δ

Stress

!
"
"

# !
$
"

$ !
$
$ "

1
 ε= = %&'()* $ +) &%

Δ= 2 #$

Δ= 4 #$
0.2

Δ= 6 #$
0.2

0.2
!

-
, -,

,
. 2. . .
normal stress - - -
/ 2/ / /
1 1 21 1
normal strain
2 2 22 2

2
 • Hooke’s Law: .
- / .
- 3  45
3 3 /3

• Definition of strain:
1
, 45 1  2
2

• Equation for the deformation,

.2
1
/3

. +

3
 . +

4
 .

. *

If a specimen made of a ductile material were loaded in compression instead of

tension, the stress-strain curve obtained would be essentially the same. For a
given steel, the yield strength and the MOE are almost the same in both tension
and compression.
' /'
Such materials are said to be isotropic.

10

5
 . 0 *

11

12

6
 + 1
<5=7 8957::,  -
.
/ >?@ >

3$6#$775#$6 8957::,  -
.
/

Since the cross-sectional area of the specimen keeps decreasing

as the load increases, the use of the initial cross-sectional area
(A0) does not provide the actual stress in the specimen.

13

. 2+ 2

14

7
 3 4 5 ! *

• Below the yield stress

- 3⋅ 3 4 ’ !
3 Modulus of Elasticity
29000 ksi LsteelM

• Strength is affected by alloying, heat

treating, and manufacturing process but
Modulus of Elasticity is not.

15

6 7' 8 $ ( *

In the case of ductile materials, the

onset of yield is not characterized by a
horizontal portion of the stress-strain
curve.
Fy
For such materials, the yield strength,
Fy is usually defined by the 0.2% offset
method. The yield strength at 0.2%
offset, is obtained by drawing through
the point of the horizontal axis of
abscissa ε = 0.002 a line parallel to the
initial straight-line portion of the stress-
strain diagram.

16

8
 . ) #

*( "

) )
"

'

For most brittle materials, one finds that the ultimate strength in compression is
much larger than the ultimate strength in tension.

17

", 0

• If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.

• The highest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
, behave plastically.
Stress-strain characteristics of ductile material
loaded beyond yield, unloaded and then reloaded.

18

9
 • Hooke’s Law: .
- / .
- 3  45
3 3 /3

• Definition of strain:
1
45 1  2
2

• Equation for the deformation,

.2
1
/3

19

, ’ )
Axial Loading Only:

. -N
-N N
3
/
-O -P 0 O 0  U$V   P 0
X Y
+ %(9

Z Y W The elongation in the longitudinal direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the lateral directions.

O P Q0
Poisson’s ratio is defined as

lateral strain O P
R S S S
longitudinal strain N N

20

10