(LN) FOS 1 - Aldean de Guzman

NOTES BY: ALDEAN GEM P.
DE GUZMAN
Facebook Username: 08.aldean.10
COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES STUDENT CHAPTER
Admin 37 Academic Division
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING 1
1: Measurement of Horizontal Distances
Page 1 of 10
NOTES BY: ALDEAN GEM P. DE GUZMAN

Page 2 of 10

2: Angles
Page 3 of 10

3: Area Measurements
Triangle Method DMD Method
Theorem: Heron's Formula: Definition:
Let 𝑃𝑄𝑅 be a triangle. Let 𝐴 be the area Let 𝑀 be a meridian. Then the double
of 𝑃𝑄𝑅. Then: meridian distance 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑖 of the line 𝐿𝑖
𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑝)(𝑠 − 𝑞)(𝑠 − 𝑟) connecting 𝑃𝑖 and 𝑃𝑖+1 is twice the
where perpendicular distance between 𝑀 and
1 the midpoint of 𝐿𝑖 .
𝑠 = (𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟)
2
Theorem:
Area by Coordinates Suppose that 𝑀 is incident to 𝑃1 . Let 𝑛
Theorem: be the number of stations on the
Let 𝒓𝒊 = 𝑥𝑖 𝒊 + 𝑦𝑖 𝒋 be the 𝑖th point of the traverse. Let 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑖 be the departure of
𝑛-sided closed traverse 𝑇. Let 𝐴 be the 𝐿𝑖 . Then:
area of the region 𝑅 enclosed by 𝑇. Then: 𝐷𝑀𝐷1 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝1
𝑁 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑖−1 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑖−1 + 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑖
1
𝐴 = |∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑖−1 𝑦𝑖 |. 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑛 = −𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑛
2
𝑖=1 Proof:
Proof: Let 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑦𝑖 be the coordinates of the
Noting Green's Theorem: 𝑖th station if the 𝑦-axis is incident to 𝑀.
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∬( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∮(𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦). Then:
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1
𝑅 𝑇
𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑖 = 2 [ (𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖+1 )]
where Letting 𝑀 = −𝑦/2 and 𝑁 = 𝑥/2: 2
1 1 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖+1 .
∬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∮ (− 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦) Also:
2 2
𝑅 𝑇
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 .
1
∬ 𝑑𝐴 = ∮ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 Substituting these onto the second
2
𝑅 𝑇 equation of the theorem:
1 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖+1 = 𝑥𝑖−1 + 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 + 𝑥𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖
= ∑ 𝑥𝑖 (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖−1 ) − 𝑦𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖−1 )
2 which is consistent.
𝑖
1 Proving the first and third equations is
= ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖−1 𝑦𝑖
2 straightforward. ∎
𝑖
1
= ∑ 𝑥𝑖−1 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖−1 Theorem:
2
𝑖
1
Since the 𝐿𝐻𝑆 is the signed area of 𝑅, its 𝐴 = |∑ 𝐷𝐴𝑖 |
absolute magnitude must be the area of 2
𝑖
𝑅. ∎ where 𝐷𝐴𝑖 is called the double area:
𝐷𝐴𝑖 = 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑖 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖 .
Page 4 of 10

Proof: Theorem:
Let 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑦𝑖 be the coordinates of the 1
𝑖th station if the 𝑦-axis is incident to 𝑀. 𝐴 = |∑ 𝐷𝐴𝑖 |
2
𝑖
Then:
where 𝐷𝐴𝑖 is called the double area:
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖
𝐷𝐴𝑖 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑖 .
𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖+1
Proof: Exercise.
Substituting these onto the equation:
1
𝐴 = |∑ 𝐷𝑀𝐷𝑖 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖 |
2
𝑖
1
= |∑( 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖+1 )(𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖 )|
2
𝑖
1
= |∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑥𝑖+1 𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖+1 𝑦𝑖 |
2
𝑖
1
= |∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑥𝑖+1 𝑦𝑖 |
2
𝑖
1
= |∑ 𝑥𝑖−1 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖−1 |
2
𝑖
which is consistent with the theorem on
the coordinate method. ∎
DPD Method
Definition:
Let 𝑁 be a reference parallel or the line
perpendicular to a meridian. Then the
double parallel distance 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑖 of the line
𝐿𝑖 connecting 𝑃𝑖 and 𝑃𝑖+1 is twice the
perpendicular distance between 𝑁 and
the midpoint of 𝐿𝑖 .
Theorem:
Suppose that 𝑁 is incident to 𝑃1 . Let 𝑛 be
the number of stations on the traverse.
Let 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖 be the latitude of 𝐿𝑖 . Then:
𝐷𝑃𝐷1 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡1
𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑖−1 + 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖−1 + 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖
𝐷𝑃𝐷𝑛 = −𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑛
Proof: Exercise.
Page 5 of 10

4: Omitted Measurements and Partition of Land
Page 6 of 10

5: Principle of Planimeter
A planimeter is an instrument that measures the area of an arbitrary (closed) plane figure. A plane
planimeter has one arm, one end of which contains the tracing point and the other is constrained to
move along a horizontal axis. A polar planimeter has two arms joint by a pin, one end of which
contains the tracing point and the other rests on a fixed location. The tracing point contains a wheel,
which is allowed to roll at the direction perpendicular to the arm on which it is contained, and which
number of turns are recorded.
In both kinds of planimeter, the measurement is done by traversing the "tracing point" along the
boundary curve until returning to the initial position. From the recorded number of turns, the
"distance" measured by the wheel, call 𝑙𝑊 , can be determined by multiplying it to the circumference
of the wheel. Because of the constraint of the wheel, it may roll, skid, or do both simultaneously on
certain parts of the perimeter. Thus, 𝑙𝑊 does not necessarily equal the perimeter 𝑠 of the shape, but
obeys the relation 𝑑𝑙𝑊 = 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 where, at a point, 𝜃 is the angle between the tangent of the
perimeter and the direction normal to the arm containing the wheel. It turns out that the area 𝐴
equals 𝑙𝑊 times the length 𝑚 of an arm, as will be shown.
Plane Planimeter
Suppose that 𝑃𝑄 is the arm of a plane planimeter, where 𝑃 is constrained to move along the 𝑦-axis
(i.e., constrained to have coordinates (0, 𝑎) where 𝑎 can be any real number) and 𝑄 is the tracing
point. Let (𝑥, 𝑦) be the coordinates of 𝑄. Let 𝑚 be the length of 𝑃𝑄. Then, clearly:
𝑚2 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 .
Let 𝐶 be the curve enclosing the target region call 𝑅. Let 𝑄 traverse 𝐶 counterclockwise. Define 𝒇(𝑥, 𝑦)
as a vector having the magnitude 𝑚 and the same direction as that of the wheel, i.e., perpendicular to
𝑃𝑄. Then:
Page 7 of 10

𝒇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑎 − 𝑦)𝒊 + 𝑥𝒋.

We now use Green's theorem:
𝜕𝑓𝑦 𝜕𝑓𝑥
∬( − ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∮ 𝒇 ∙ 𝑑𝒓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝐶
where the subscripts on 𝑓 indicate its component. We first simplify the left-hand side 𝐿𝐻𝑆 of the
equation:
𝜕𝑓𝑦 𝜕𝑓𝑥 𝜕 𝜕
∬( − ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ ( (𝑥) − (𝑎 − 𝑦)) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑆 𝑆
𝜕
= ∬ (1 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)) 𝑑𝐴.
𝜕𝑦
𝑆
𝜕
= ∬ (1 + √𝑚2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑦
𝑆
= ∬(1 + 0)𝑑𝐴
𝑆
= ∬ 𝑑𝐴
𝑆
=𝐴
since 𝑚 is constant. On the other hand, we work on the right-hand side 𝑅𝐻𝑆 of the equation:
∮ 𝒇 ∙ 𝑑𝒓 = ∮‖𝒇‖‖𝑑𝒓‖ cos 𝜃
𝐶 𝐶
= ∮ 𝑚𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 .
𝐶
We note from our first discussion and the second figure that:
𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 = 𝑑𝑙𝑊 .
Hence:
∮ 𝑚𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 = ∮ 𝑚𝑑𝑙𝑊
𝐶 𝐶
= 𝑚𝑙𝑊 .
Therefore, we have:
𝐴 = 𝑚𝑙𝑊 .
This means that the area 𝐴 of the region is directly proportional to the "distance" 𝑙𝑊 recorded by the
wheel, with the length 𝑚 of arm being the constant of proportionality.
Page 8 of 10

Polar Planimeter
The mathematical explanation for the polar planimeter is similar but becomes more complicated. Let
𝑂𝑃 and 𝑃𝑄 be the arms of the planimeter with 𝑂 fixed at the origin and 𝑄 being the tracing point. Let
(𝑥, 𝑦) be the coordinates of 𝑄, and (𝑎, 𝑏) be that of 𝑃. Let 𝑚 be the length of 𝑂𝑃 and 𝑃𝑄. Then, clearly:
𝑚2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 .
Let 𝐶 be the curve enclosing the target region call 𝑅. Let 𝑄 traverse 𝐶 counterclockwise. Define 𝒇(𝑥, 𝑦)
as a vector having the magnitude 𝑚 and the same direction as that of the wheel, i.e., perpendicular to
𝑃𝑄. Then:
𝒇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑏 − 𝑦)𝒊 + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝒋.
We now use Green's theorem:
𝜕𝑓𝑦 𝜕𝑓𝑥
∬( − ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∮ 𝒇 ∙ 𝑑𝒓.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝐶
We first simplify the 𝐿𝐻𝑆:
𝜕𝑓𝑦 𝜕𝑓𝑥 𝜕 𝜕
∬( − ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ ( (𝑥 − 𝑎) − (𝑏 − 𝑦)) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝑅
𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑏
= ∬ (2 − − ) 𝑑𝐴.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
Note that:
𝑚2 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏 2
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑏𝑦 + 𝑚2 .
Thus:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦.
𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑏
From this equation we can determine 𝜕𝑥
and 𝜕𝑦
. To obtain the first we make the substitution 𝑏 =
√𝑚2 − 𝑎2 and then partial differentiate the equation with respect to 𝑥:
Page 9 of 10

𝜕𝑎 𝜕
2𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑦 √𝑚2 − 𝑎2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑎 2𝑦(−2𝑎) 𝜕𝑎
2𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑎 +
𝜕𝑥 2√𝑚2 − 𝑎2 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑎 −𝑎𝑦 𝜕𝑎
𝑥 =𝑥 +𝑎+
𝜕𝑥 𝑏 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
= 𝑎𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝑥−
𝑏
𝜕𝑎 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏
= .
𝜕𝑥 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦
Similar procedure gives:
𝜕𝑏 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏
= .
𝜕𝑦 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥
Thus, the 𝐿𝐻𝑆 of Green's theorem becomes:
𝜕𝑎 𝜕𝑏 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑎𝑏
∬ (2 − − ) 𝑑𝐴 = ∬ (2 − − ) 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥
𝑅 𝑅
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑦
= ∬ (2 − + ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦
𝑅
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦
= ∬ (2 − ) 𝑑𝐴
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦
𝑅
= ∬(2 − 1)𝑑𝐴
𝑅
= ∬ 𝑑𝐴
𝑅
= 𝐴.
Then the 𝑅𝐻𝑆 simplifies to:
∮ 𝒇 ∙ 𝑑𝒓 = ∮‖𝒇‖‖𝑑𝒓‖ cos 𝜃
𝐶 𝐶
= ∮ 𝑚𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃
𝐶
= ∮ 𝑚𝑑𝑙𝑊
𝐶
= 𝑚𝑙𝑊 .
Therefore we obtain the same equation:
𝐴 = 𝑚𝑙𝑊 .
Page 10 of 10

(LN) FOS 1 - Aldean de Guzman

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NOTES BY: ALDEAN GEM P.

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

1: Measurement of Horizontal Distances

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

4: Omitted Measurements and Partition of Land

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

𝒇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑎 − 𝑦)𝒊 + 𝑥𝒋.

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

COMPILED BY: PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

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