Penurunan Rumus-Rumus Reduksi

Wikaria Gazali
Universitas Bina Nusantara

Intisari

Sampai saat ini masih banyak buku tentang Kalkulus yang belum mengemukakan
 penu
 penuru
runa
nan
n rumu
rumus-rum
s-rumus
us redu
reduks
ksi,
i, oleh
oleh kare
karena
na itu
itu penu
penuli
liss ingi
ingin
n memb
membanantu
tu para
para dose
dosen
n
Matematika dan mahasiswa
mahasiswa dalam hal pembuktian rumus-rumus
rumus- rumus integral reduksi tersebut.
tersebut.

Pendahuluan

Penurunan rumus-rumus reduksi pada buku-buku Kalkulus jarang dibahas, maka

 penu
 penuli
liss ingi
ingin
n menu
menuru
runk
nkan
an rumu
rumus-rumu
s-rumuss reduks
reduksii terseb
tersebut
ut agar
agar para
para dosen
dosen Matema
Matematik
tikaa dan
mahasiswa dapat memanfaatkannya.

Penurunan Rumus :

1. Buktikan:

1 n −1
∫  sin n x ⋅ dx
sin = −
n
sin n −1 x ⋅ cos x +
n ∫ sin n −2
x ⋅ dx
 Bukti:

∫ sin
sin
n
x ⋅ dx = ∫ sin
sin
n −1
x ⋅ sin x ⋅ dx

= ∫ sin
sin
n −1
x ⋅ d(− cos x )

= (sin n−1 x ) (− cos x ) − ∫ − cos x ⋅ d[sin n −1 x ]

= − sin n−1 x ⋅ cos x + ∫ cos x ⋅ (n − 1) (sin x) ⋅ d(sin x)
n −1−1

= − sin n−1 x ⋅ cos x + (n − 1) ∫ cos x ⋅ sin

sin n −2
x ⋅ cos x ⋅ dx

= − sin n−1 x ⋅ cos x + (n − 1) ∫ sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ dx

n −2 2

= − sin n−1 x ⋅ cos x + (n − 1) ∫ sin x ⋅ (1 − sin

n −2
sin x ) ⋅ dx 2

∫ sin
sin n
x ⋅ dx = − sin n−1 x ⋅ cos x + (n − 1) ∫ sin x ⋅ dx − (n − 1) ∫ sin
n −2
sin n
x ⋅ dx

∫ sin
sin
n
x ⋅ dx + (n − 1) ∫ sin n x ⋅ dx = − sin
sin
n −1
x ⋅ cos x + (n − 1) ∫ sin
sin
n− 2
x ⋅ dx

∫ 
(1 + n − 1) sin n x ⋅ dx = − sin
sin
n −1
x ⋅ cos x + (n − 1) sin
sin
n− 2
x ⋅ dx ∫ 
n ∫ sin
sin n
x ⋅ dx = − sin n −1 x ⋅ cos x + (n − 1) ∫ sin
sin n −2
x ⋅ dx  1  
  
 n  

Terbukti bahwa:

1 n −1
∫  sin n x ⋅ dx = −
n
sin n −1 x ⋅ cos x +
n ∫ sin n− 2
x ⋅ dx

2. Buktikan:

1 n −1
∫ 
cos n x ⋅ dx =
n
cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x +
n ∫ cos n −2
x ⋅ dx
 Bukti:

∫ cos n
x ⋅ dx = ∫ cos n −1
x ⋅ cos x ⋅ dx

= ∫ cos n −1
x ⋅ d(sin
sin x )

= (cos n −1 x ) (sin
sin x ) − ∫ sin x ⋅ d[cos x] n −1

= cos
n −1
x ⋅ sin x − ∫ sin x ⋅ (n − 1) (cos x) ⋅ d(cos x) n −1−1

= cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x − (n − 1) ∫ sin

sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ (− sin n −2
sin x ) ⋅ dx

= cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos x ⋅ sin n− 2

sin x ⋅ dx 2

= cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos x ⋅ (1 − cos x ) ⋅ dx

n− 2 2

∫ cos n
x ⋅ dx = cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos x ⋅ dx − (n − 1) ∫ cos
n− 2 n
x ⋅ dx

∫ cos n
x ⋅ dx + (n − 1) ∫ cos n x ⋅ dx = cos
n −1
x ⋅ sin
sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos n− 2 x ⋅ dx
∫ 
(1 + n − 1) cos n x ⋅ dx = cosn −1 x ⋅ sin n− 2
sin x + (n − 1) cos x ⋅ dx ∫ 
n ∫ cos n
x ⋅ dx = cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x + (n − 1) ∫ cos n −2
x ⋅ dx  1  
  
 n  

Terbukti bahwa

1 n −1
∫ cos n
x ⋅ dx =
n
cos n −1 x ⋅ sin x +
n ∫ cos n −2
x ⋅ dx
 3. Buktikan:

1 n−2
∫ 
cosecn x ⋅ dx = −
n −1
cosecn − 2 x ⋅ cotg x +
n − 1 ∫ 
cosec n −2
x ⋅ dx

Petunjuk:
1 + cotg x =
2 2
cosec x
cotg 2 x = cosec 2 x −1

Bukti:

∫ cosec n
x ⋅ dx = ∫ cosec n −2
x ⋅ cosec x ⋅ dx
2

= ∫ cosec n −2
x ⋅ d (− cotg x )

= (cosec n −2 x ) (− cotg x ) − ∫ (− cotg x ) ⋅ d [cosec n− 2 x ]

= − cos ec n −2 x ⋅ cotg x + ∫ cotg x ⋅ (n − 2 ) (cosec x) ⋅ d(cosec x)
n − 2 −1

= − cos ec n −2 x ⋅ cotg x + (n − 2 ) ∫ cotg x ⋅ cosec x ⋅ (− cosec x ⋅ cotg x) ⋅ dx

n −3

= − cos ec n −2 x ⋅ cotg x − (n − 2 ) ∫ cosec x ⋅ cotg x ⋅ dx

n− 2 2

= − cos ec n −2 x ⋅ cotg x − (n − 2 ) ∫ cosec x ⋅ (cosec x − 1) ⋅ dx

n− 2 2

∫ cosec n
x ⋅ dx = − cos ec n −2 x ⋅ cotg x − (n − 2 ) ∫ cosec x ⋅ dx + (n − 2) ∫ cosec x ⋅ dx
n n −2

∫ cosec n
x ⋅ dx + (n − 2 ) ∫ cosec n x ⋅ dx = − cos ec n− 2 x ⋅ cotg x + (n − 2 ) ∫ cosec n− 2 x ⋅ dx
∫ 
(1 + n − 2 ) cosec n x ⋅ dx = − cos ec n− 2 x ⋅ cotg x + (n − 2 ) cosec n− 2 x ⋅ dx ∫ 
(n − 1) ∫ cosec n
x ⋅ dx = − cos ec n− 2 x ⋅ cotg x + (n − 2 ) ∫ cosec n−2
x ⋅ dx   1  
  
 n − 1  

Terbukti bahwa

1 n−2
∫ 
cosecn x ⋅ dx = −
n −1
cosecn − 2 x ⋅ cotg x +
n − 1 ∫ 
cosec n −2
x ⋅ dx
4. Buktikan:

1 n−2
∫ sec n
x ⋅ dx =
n −1
s ec n −2 x ⋅ tg x +
n − 1 ∫ 
sec n −2
x ⋅ dx

Petunjuk:
1 + tg 2 x = sec 2 x
tg 2 x = sec 2 x −1

Bukti:

∫ sec n
x ⋅ dx = ∫ sec n −2
x ⋅ sec x ⋅ dx
2

= ∫ sec n −2
x ⋅ d( tg x )

= (sec n− 2 x ) (tg x ) − ∫ (tg x ) ⋅ d [sec n− 2 x ]

= sec
n− 2
x ⋅ tg x − ∫ tg x ⋅ (n − 2) ⋅ (sec x ) ⋅ d[sec x ] n − 2 −1

= sec n − 2 x ⋅ tg x − (n − 2) ∫ tg x ⋅ sec x ⋅ sec x ⋅ tg x ⋅ dx

n− 3

= sec n − 2 x ⋅ tg x − (n − 2) ∫ sec x ⋅ tg x ⋅ dx
n− 2 2

= sec n − 2 x ⋅ tg x − (n − 2) ∫ sec x ⋅ (sec x − 1) ⋅ dx

n− 2 2

∫ sec n
x ⋅ dx = sec n − 2 x ⋅ tg x − (n − 2) ∫ sec x ⋅ dx + (n − 2 ) ∫ sec x ⋅ dx
n n −2

∫ sec n
x ⋅ dx + (n − 2 ) ∫ secn x ⋅ dx = sec
n −2
x ⋅ tg x + (n − 2 ) ∫ secn − 2 x ⋅ dx
∫ 
(1 + n − 2 ) secn x ⋅ dx = secn −2 x ⋅ tg x + (n − 2 ) secn − 2 x ⋅ dx ∫ 
(n − 1) ∫ sec n
x ⋅ dx = sec n− 2 x ⋅ tg x + (n − 2) ∫ sec n− 2
x ⋅ dx   1  
  
 n − 1  

Terbukti bahwa

1 n−2
∫ sec n x ⋅ dx =
n −1
s ec n −2 x ⋅ tg x +
n − 1 ∫ 
sec n −2
x ⋅ dx
5. Buktikan:

1
∫ 
cotg n x ⋅ dx = −
n −1
cotg n −1 x − ∫ cotg n −2
x ⋅ dx

Petunjuk:
1 + cotg x =
2 2
cosec x
cotg 2 x = cosec 2 x −1

Bukti:

∫ cotg n
x ⋅ dx = ∫ cotg n− 2
x ⋅ cotg x ⋅ dx
2

= ∫ cotg n− 2
x ⋅ (cosec2 x − 1) ⋅ dx
= ∫ cotg n− 2
x ⋅ cosec 2 x ⋅ dx − ∫ cotg n− 2
x ⋅ dx

= ∫ cotg n− 2
∫ cotg
x ⋅ d (− cotg x ) − n− 2
x ⋅ dx

= − ∫ cotg x ⋅ d (cotg x ) − ∫ cotg

n− 2 n− 2
x ⋅ dx
1
∫ cotg n
x ⋅ dx = −
(n − 2 ) + 1
cotg x − ∫ cotg
( n − 2 ) +1 n− 2
x ⋅ dx

Terbukti bahwa

1
∫ 
cotg n x ⋅ dx = −
n −1
cotg n −1 x − ∫ cotg n −2
x ⋅ dx
6. Buktikan:

1
∫ tg n x ⋅ dx =
n −1
tg n −1 x − ∫ tg n− 2
x ⋅ dx

Petunjuk:
1 + tg x =
2 2
sec x
tg 2 x = sec 2 x −1

Bukti:

∫ tg n
x ⋅ dx = ∫ tg n− 2
x ⋅ tg 2 x ⋅ dx

= ∫ tg n− 2
x ⋅ (sec 2 x − 1) ⋅ dx
= ∫ tg n− 2
x ⋅ sec 2 x ⋅ dx − ∫ tg n− 2
x ⋅ dx

= ∫ tg n− 2
x ⋅ d (tg x ) − ∫ tg x ⋅ dx
n−2

1
∫ tg n x ⋅ dx =
(n − 2) + 1
tg ( n − 2)+1 x − ∫ tg x ⋅ dx n− 2

Terbukti
Terbukti bahwa
bah wa

1
∫ tg n
x ⋅ dx =
n −1
tg n −1 x − ∫ tg n− 2
x ⋅ dx
Kesimpulan :

Kesimpulan :

Telah diturunkan rumus-rumus Reduksi di bawah ini.

1 n −1
∫ sin n
x ⋅ dx = −
n
sin n −1 x ⋅ cos x +
n ∫ sin
sin n− 2
x ⋅ dx

1 n −1
∫ cos n x ⋅ dx =
n
cos n−1 x ⋅ sin
sin x +
n ∫ cos n −2
x ⋅ dx

1 n−2
∫ cosec n
x ⋅ dx = −
n −1
cosecn − 2 x ⋅ cotg x +
n − 1 ∫ 
cosec n −2
x ⋅ dx

1 n−2
∫ sec n x ⋅ dx =
n −1
s ec n −2 x ⋅ tg x +
n − 1 ∫ 
sec n −2
x ⋅ dx

1
∫ cotg n
x ⋅ dx = −
n−1
cotg n−1 x − ∫ cotg n −2
x ⋅ dx

1
∫ tg n x ⋅ dx =
n −1
tg n−1 x − ∫ tg n− 2
x ⋅ dx

Daftar Pustaka

Susanto,Gunawan. Soal dan Penyelesaian Analisa I   , edisi 8. Delta Teknik Group

Jakarta,1981.

Soemartojo,N. Kalkulus I . Karunika Jakarta, 1986.

Varberg, Purcell . Calculus , seventh edition. Prentise-Hall,I

Prentise-Hall,Inc,
nc, 1997.
199 7.