Magnetic Materials

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Magnetostatics: Magnetic materials
I Electric dipole p, Magnetic dipole m
I Electric, Magnetic dipoles densities.
I P polarization vector, M magnetization vector
P P
pi mi
i i
P= ; M=
Volume Volume
I Our aim: P ⇒ ρp , ηp ; M ⇒ Jm , Km

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Magnetostatics: Magnetic materials
I Potential of one electric dipole:

p · br p · bir 0 r
Vdipole at origin = Vdipole at r0 =
4π0 r 2 4π0 |r − r0 |2
I Potential of one magnetic dipole:

µ0 m × br µ0 m × bir0 r
Adipole at origin = Adipole at r0 =
4πr 2 4π|r − r0 |2

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Magnetostatics: Magnetic materials - cont.
I For densities p → Pdv , m → Mdv and we integrate:
˚
P(r0 ) · bir 0 r dx 0 dy 0 dz 0
V =
4π0 |r − r0 |2
˚
µ0 M(r0 ) × bir 0 r dx 0 dy 0 dz 0
A=
4π|r − r0 |2

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Dielectric and magnetic materials - some identities
I Use gradient in spherical:
 
1 rb
∇ =− 2
r r
I Shift center to r0
 
1 bir 0 r
∇ =−
|r − r0 | |r − r0 |2
I Define ∇0 ≡ b x∂x 0 + by ∂y 0 + b
z∂z 0 , so
   
0 1 1 bir 0 r
∇ = −∇ =
|r − r0 | |r − r0 | |r − r0 |2
I Identity (for dielectric)
∇ · (AB) = B∇ · A + A · ∇B
I Identity (for magnetic)
−A×∇B
z }| {
∇ × (AB) = B∇ × A + ∇B × A
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Dielectric and magnetic materials - cont.
I Rearrange
˚ ˚
dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 P bir 0 r dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 P 0
 
1
V = · = ·∇
4π0 |r − r0 |2 4π0 |r − r0 |
˚ ˚
dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 M dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 M
bir 0 r  
0 1
A= × = ×∇
4π/µ0 |r − r0 |2 4π/µ0 |r − r0 |
I Integrate by parts (use identity from previous page)
ρp
˚ ˚ z }| {
dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 0 dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 −∇0 · P
 
P
V (r) = ∇ · +
4π0 |r − r0 | 4π0 |r − r0 |
| {z } | {z }
Use divergence theoreme Superposition integral for ρp
Jm
˚ ˚ z }| {
dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 0 dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 ∇0 × M
 
−M
A(r) = ∇ × +
4π/µ0 |r − r0 | 4π/µ0 |r − r0 |
| {z } | {z }
Use (extended) Stokes’ theoreme Superposition integral for Jm
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Dielectric and magnetic materials - cont.
I ρp ≡ −∇ · P, ηp ≡ −b
n · (P1 − P2 ).
I Jm ≡ ∇ × M, Km ≡ n
b × (M1 − M2 ).
I For n b·P
b outward, P1 = 0, P2 = P, so ηp = n
I For n
b outward, M1 = 0, M2 = M, so Km = −b n×M
¨ ˚
da ηp dx dy dz 0 ρp (r0 )
0 0
V (r) = +
4π0 |r − r0 | 4π0 |r − r0 |
boundary
surface
¨ ˚
da Km dx 0 dy 0 dz 0 Jm (r0 )
A(r) = +
4π/µ0 |r − r0 | 4π/µ0 |r − r0 |
boundary
surface

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add ηp ,ρp as sources to Gauss law
add Jm ,Km as sources to Ampere law
I Add polarization/magnetization sources:
1
∇·(0 E) = ρ+ρp = ρ−∇·P ∇×B = J+Jm = J+∇×M
µ0

I Move to LHS
D H
z }| { z }| {
∇ · (0 E + P) = ρ ∇ × (B/µ0 − M) = J
I Introducing the definitions:

D ≡ 0 E + P H ≡ B/µ0 − M
I Similar for boundary conditons:

b · [D1 − D2 ] = η
n b × [H1 − H2 ] = K
n
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Magnetostatics: Magnetic materials: connection between
M and H
I Although the magnetic force is via B [Force/CE], the field H,
associated with the free current, is the main element in the
definition or magnetic energy.

I The definition of H is rearanged:

H = B/µ0 − M ⇒ B = µ0 (H + M)

I 2 main cases:

I M does not depend on H: M = M0

I M linear with H: M = χM H:
B = µ0 (H + χM H) = µ0 (1 + χM ) H
| {z }
µr
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Magnetostatics: Amper law (with magnetization)
I Modified Amper law implies B/µ0 → H
Integral Ampere law
˛ ¨
H · dl = J · da

Differential Ampere law

∇×H=J

Boundary condition Ampere law

b × (H1 − H2 ) = K
n

Non formal boundary condition

H1k − H2k = K

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Electrostatics/Magnetostatics: Total accumulated energy

I Electric energy (V is the potential holding the configuration)

˚ Energy/charge charge ˚  
1 z}|{ z}|{ 1
UE = V ρ dv ⇒ dv E·D
2 2

I Magnetic energy (J is the current holding the configuration)

˚ Energy/CE CE ˚  
1 z}|{ z}|{ 1
UM = A · J dv ⇒ dv H·B
2 2

I same factor 1/2 showing linear connection

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Electrostatics/Magnetostatics: energy change

I Electric energy (V is the potential holding the configuration)

˚ Energy/charge charge
z}|{ z }| { ˚ ∆uE
z }| {
∆UE = V ∆ρ dv ⇒ dv E · ∆D

I Magnetic energy (J is the current holding the configuration)

˚ Energy/CE
z}|{
CE
z}|{ ˚ ∆uM
z }| {
∆UM = ∆A · J dv ⇒ dv H · ∆B

I no factor 1/2 for changes

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Electrostatics/Magnetostatics: energy and power density
I Electric
∆uE ∆D
∆uE = E · ∆D ⇒ pE = =E·
∆t ∆t

I Magnetic
∆uM ∆B
∆uM = H · ∆B ⇒ pM = =H·
∆t ∆t

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Electrostatics/Magnetostatics: uniform density case
I Uniform electric field (plate capacitor area A, separation d).
Q
V = Ed ; D = η = ; ∆UE = V ∆Q = ∆uE (Ad)
A
I Uniform magnetic field (solenoid area A, length d, N turns)
Hd = NI ; Φ = BA ; ∆UM = (N∆Φ)I = ∆uM (Ad)
I Divide each by ∆t (use Faraday law - next topic!):
∆UE ∆Q ∆UM N∆Φ
PE = =V = VI ; PM = =I = IV
∆t ∆t ∆t ∆t

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Power densities
I Electric and magnetic power density

dD dB
pE = E · = E · Jd ; pM = H ·
dt dt
I Those power densitities increase electric/magnetic energy
densities. They don’t consume.

I Electric current power density

pJ = E · J

I This may accelerate the flow of electric charges.

I In conducting materials J = σE, no acceleration, but power

loss
pJ = E · J = σE 2

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Electric current power (constant) density

I For constant electric field (parallel plates resistor area A,

separation d)

I
V = Ed ; J= ; Pj = VI = pJ (Ad)
A

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Poynting’s theorem
I Total power flowing into a region equals integral on individual
power densities
˚
Total power flowing into a region = dv [pJ + pE + pM ] =
˚  
dD dB
dv E · J + E · +H·
dt dt

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