1. In your own words, explain the fundamental techniques used in surveying.

“Surveying is the science and art of making all essential measurements to

determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above,
on, or beneath the surface of the earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to
establish the position of points or details”. It provides the basic framework for the
design, conception, measurements, plan and the execution of the construction
projects or works. Furthermore, surveying is the most visible and important
before and after all civil engineering or surveying projects, such as the design of
buildings, bridges, railroads, irrigation, water supply systems, and so on.
Surveying's primary goals are to prepare plans and maps that will serve as the
foundation for civil engineering works and activities, as well as to measure the
relative position of various points above, on, or beneath the Earth's surface.

To broad the topic about surveying, I watched the video on Youtube about the
topic of surveying. These are the fundamental techniques used for surveying that
I learned, and I think it will improve the quality of surveying projects if we know
this important topic. The first fundamental is the Triangulation, it is a process or
method of measuring of a series of triangles to determine the distances and
relative points spread over an area. Numerous triangles are inter-connected and
overlapped in this technique. The second is the Operation Transverse Leveling,
from the word transverse means that the technique is to measure the crosswise
direction or at right angles to the axis. In other words, multiple lines of pre-
measured lengths are inter-connected to measure angles and distances. Next is
trilateration. It is the same technique used in triangulation but with an additional
use of EDM. Hence, leveling is a technique that is measured by the heights of
terrain with the help of graduated tools. Lastly is the Radiation, the radiating lines
are drawn from a focal point to defined boundaries and converted to a small-scale
surveying sheet in this technique.

 
2. Aside from Civil Engineering, on what field can we use surveying? Explain your
answer.

Surveying is more than just surveying the land. Its main function is to establish
legal boundaries and rights of way. Secondly, it is used to establish precise
measurements based on a fixed point. There is a lot that goes into surveying,
much more than just walking around. The job of surveying is to find exact
measurements to find a property's boundary. A surveyor provides data and
compiles legal documents called surveys, for constructing, making maps, and
realizing states. Aside from civil engineering, there are other fields that can
benefit from surveying. Those are like military jobs, archaeologists, marines, map
surveyors (Google Maps), and astronomical jobs. For military purposes, they
used surveying in creating or preparing maps to show their strategic points
important for the defense of a country. Hence, for archaeologists, they used
surveying to prepare an archaeological map showing the places where ancient
relics may have been lying as well as explore fossils. For marines, surveying
helps them with planning navigation routes and harbors and finding mineral
wealth under the sea. Furthermore, when we use Google Maps, we can see
different places' sizes and widths. We’ll also see a set of lines in every place, and
those are called boundaries. Map surveyors and the surveying profession are
responsible for this. Sometimes they are riding in a white car with a measuring
tool or GPS equipment, and it is placed on top of a car while they are travelling to
different places or towns. And lastly, astronomical jobs also use surveying, and it
helps in the study of the movements of planets and in calculating local and
standard times.