type, mineral composition, grain size, color, texture, structural
deformation, alteration, tectonic fabric
 Structural measurements
• Strike and dip (rock layers and structures)
 Mineralization
 Sketches + digital photographs for

• Relative age data chronological evidences, type of geological contacts
25
Observations documentation: Field Map
Topographic Features Map:
 Map that may indicate

underlying differences in the
geology:
 Use them to help locate

boundaries in unexposed
areas
 Map convex and concave

breaks of slope:
• Used to help locate Rajesh, R. 2017
fault
26
 Contact exposures traced by a
solid line, colour coded by
lithologies with an abbreviated
lithological and/or stratigraphic
code
 Structural data
 Any other field observations:
 Photographs Rajesh, R. 2017
 Structural measures
 Samples location tagged with
their unique ID-key
27
Boundaries and Contacts
 Always complete your map IN THE FIELD by drawing boundaries between units
and extrapolating into unexposed areas
 Never leave out a boundary EVEN IF you are uncertain where to place it; you
will probably never return to the same spot
 Use the appropriate convention

 Boundary certain
 Boundary uncertain
 Boundary conjectural
28
Lithostratigraphic Legend
 Lithological codes should be clear
29
Observations documentation: Field Notebook
Map data is recorded in the field
notebook using:
 Coordinates, any reference system
and descriptive observations
Structural Data on both field map

and notebook:
 Use compass to transfer any
directional readings both
directly onto the map and
within the field notebook :
 strike direction Rajesh, R. 2017
 dip
30
Observations documentation: Field Notebook
Structural symbols used should be explained

 Draw appropriate symbols on
map:
 black ink with fine pen at

point of measurements
 red ink for faults if possible

with thicker line traces
Rajesh, R. 2017
31
Precise Maps vs Schematic Maps
Map A: Accurate survey MAP A
 Represents contacts trace on the map as

accurately as possible and to scale
 Accurate placement of boundaries and
contacts due to accurate observations
recordings
 ‘V’ effect in valley where limit is inferred
MAP B
Map B: Poor documentation
 Exposures too blobby and not to scale
 Boundary poorly placed due to blobby
schematic contours
 ‘V’ effect in valley not interpreted
32
MAP A
Sam Dwyer, 2010
Map A vs Map B MAP B
‘A’ is more detailed

‘A’ has a scale and principle directions
‘A’ is more accurately and depicts the
angular unconformity
Sam Dwyer, 2007
33
 Importance of visiting the outcrop

This sketch was not done during a visit
to the outcrop
Questions:
 Where exactly is the fault?
 What is its attitude?
 Mapped as a thrust, looks more
like a normal fault from here?
34
Exploring Geosciences: B2-Mining Exploration: L1- Cartography Surveys Marshak, 2009
1st sketch
 Importance of visiting the outcrop

2nd sketch
Comparing the 2nd sketch to the 1st:
 Notice the more realistic fault (though
missing its sense of motion)
 Notice the addition of annotated
details
35
Exploring Geosciences: B2-Mining Exploration: L1- Cartography Surveys Sam Dwyer, 2008
Field observations – Document it all
36
Field observations – Document it all
Rajesh, R. 2017
37
Topographic Maps
 Topographic maps are an important tool because they are detailed
and accurate two-dimensional (2D) representations of three-
dimensional (3D) landscapes
 Being able to read topo maps enables the user to locate specific
features, such as:
 Landforms and terrain (peaks, valleys, ridges, domes, etc.)
 Lakes and rivers
 Forested areas
 Administrative zones
 Populated areas
 Roads and railways
 Other man-made infrastructures
38
National Topographic System Maps
NTS is the system used by Natural

Resources Canada for providing general
purpose topographic maps of the country
https://apps4av.net/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/canada_grid2.jpg
39
National Topographic System (NTS) Maps
 The National Topographic System (NTS) is

split into three major "zones" defined by
their latitude spans:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Topographic_System
 "Southern Zone“ latitudes between
40°N and 68°N
 "Arctic Zone" latitudes between 68°N

and 80°N
 "High Arctic Zone" latitudes between

80°N and 88°N
40
 Standard scales:
 1/1,000,000
 1/250,000
 1/50,000
 1/20,000
41
 1/1,000,000
 1/250,000
 1/50,000
 1/20,000
42
 1/1,000,000
 1/250,000
 1/50,000
 1/20,000
43
Topographic 3D Features to 2D Maps
 Accurately used to represent different landscape elements
Mount Fuji 3D Perspective View
https://gisgeography.com/contour-lines-topographic-map/
Mount Fuji 2D Plan View

44
Topographic Features: Tracing Profiles
 Topographic profiles are the foundation to any geological section
topographic-profile-step-1-sample-profile-along-line--constructing-pr-q35126755
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/figure-713-construct-
1. Place a paper along the
profile trace line A-A’:
 Mark each point

intersecting a topo
contour line with
their elevation
45
Topographic Features: Tracing Profiles
 Topographic profiles are the foundation to any geological section
topographic-profile-step-1-sample-profile-along-line--constructing-pr-q35126755
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/figure-713-construct-
2. Define a vertical scale
slightly lower and
higher than the topo’s
elevations
3. From the previous steps

marked edged of paper,
place a dot at the
proper elevation
4. Connect the dots with a

smooth line
46
Topographic Contour Lines Profiles
How to construct?
Simple rules to apply as the
contour lines are drawn on
topographic maps:
1. Contour lines connect points

of equal elevation above sea
level
2. Contour lines never cross, split

or pinch off
Joyce McBeth, Michael Cuggy, Karla Panchuk, Tim Prokopiuk, Lyndsay Hauber, & Sean Lacey
Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019.
47
How to construct?
3. Contour intervals must be
respected:
 Contour line elevations are

only multiples of the
contour intervals
48
How to construct?
4. Contour lines make a “V”
pattern as they cross streams
and rivers:
 The “V” always points

towards the upstream
direction
49
How to construct?
5. Contour map and topographic
profile of two hills with a
valley between them:
 Round out the area to
represent the base of your
valley between the hills
 Be careful not to make the
valley floor too deep:
• The topographic map
elevation is below 40m but
not as low as 30m Joyce McBeth, Michael Cuggy, Karla Panchuk, Tim Prokopiuk, Lyndsay Hauber, & Sean Lacey
50
How to construct? Laws of the Vees ‘V’
 Law of ‘Vees’ (V) uses

characteristic patterns
that develop when
inclined strata are
cross-cut by streams or
gullies in a landscape
plan view plan view plan view

51
Topographic + Geological Features
 Topographic profiles
https://geochalkboard.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/using-the-google-maps-elevation-service/
are the foundation to
any geological section
52
 Topographical terrain
combined with various
geological formations
outcropping on ground surface
Layers combination:
Geological features Geological
with contour
topographic features lines
53
Data integration steps:
1. Integration of topographic elevation data :
 Digital terrain model (Digital Elevation Mapping, DEM):
 BNDT (Quebec National topographic database) or USGS:
• ASCII format (x, y, z): txt or csv
 Add precision using known field outcrop location points
and/or drilling hole collars (DDH)
• ASCII format (x, y, z): txt or csv
2. Import and project road infrastructures, regional hydrography,

power lines, railways:
 BNDT (Quebec National topographic database)
54
Data integration products:
 The graphic elements concerning the infrastructures are then projected
onto the topographic surface
“Digital Terrain Model"

(Digital Elevation Mapping, DEM)
(DTM = Digital Terrain Model)
Fallara, Rabeau, Cheng and De Kemp (2008)
55
Data integration steps:
3. Include any mining infrastructures and developments
4. Import all available surface (2D) geology information:
 Compiled (historical) and field surveyed outcrops:
 Points and/or contours
 Position of known showings, deposits and/or mines (active or closed):
 Name, location (xyz), mineral (Au, Ag, Cu, Zn), tonnages, production, reserves
 Lithological and stratigraphic contacts
 Traces of faults and folds
 Planar and linear structural measurements
 Economical assays and lithogeochemical analysis
 Any other useful attributes:
 Alterations types and intensities
 Grain size and textures
 Structural deformations and intensities
56
Data integration products:
 The graphic geological
elements for both
historical compilation and
ongoing field cartography
are also projected onto the
topographic surface
Fallara, Rabeau, Cheng and De Kemp (2008) 57

2D Mapping Analysis:
 Spatial relationship of the
various units
 Key geological features
 Structural data
 Strike
 Dip
 Bedding
 Traces structural trends
 Geophysical axis traces
 Stratigraphic ages
Fallara, Rabeau, Cheng and De Kemp (2008)
58
 Example of 2D
mapping analysis
from geological
maps draped over
the topographic
surface
Berra et al. (2014)

59
 2D geological mapping analysis always starts from the youngest to the oldest event:
 Dykes
 Faults, fractures, lineaments
 Intrusions
 Followed sequentially with the other units
Dyke Faults Lineaments

Fallara (2015) 60
 2D geological mapping analysis always starts from the youngest to the oldest event:
Spatial and temporal relationship of geological formations (age)
Late intrusive 1 Late intrusive 2 Late intrusive 3

Fallara (2015)
61
Geological Maps: Fundamental Elements
Title  Concise information related to geographic information and theme (focus) of the map's content
 Map scale is the ratio between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground
Scale  Scale should be relative to both meters and kilometers (1:24,000)
 Maps should have a visual scale bar to show relative distance on a map
Orientation  Maps should include a north arrow and, if possible, corner coordinates information (long-lat, UTM, MTM)
Legend  Maps need an explanation of symbols used on map, including colors, lines, icons, and special symbols
Reference  Maps should include selected reference locations or features for orientation (cities, towns, highways, state
features boundaries, coastlines, mountain peaks, lakes, rivers, etc.)
Source  Authors, compilers, editors, and publishers, associated publications (text or guidebook), URL, and any other
information information to provide complete information so it can be accurately cited in reference list or bibliography
Base map  What was the source of geographic information used as the base (background) of a map
information  Topographic map or NASA satellite image? What is the map projection?
Date  What year was the map released (or revised)
published  Is the data it shows from new or old data sources?
Written text  Is there a publication (pamphlet or guide book) associated with this map?
https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science
62
Reading Geologic Maps: Scales comparison
Three bar scales:
 Each bar is a graphical representation of distance on the map:
 Map readers decide the unit to use to measure distances:
 Kilometers, meters, miles or feet
 Map scales are located on the bottom and/or right side of a topographic map
 Bar scales start at zero in the interior of each bar for kilometers, miles, and feet
Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019. 63
Reading Geologic Maps: Small vs Large scale
Canada
Geological Map
Shows a LARGE-
scale area with
few details
64
Reading Geologic Maps: Small vs Large scale
Chibougamau Map
Quebec Map
Show a SMALL area with a lot of details
Shows a LARGE-scale
area with few details
Small Scale map
It’s all a matter of SCALE!
MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02)

http://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/EXAMINE/GT201302/ 65
Reading Geologic Maps: Scales comparison
Scales comparison
https://libguides.biblio.usherbrooke.ca 66
Geological
Maps:
Fundamental
Elements
 Common geologic
features symbols on
https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science
geological maps:
 Strike and dip for

describing the
orientation of
strata (beds)
 Structural features
(folds and faults)
67
Stratigraphic Legends
(Moukhsil et Solgadi, 2018)

68
Stratigraphic Legends: Annotation and display principles:
 Oldest rocks are listed at the bottom of the legend
 Rock units get progressively younger moving upwards any legend
 Youngest rocks are shown at the top of the legend
Youngest
rocks
Oldest
rocks
69
Stratigraphic Legends vs Lithological Legends
 Colors and labels: ROCK (SIGEOM)
70
How to interpret
stratigraphical
legends?
71
How to interpret
stratigraphical
legends?
72
How to interpret
lithological
legends?
73
Rock Legend
Intrusive
Volcanic
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
How to interpret
lithological
legends?
74
 STRUCTURES: Map Symbols
http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/users/prey/FieldTrips/BrokenHillOlary/Mapping.html
75
 STRUCTURES: Map Symbols
76
 How many
elements can
you observe? Small
symbols?
Colors
and
Labels?
http://www.geosci.usyd.edu.au/users/prey/FieldTrips/BrokenHillOlary/Mapping.html
77
Stratigraphic Legends: Normalized Legend
 SIGEOM normalized legends,
patterns and symbols: Quebec
78
Geological Maps: Presentation of Data
 From field maps and notebooks to normalized GIS geological maps
(geographical information systems)
79
 Working Views: Map or Plan View vs Cross-section View
Plan View
 Top A is viewed in
N
map or plan view:
 View directly from above
Top A
the block
Top A
W E  Side B is the same

rock layers but in a
cross-section:
Side B  East-West (EW) section
looking North (or looking
from the front side)
Section: E-W Looking North
Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019. 80
https://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net/images/NAGTWorkshops/structure/screenshot_from_visible_geolog.gif
Top A
 Cross-section views
show how the rock
layers are tilted
Top A
81
 Helpful hints for representing folds on a field map:
1. Anticlines: A
 Oldest beds in the
middle A
S
 Beds dipping away from
the fold axis Trish Gallagher and Karri Sicard, USGS, 2016
A
2. Synclines:
 Youngest beds in the A
S A
middle
S
 Beds dipping towards A
the fold axis
82
1. Anticlines:
middle
the fold axis
2. Synclines:
 Youngest beds in the
middle
 Beds dipping towards
the fold axis
Trish Gallagher and Karri Sicard, USGS, 2016
83
1. Anticlines:
middle
S
the fold axis A
2. Synclines:
middle
 Beds dipping towards
the fold axis
84
 Helpful hints for constructing cross-sections including folded strata:
1. Anticlines:
 Oldest beds in the S
middle
 Beds dipping away from A
the fold axis
2. Synclines:
middle
 Beds dipping towards Joyce McBeth, Michael Cuggy, Karla Panchuk, Tim Prokopiuk, Lyndsay Hauber, & Sean Lacey
the fold axis

85
 Structures related to deformation: Faults
86
Where is the fault? What is the direction of movement?
87
Exploring Geosciences: B2-Mining Exploration: L1- Cartography Surveys Trish Gallagher and Karri Sicard, USGS, 2016
Where is the fault?

What is the direction of movement?
88
Where is the fault? What is the direction of movement? How can you tell?
89
Where is the fault? What is the direction of movement? How can you tell?
90
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299323397_Visible_Geology_Creative_online_tools_for_teaching_learning_and_communicating_geologic_concepts
91
Map or Plan View:

 Present and homogenize main
geological attributes surveyed on
the field as observed rock units,
structures, alteration, etc.
Cross-section View:
 Used to understand and interpret
the surveyed field data
92
Exploring Geosciences: B2-Mining Exploration: L1- Cartography Surveys R. L. Bernknopf et al., 1993
 Map or plan view
93
 View: Structural cross section A-A’ Looking NW
 A geological cross-section shows geologic features from the side view
 Similar to topographic profiles but also show rock types and geologic
structures present beneath Earth’s surface
94
 Four things to include on every geological cross-section:
 To help us remember, we abbreviate these four key parts with
the acronym L.O.T.S. :
• Legend
• Orientation of the cross-section trace on the geological map
• Title
• Scale
Joyce McBeth, Michael Cuggy, Karla Panchuk, Tim Prokopiuk, Lyndsay Hauber, & Sean Lacey 95
 Legend: Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019.
 Key to the patterns used to identify each unit on the cross-section
 Displayed from oldest formation at the bottom of the legend to youngest

unit at the top of the legend
96
 Orientation: Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019.
 Direction of the cross-section trace line on Earth:

• “Strike” direction of the cross-section line on the geological map
 Indicate the orientation by writing the corresponding direction at each
end of the cross-section
97
 Title: Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019.
 Descriptive title for the cross-section including the letters used to

identify the line on the original geological map in the title
98
 Scale: Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, First Canadian Edition, Version 2, January 2019.
 Ratio scale and/or a bar scale to show the scale of the cross-section
 Both vertical and horizontal scales should be the same
99
Geological Maps: Explaining Geometry
 How to measure and create the geometry of geological layers?
Geologists apply the concepts of strike and dip:
 Strike refers to the line formed by the intersection of a horizontal

plane and an inclined surface. This line is called a strike line, and the
direction the line points in (either direction, as a line points in two
opposite directions) is the strike angle.
 Dip is the angle between that horizontal plane and the inclined
surface (such as a geological contact between tilted layers) measured
perpendicular to the strike line down to the inclined surface
100
 How to measure and create the geometry of geological layers?
A useful way to think about

strike and dip is to look at the
roof of a house:
 A house's roof has a ridge along

the top, and then sides that slope
away from the ridge
 The ridge is like a strike line and

the angle that the roof tilts is the
dip of the roof
101
 How STRIKE (Orientation) and DIP are measured?
 Strike and dip directions are
shown by the T symbol (C):
 Long horizontal (A) line = Strike
 Small tick mark = Dip (B)

• Written next to the tick mark is the
measured dip angle
• Direction of dip (D) is always

perpendicular to A
https://wps.prenhall.com/esm_tarbuck_earth_8/19/5074/1299121.cw/index.html
102
 What direction is the BEDDING strike (orientation)
Right hand rule

103
 STRIKE and DIP symbol examples as seen on geological maps
What is the Strike? What is the Dip direction?
104
105
Exploring Geosciences: B2-Mining Exploration: L1- Cartography Surveys Right hand rule
106
107
North
South

Strike = N_ _ _ (0-360°)
Dip = _ _ (0-90°)
108
Strike and Dip of foliation

Trish Gallagher and Karri Sicard, USGS, 2016 109
Marshak, 2009 110

B2: Lesson 1: Cartography Surveys: Videos
Geographic Coordinates: Latitude, Longitude & Elevation:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/geographic-coordinates-latitude-longitude-elevation.html
How to Read Topographic and Geologic Maps:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-read-topographic-and-geologic-maps.html
How To Construct & Interpret Scale Maps:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-construct-interpret-scale-maps.html#lesson
How To Construct & Interpret Scale Maps:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-construct-and-interpret-a-scale-map.html
Using & Understanding Topographic Maps:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/using-understanding-topographic-maps.html
110
B2: Lesson 1: Cartography Surveys: Videos
Understanding & Interpreting a Geologic Map:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/understanding-interpreting-a-geologic-map.html
Geological Folds, Dips and Strikes:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzZFMWH-lSQ
110
Questions?
Thanks!
FNQLSDI.CA
Exploring Geosciences: B2-Mining Exploration: L1- Cartography Surveys 113

Lec6 IDDPNQL Geology Lowres

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Block 2

Exploration geologist with over 25 years

1 Cartography Surveys September 19th 1:30 – 3:30 PM

Mining Exploration 2 Geophysical Surveys September 22nd 1:30 – 3:30 PM

3 Geochemical Surveys September 29th 1:30 – 3:30 PM

a. Intro to geologic maps

Cartography b. Field observations 1:30 – 3:30 PM

(Gallagher and Sicard, Gouv. Alaska)

Flood-risk areas map

Éléonore Gold Mine, Goldcorp Mistissini bridge Meadowbank Gold Project

 What are you standing on?

“A geologist must remember that accurate

 Mapping is a transfer of observations relevant for specific purposes from

 National and international standard classifications exist to define geologic

 Interpretations on maps use

Trish Gallagher and Karri Sicard, USGS, 2016 15

 Produce an accurate interpretative

1. Understand your base map

2. Correctly position yourself:

 Sketches + digital photographs for

 Map that may indicate

 Use them to help locate

 Map convex and concave

 Use the appropriate convention

Structural Data on both field map

Structural symbols used should be explained

 black ink with fine pen at

 red ink for faults if possible

 Represents contacts trace on the map as

Sam Dwyer, 2010

Map A vs Map B MAP B

‘A’ is more detailed

 Importance of visiting the outcrop

 Importance of visiting the outcrop

NTS is the system used by Natural

 The National Topographic System (NTS) is

 "Arctic Zone" latitudes between 68°N

 "High Arctic Zone" latitudes between

Mount Fuji 2D Plan View

 Mark each point

3. From the previous steps

4. Connect the dots with a

1. Contour lines connect points

2. Contour lines never cross, split

 Contour line elevations are

 The “V” always points

 Law of ‘Vees’ (V) uses

plan view plan view plan view

2. Import and project road infrastructures, regional hydrography,

“Digital Terrain Model"

Fallara, Rabeau, Cheng and De Kemp (2008) 57

Berra et al. (2014)

Dyke Faults Lineaments

Spatial and temporal relationship of geological formations (age)

Late intrusive 1 Late intrusive 2 Late intrusive 3

Small Scale map

It’s all a matter of SCALE!

MRN 2013 (GT 2013-02)

 Strike and dip for

(Moukhsil et Solgadi, 2018)

W E  Side B is the same

the fold axis