TYPES OF SURVEYS TO BUILD SMART CITIES

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted for the course: SURVEYING (CLE1003)

By (Name of the Students with Reg. No)

Ayush Sain (16BCL0340)
Atulya Garg (16BCL0328)
Sibi Saran (16BCL0331)
Avinash Singh (16BCL0332)
Prajwal Gupta (16BCL0338)

Slot: B2+TB2
Name of faculty: Prof. SAIRAM V
(School of Civil and Chemical Engineering)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “Types of surveys to build smart cities ”
that is being submitted by “Ayush Sain (16BCL0340), Atulya Garg (16BCL0328), Sibi Saran
(16BCL0331), Avinash Singh (16BCL0332), Prajwal Gupta (16BCL0338)” for Surveying
CLE(1003) is a record of bonafide work done under my supervision. The contents of this Project
work, in full or in parts, have neither been taken from any other source nor have been submitted
for any other CAL course.

Place: VIT-Vellore

Date: 2-MAY-2017

Signature of Students:

Ayush Sain (16BCL0340)

Atulya Garg (16BCL0328)
Sibi Saran (16BCL0331)
Avinash Singh (16BCL0332)
Prajwal Gupta (16BCL0338)

Signature of Faculty: Prof. SAIRAM V

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This is to acknowledge the immense support I got from the faculty and the institution while
pursuing this project on “Types of surveys to build smart cities”. I would like to take this
moment to thank VIT for giving me the opportunity to work on this project. I would additionally
thank the dean of school SCALE (School of Civil and Chemical Engineering) for their
unconditional support. I would additionally like to thank my faculty Prof. SAIRAM V for his
guidance and keen involvement in helping me to do this project. We would also like to thank the
University Management for giving us an opportunity to carry out our studies at the University.

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 Abstract

A smart city is an urban development vision to integrate information and communication technology (ICT)
and Internet of things (IoT) technology in a secure fashion to manage a city's assets. The different types of
surveying to build a smarter city. Features of smart city. Survey methods for transport planning, different
types of surveys used to make transportation better the process of transport system planning, and the process
of transport survey. Intelligent transport survey to build a good transport network. Smart surveys for water
management system.

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 Introduction to Our Project
Objective and goal of the project
To study the surveys to be conducted for building a smarter city.
Detailed literature survey

Smart City

The first question is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. The answer is, there is no universally accepted
definition of a smart city. It means different things to different people. The conceptualization of
Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of
development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents. A
smart city would have a different connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is no
one way of defining a smart city. Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the
Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a wish
list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the
aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban
eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-institutional,
physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work
towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of
‘smartness’.
A smart city is an urban development vision to integrate information and communication
technology (ICT) and Internet of things (IoT) technology in a secure fashion to manage a city's
assets. These assets include local departments' information systems, schools, libraries,
transportation systems, hospitals, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law
enforcement, and other community services. A smart city is promoted to use urban informatics and
technology to improve the efficiency of services. ICT allows city officials to interact directly with
the community and the city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city, how the
city is evolving, and how to enable a better quality of life. Through the use of sensors integrated
with real-time monitoring systems, data are collected from citizens and devices – then processed
and analyzed. The information and knowledge gathered are keys to tackling inefficiency.
Information and communication technology (ICT) is used to enhance quality, performance and
interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to improve contact
between citizens and government. Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows
and allow for real-time responses. A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to
challenges than one with a simple "transactional" relationship with its citizens. Yet, the term itself
remains unclear to its specifics and therefore, open to many interpretations.

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Road Map
A smart city roadmap consists of four major components:

1. Define exactly what is the community: maybe that definition can condition what you are
doing in the subsequent steps; it relates to geography, links between cities and
countryside and flows of people between them; maybe – even – that in some Countries
the definition of City/community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what –
in fact – happens in the real life
2. Study the Community: Before deciding to build a smart city, first we need to know why.
This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative. Study the community
to know the citizens, the business's needs – know the citizens and the community's
unique attributes, such as the age of the citizens, their education, hobbies, and attractions
of the city.
3. Develop a Smart City Policy: Develop a policy to drive the initiatives, where roles,
responsibilities, objective, and goals, can be defined. Create plans and strategies on how
the goals will be achieved.
4. Engage The Citizens: This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of e-
government initiatives, open data, sport events, etc.
In short, People, Processes, and Technology (PPT) are the three principles of the success of a
smart city initiative. Cities must study their citizens and communities, know the processes,
business drivers, create policies, and objectives to meet the citizens' needs. Then, technology can
be implemented to meet the citizens' need, in order to improve the quality of life and create real
economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city
cultures, long-term city planning, and local regulations.

Smart City Features

Some typical features of comprehensive development in Smart Cities are described below.
1. Promoting mixed land use in area based developments–planning for ‘unplanned areas’
containing a range of compatible activities and land uses close to one another in order to
make land use more efficient. The States will enable some flexibility in land use and building
bye-laws to adapt to change;
2. Housing and inclusiveness - expand housing opportunities for all;
3. Creating walkable localities –reduce congestion, air pollution and resource depletion, boost
local economy, promote interactions and ensure security. The road network is created or
refurbished not only for vehicles and public transport, but also for pedestrians and cyclists,
and necessary administrative services are offered within walking or cycling distance;
4. Preserving and developing open spaces - parks, playgrounds, and recreational spaces in order
to enhance the quality of life of citizens, reduce the urban heat effects in Areas and generally
promote eco-balance;

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5. Promoting a variety of transport options - Transit Oriented Development (TOD), public
transport and last mile para-transport connectivity;
6. Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective - increasingly rely on online services to
bring about accountability and transparency, especially using mobiles to reduce cost of
services and providing services without having to go to municipal offices. Forming e-groups
to listen to people and obtain feedback and use online monitoring of programs and activities
with the aid of cyber tour of worksites;
7. Giving an identity to the city - based on its main economic activity, such as local cuisine,
health, education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods, furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc;
8. Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in area-based development in order to
make them better. For example, making Areas less vulnerable to disasters, using fewer
resources, and providing cheaper services.

Types of Surveys to build a city:

 As-built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a
construction project. As-built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and
payment purposes. An as-built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built
surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with
design information.
 Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re-establishes boundaries of
a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or
markers at the corners or along the lines of the parcel. These take the form
of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt.
It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey.
 Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for
future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying.
 Construction surveying
 Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or
moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to
pass and the positions are then re-measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the
two sets of positions is made.
 Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non-level
surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-
like basis. The advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to
conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off-shore industry, as not
all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement.
 Engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as-built surveys associated with
engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering
practice.

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 Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has
been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the
location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan.
 Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and
bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.
 Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation.
 Measured survey: a building survey to produce plans of the building. Such a survey may be
conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction
process.
 Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates
land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback
restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a
precondition for a mortgage loan.
 Stakeout, Layout or Set out: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or
proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent.
This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying.
 Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural
stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good
repair.
 Topographic survey: a survey that measures the elevation of points on a particular piece of
land, and presents them as contour lines on a plot.

Survey Methods
For Transport Planning

Surveys of the transport system inventory play a major role in specifying the location and
characteristics of the available transport system.

1. Travel pattern surveys: The combination of land-use activity and a transport system
invariably results in trip-making, and to measure the type and extent of trip-making it is
necessary to conduct travel pattern surveys by one means or another. Such travel patterns
may be described in terms of who is going where, with whom, at what time, by which
mode and route, and for what purpose.

2. Transport system performance surveys: To establish whether the transport system is

coping adequately with the demands being placed on it, it is therefore necessary to
conduct transport system performance surveys. Such surveys seek to measure
performance characteristics, such as travel times, travel time variability, passenger
waiting times, vehicle occupancies, and system safety.

3. Demographic and socio-economic surveys: in the physical system or changes in the

operating characteristics of that system. In attempting to predict the demands which will
be placed on a transport system, it is well recognized that various groups in the

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 population will react differently to changes in the transport system. To identify these
groups, it is necessary to incorporate demographic and socio-economic surveys within the
overall transport survey framework.

4. Surveys of the transport system inventory: The amount of travel which takes place
between land-uses will depend on the quality and quantity of the transport system which
connects the land-uses, and surveys of the transport system inventory play a major role in
specifying the location and characteristics of the available transport system.

The transport survey process

The conduct of a survey is not an informal procedure. Rather, it should follow a series of logical,
interconnected steps which progress toward the final end product of the survey.

Preliminary Planning
 Overall Study Objectives
 Specific Survey Objectives
 Review of Existing Information
 Formation of Hypotheses
 Definition of Terms
 Determination of Survey Resources
 Specification of Survey Content

Selection of Survey Method

 Selection of Survey Time Frame
 Selection of Survey Technique
 Consideration of Survey Errors

Sample Design
 Definition of Target Population
 Sampling Units
 Sampling Frame
 Sampling Method
 Sampling Error and Sampling Bias
 Sample Size and Composition
 Estimation of Parameter Variances
 Conduct of Sampling

Survey Instrument Design

 Types of Survey Instrument
 Question Content
 Trip Recording Techniques
 Physical Nature of Forms

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  Question Types
 Question Format
 Question Wording
Pilot Surveys
 Adequacy of Sampling Frame
 Variability within Survey Population
 Estimation of Non-Response Rate
 Size of the Pilot Survey
 Suitability of Survey Method
 Adequacy of Questionnaire (schedule)
 Efficiency of Interviewer Training
 Suitability of Coding, Data Entry, and Editing Procedures
 Suitability of Analysis Procedures
 Cost and Duration of Surveys
 Efficiency of Organization

Administration of the Survey

 Procedures for Survey Administration of: Self-Completion, Personal Interview,
Telephone, Intercept and In-depth Interview Surveys
 Survey Execution and Monitoring
 Quality Control
 The Use of the Computer in Transport Surveys

 Data Processing
 Selection of Coding Method
 Preparation of Code Format
 Development of Data Entry Programs
 Coder and Data Entry Training
 Coding Administration

Data Editing
 Editing of Field Sheets
 Verification of Data Entry
 Development of Editing Computer Programs
 Consistency and Range Checks

Intelligent Transportation System

ITS uses modern techniques of communication and media technology in urban areas for the taxi
system, mass rapid transit (MRT), light rail transit (LRT), electronic road pricing (ERP), road
information management system (RIMS), traffic signal optimization system, electronic
communication system, and automobile navigation systems to face many challenges in various

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means of transport. Smart transport systems contribute to the rational exploitation of existing
infrastructure without resorting to the establishment of new facilities.
The objective of ITS is:
1-improve the economic productivity of current and future systems,
2-energy conservation and environmental protection,
3-improve the level of traffic safety
4-increase the prosperity of travellers,
5-increase the operational efficiency of the transportation system,
6-reduce commuting time and cost.

Smart Water
A smart city uses a variety of techniques and systems that contribute to reducing water use. Poor
management and suboptimal use of water have large negative consequences. We need to have
smart systems to maintain our natural wealth through
1-monitoring and control of environmental water such as natural rainfall, surface water,
groundwater, wastewater and agriculture water,
2-analysis and response to the data to improve the efficiency of use, which requires cooperation
with all stakeholders,
3-ensuring the safety and health of the network and making sure ongoing maintenance is
performed

Survey for water management:

Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has
been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the
location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan.

Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and
bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.

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References:

 https://www.quora.com/unanswered/What-types-of-surveys-are-conducted-for-smart-
cities
 http://www.pwc.in/industries/smart-cities.html
 https://attivonetworks.com/smart-city-transport-needs-smart-cyber-security-strategies-iot/
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268423317_Smart_Cities_Survey
 http://smartcities.gov.in/content/innerpage/strategy.php
 http://smartcities.gov.in/content/innerpage/what-is-smart-city.php
 http://smartcities.gov.in/content/innerpage/smart-city-features.php
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying

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