5 6275959036441526824

BIOCHEMISTRY FMGE
Handwritten Note
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Subject: Biochemistry
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Km & 1
Affinity
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
se .
Cell
P
guarded
y÷÷¥e¥Dm
Absorption
µ9wFao°a→Ia¥Oo .
GLYCOGENES
→ ;g
>
→ a
-
Fed
If
Glucose Glucose +
Glycogen MALTOSE glucose
A Sucrose
d SUCROSE
← ← -
glucose +
fructose
GLYCOGENOLYSIS LACTOSE
glucose
+
galactose
The
glucose fructose galactose
*
end :
product of digestion
.
, ,
Glucose Transporters
Name Location Features
}
GLUT .
I -
Brain RBC -
Basal uptake of
, ,
GLUT 3
placenta glucose
-
the
( ability to attract
glucose
even during
hypoglycemia)
low
-
Km
GLUT 2 lives Allows both

B cell
of entry
and
- -
-
-
release
pancreas ,
kidney of glucose .
Km high
GLUT 4 Skeletal Insulin
muscle
adipocytes dependent
-
,
,
heart transport .

No GLUT 4 4 dlt
.
of .
insulin
K¥4
.
as
skeletal
food
m .
@
=
> Pancreas ( )
g)
.
Adipocyces
GLUT 5
Spermatozoa Transports fructose
-
-
-
Testes
-
Intestine
GLUT 7
Endoplasmic
-
Reticulum
- Na
dependent glucose transporter ( SGLT
)
SGLT -
1 : intestines
SGLT
kidney
-
2 :

OVERVIEW
author
f AEROBIC
¥57
Oz * Glee
Glee GLYCOLYSIS 1
IO y ANAEROBIC
zpyrwvale
±
GLYCOLYSIS
t
cytosol '
t ,
( 3C ) lactate
Pyruvate ( 3C )
2€
"
CPDND
'DR* OI 1 Pyrurate dehydrogenase complex
,
(
pnyocnon '× Acetyl CoA
pnptk
OAA
Citrate ( 64
17 ( 44 IO t,
Y KREB 'S CYCLE d ,
'
/ t
CoA (
Suecinyl 5C
)
- L
ketogiutarate
.
( 4C )
BASICS fe2+ ferrous

Oxidation t Fe
/
eg : .
3+
-
+ 02 Fe
ferric .
Hz
-
Oxidation
- e- Fetz - Fe3t
4 Oxidation no .
0¥83
-1
I I
Iodide Iodine
Oxidation
Substrate
# Product
Hz -

WAD
+ ~ NADU hit
Accepted by Hydrogen acceptor +
)
"
FAD - FADHZ
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ( ETC

) || ETC
#
Site : Inner membrane
of mitochondria
Atpmg
.
Consists 5
of protein complexes
Complex I
.
I
Complex
.
IT
Complex
•
IT
•
Complex
I
Complex
←
MeehanismofE=
he
:
G
CYTOSOL t
OM
µt ENTER MEMBRANOUS SPACE
{
y
xntnt
" ±m
'I•¥ky÷spt_>µ+
i¥FF÷F±⇒i÷÷
)
It
# •
•
y
"
'
-
'
-
-
-
- .
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
- . .
-
-
ADHL
→
¢
FAD
A
cetyl
I
CoA
t*
-
-
...
02 ...
" "
oxidation "
i
I 0=0 i :
phosgpywufior
ATP
synthase
|
i. !
↳
1 /
"
"
At@ -
, ,
.
.
'
In
•
[ TC ATP is
synthesized by The
of oxideteie
.
process
.
phosphorylation

2 NADH t set -> 2.5 ATP
1 FADHZ → 8.5 ATP
ATP
Synthesis of
Substrate level
Oxidative
phosphorylation phosphorylation
(0 .P ) ( SL .
P)

I//
NADH + Ht
FADHZ
Complex ) Complex
%§
dehydrogenase Succinete dehydrogenase
# ¥
To ff
Faist
nap
Ubiquinone -
Malone
Barbiturates
CoQ/
-
-
Rotenone
!
Complex II / Cytochrome Reductase
I/NADH
↳
C
Cytochrome
I1.cytlromeoxidese@y5goion0ligomycin-0GmplexI1Fo.F
; ,
#
Gen
Complex
,
patiae .
€fYyIt"ase
Phosphorylation
> ATP

Basics : -
of @ grp
molecule to
Kinase from
:
Transfer one
•
another
Glucose ( 6 t
1,206
}z
-
Carriers
•
Mobile ETC
of Fructose -
Conroe
0 COQ / Ubiquinone isomerization

.
I & #
→ Blw Complex I , y
Same
formula but
C
2 Cytochrome different structure
Complex IT & #
→
B/w • Mutase : .
Moving @
grp from 1C to
another .
On Same
Inhibitors of
ETC
molecule
last
Refer page
-
GLYCOLYSIS / Embden Meyerhoff pettway ( EMP

)
Def : .
Glucose → →
→
Pyruvalt
Site :
Cytosol
Reactions
Glucose
I
ATP
Hexokinese / gbewkinese
ADP < \ ,
glucose
6
phosphate
\
Isomerase
*
fructose
6
phosphate
,p⇒|
AT
(
Pa 1)
kinase PFK
Phosphofructo 1
-
fructose 1,6 bis

phosphate
Aldolase
DHAP G- 3P
( dihydroxy acetone ( Glyceraldehyde 3 -
phosphate) phosphate )
: 3P
z
*
y
*
dehydrogenase .
NADH + H+< ×
1>3 bisphosphoglycerale
ADP
SUBSTRATE Level
3
phosphoglycerate
| Mutase
y
PH0sPhoRilLATiow@cJPhosphoglycerokinee.x
2
phospkoglycerate
#
HZO Enokse .
Phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP )
lfsniieliiiiiieetisoo @tD⇒f
SLP
Kinese
,
Pyruvate .
Pyruvcte
Energetic
Enzyme Mechanism ATP
1 GZPDH OP
NADH + Ht = X2 .5ATP SATP
SLP ZATP
2
Phosphogycero
-
kinese .
kinese SLP ZATP

Pyruvate
3
ATP
Hexokinese / Gk - 1
5 PFK -
1 - 1 ATP
7¥ Net
gain

Net aerobic
'
ATP 7. ATP
gain of in
glywlysis
=
. .
IRREVESIBLE REACTION
-7
R
Total @ -
3 IR .
1 Hexokinese / Gkeeokinese
2
-
PFK
Kinese
3
Pyruvate
.
Regulation of glyweylis
Rate
limiting enzyme ( RLE ) = PFK -
I
PFK -
1
¥07 -¥
Energy rich .
,
+0
Energy poor
AMP
a
ATP
• Citrate fructose 2,6 bis

phosphate
Inhibitors
of glycolysis
Fluoride = > Enolase .
NAF
eg : -

Hexokinese Gbecokinese
Location all
remaining tissue liver
: -
Substrate Glucose Glucose

fructose
: -
, ,
galactose
low
km High
:
-
Inhibited Glucose 6
Fructose 6
by :
phosphate phosphate
- -
-
Insulin induces this

enzyme
-
Aerobic Anaerobic
glycolysis glycolysis .
Oz and mitochondria Oz @ or
@ ×O
RBC
glycolysis
*
anaerobic
: -
lack mitochondria
of
ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose
→ |
Atb
x
Glucose 6 -
P hospheee
f ,
Fructose G-
phosphate
Atp
-
11
|
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphele
1
D HAD G- 3P

§
a 3P
#€
t
M
pyravaltv
BPG 1,3 BPG
NAD+ 1,3
natural
*
|
:
3
pkosphoglycerale
ftp.phosyee.ae
mtwltpigigcerate
)t.GG?jY+n+3pkosphoglycerale
'
t , v
Phosphoenoc pyravalt
Phosphoenoyc NADU tht
NAD t
✓
ATP ATP
lactate
Pynevale Pynevale -
ADU |
¥
tht
NA Dt
lactate
ZATP
The in
'
ATP
net
gain of
anaerobic
glycoeysis
-
.
a
.
Clinical correlation :
Deficiency of Pyowvatekinese :
Haemolytic Anaemia
ginger - - -
.
in -
-
-
Nat Nat
HEO ,
HRO
RBC
Nct
'
swelling .

Conversion Pyravote
of to
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate (
# -(
Oxidative 3C )
Coenzymes
decerboxybtion NAD
't •
lipoic acid
PDH •
Tpp ( thiamine
nmn+n+ complex '
C 02 X
;
.gg?ggg;mospnae
Acetyl CoA ( 2C
)
KREB 'S CYCLE

/ Citric acid
Cycle / Tri
erarboxylic acid
cycle
( TCA )
Site : Mitochondrial matrix
( 4C ) Acetyl CoA ( 2C
)
77
)|
sniff
,F¥
µ
#
Citrate
synthase
Tuna
,>u¥>
OAA
MD " Citrate ( 6C
)
,*ADm
*
Malott Hzo Aconites
\ ,
Cis
Fumerate aconitahe
Succinete
fumaraye
%uecinye
" °
Oxalosuccinele
Aconitase
tkeoguarta.ee#
t
ysup
'
*
A guccinete Jsocitrahe
ADP
ehiokinlse
-
*
CoA ( 4C )
#Nt
naff
! Isocitratedehydro
-
NADH y genesee
\ @NrD+
µ
(O2←
LKG
v IDH
*
dehydrogenase C
y
V
( 5C ) 02
oxidative deearboxylation .
From isocitrate alternet step oxidation ( removal

* ,
every
of Hz )
.: The net
gain of
ATP in Kreb Cycle ⇐
POATP
from Acetyl CoA
RLE → IDH
Kreb 's
Cycle .
Oxidative
a KGDH Complex -
decerboxylation
↳
Coenzyme
Lipoic •
acid
-
TPP - Vit B
, / Thiamine
GA
Pantothenieacid
Vit Bs /
•
2-
acid
• NADT 2-
VitB3/ /
Niacin Nicotinic
.
FAD c- Vit Bz / Riboflavin .
GLUCONEO GENESIS
Defn Formation
:
of glucose from non
carbohydrate
sources .
Eg : -
Amino acid .
( except leueine
lysine )
,
lactic acid
acid
Pyruviic
'
Glycerol
.
Site Liver
: 90%
Cytosol
-
-
+
Kidney
-
Mitochondria
-
( oy .

µ
*
Exercising ,
Skeletal
CORI 'S CYCLE muscle .
Glee
7
µi÷÷⇐tf÷÷¥n¥
t.%Fe.ae#Yruw )
lactate Amine
,
GLUCOSE ALANINI CYCLE
Gluconeogenesisglu
&*
:
6
glucose
-
Is
phosphatase
G
FGP
(
6
fructose
'
,
bis
phosphatase F , ,GP .
DHAP GZP
:3 BPG

: PG
l
v
MDH
6¥these
PG
In #-**=
OAP 2
Malott -
✓ I
^
PEP
¥1
Andale OAA Pyruvate (
3C )
carboxylesoy
@c)
Biotin
RLE :
fructose 1,6 bispkosphelase

will in skeletal
Gkeconeogenesis
* not Occur muscle since
is
phosphatase
6 absent
glucose
-
.
.
GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
Structure
Storage form of glucose

.
Polymer of glucose
hes branched tree like structure
Glycogen a
.
.
:c
t.GG
G
6949in
.
.
a
G
a. G -
-
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G
of
< 1,4
glycoside
bond .
bonds 9 bond
teethe
glycoside
1
of glycogen
a
* are ,
except
@ 1,6 bond
branching point glycoside
→ & .
is stored in liver
Glycogen
andsfmnuscle.lv
•
more
amount
of storage .

a
GLYCOGENESIS
G,
Def : Glee → →
glycogen . I
I
Site :
live / Cytosol
-
d
q
:
T -
G
GLYCOGEN
,G
/
4
Branching
G
enzyme
:
linear Chien .
µDP
G
Protein : -
gywgenin ftp.osi.net
? glycogen synthase
UDP -
Glee
in activation
Glee
RLE
Glycogen synthase
-
breaks down C
Branching after 11
: lined chein
enzyme
bond
1,4
glycoside and
forms
a
at
9 a 6 bond
glycoside
'c .

Glycogen pkosphorylese
Acts on on ends
branching
-
before
-
Stops
4
glucose
GENO Lysjs
groint
GLYCO
xb
Gt
+#
§
f
Def : -
Glycogen
→ →
glucose .
_←a€
,
Site Lives / cytosol

G
i
: .
G- .
G-
.
G G G -
G G G G G G
G
- - - -
-
G
- -
¥
→
,
. °
, '
c
.
Glycogen
glucose
.
1 -
Glycogen phospkorybse .
phosphate
G G G G
) <
G
-
G
-
G G
-
-
- -
-
limit dextrin .
\ ,
de
branching enzyme
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G -
G .
linear chain
phosphorybse
|
x
Glycogen
Glucose
- I -
P .
Maltese
| .
Glueose -
g
-
P .
f ,
Glucose -
6- phosphatase .
Glucose .
RLE
glycogen phospkory lese
-

. -
A B C D de
branching
-
t
Anderson
/
\
's/±T
'
Con
Branching
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE
GSD
Enzyme
1 disease Glucose G
Type glycogen storage
• -
. -
Von -
Gierke 's disease
3 GSD
Type Desranching enzyme
•
.
Cori 's disease .
phosphatase
Type
6 GSD
Hepatic phosphoylese
•
Glycogen
.
Her 's disease .
5 GSD Muscle
glycogen frhosphosylese
•
Type
.
.
McBride 's disease
4 GSD
.
Type Branching enzyme

Anderson 's disuse
Acid
.
Type
2 GSD Maltase
/ lysosomelgwecosidese
-
Pompe 's disease .
(i .
2% )
Glycogen
Glycogen
§NudMdtase/
-
lysosome
lysosomel
ghecoside .

GI
- liver .
Organi
}
I
LIVER
( organs )
BRAIN
# ,
MUSCLE ,
Multiple
¥
-
- SKELETAL MUSCLE
I -
LIVER
FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
.IY¥¥\
fist
- Fructose
\ ,
¥a÷i
.me ;
kinase
faeecto
sucrose
"
fructose
DHAP
Gm
Gtyceraldehy
-
METABOLISM
Essential
*
Def of fructokinese
:
freeeloseuia
.
Def of aldolese B
Hereditary fructose intolerance
• :
.
GALACTOSE METABOLISM
#|
&
Milk
.
Galactose
milk
p
lauoYe Galactokinese
|
.
Kaas
gaeacftose .
1 -
phosphate
Gh Galaetose 7L
UDP -
-
undyl transferee .
G@qlaotose-hphospheleVDP-Gdauo.e
Glucose . 1 -
phosphate
I
METABOLISM
Ccessicel
A
Def .
of Gdactose - t
phosphate Uridye transferee .
:
galadosemia
⇐ DROP CATARACT
HMP Shunt Pentose

phosphate pettway .
Flexose mono
phosphate shunt
cholesterol
fatty acid synthesis lipid synth ,
+
, ,
Important
: .
Steroid hormone
synth
.
NADPH Removal radide

of free ( 4202 )
-
→ RBC -
7 Neutrophil : Kill bacteria
Ribose 5 DNA & RNA

phosphate ⇒
-
- -
Site Adrenal Cortex

:
Adipocyces
-
-
Testis
-
-
Lactating mummery gland .
Ovaries
-
Placenta RBC WBC

( heutropkib )
.
Eyes ( lens )
In CYTOSOL
Reactions :
Glee 6
phosphate
-
-
|gNADPt
Glucose phosphate
G
( GGPD
)
dehydrogenase \ ,
NADPH
6-
phosphogluconoledone .
;
:
1
~
Fructose G-
phosphate

ROLE OF NADPH IN RBC
02 ,
drugs ,
Infections
BEALGFAVA
µt
Reduced |
www.#EiIm*EDyo Oxidized 1
HZO
Glutathione
* Se -
selenium
GGPD
haemolytic
'
leads
deficiency
. .
→ to anemia .
IN
ROLE OF NADPH NEUTROPHIL
( Polymorphoneueleer cells
)
Neutrophil -→ bacteria
Pheggosomes
Engulfs
→ .
NADPIH Ht
+ t
Oz .
Oz
dependent ~ V
killing .
HZOZ
(hydrogen peroxide ) .
I
Kill bacteria .
GGPD Recurrent
*
def inf
-

CHEMISTRY OF PROTEINS
Proteins
L
Polymer amino
a
:
of acid
-
.
Polypeptide
- -
AA -
@
AAO AA -
AA -
AA - PA
q
bond
peptide
.
AMINO ACIDS
which
It is an
organic compound of amino
group
and
carboxylic group
. ( -
NHD
( .
COOH )
H
NHZ -
£ -
COOH
@ →
alkyl group
consists
R
Cool
R
I
,
NHZ -
C -
COOH =D Nnzt -
C -
H H
( ZWITTER ION )
t
both and
present
re
tve
charge
-
Amino
Classification of
acids
I ) Based structure 7
groups
on . -
amino
Aliphatic
" .
acids
glycine
→
•
alanine
• valine
. leuaine
• is delaine
serine
2
Hydroxyl containing
.
.
.
Threonine .

Sulphur containing A. A
•
.
Cysteine
←
a
mtlkionine
•
Acidic Amino acid ,
Aspartic acid
•
Glutamic acid
Hsperagine
•
.
Glutamine
•
Basic amino acids .
Lysine
•
Arginine
.
•
Histidine
•
Aromatic acids .
Tryptophan
.
Phenylalanine
.
.
Jmino acid .
•
Pro line
Tyrosine
I) Based on nutritional requirement
essential A. A
¥
Essential A- A Non .
.
- not
produced
in body .
-
produced
in
body .
•
Valine ,
Threonine emi essential .
Levine
lysine Arginine
• -
re
,
°
tfsoleucine -
Histidine
children
.
pnelhionine *
Required only in
growing ,
Arginine pregnancy ,
lactation
. Histidine
Tryptophan
.
Phenylalanine
•

# ) Based on metabolic
fate
1) Ketogenic amino acid : AA
forming
ketone
body .
ten
,
lysine .
ketogenic
A A
Gbeeogenic and
tryptophan
:
2) Tyrosine , ,
phenylalanine ,
isoleucine
acid Rest all

3) Glueogenic :
2 Test amino acid Selena

cysteine
→
.
SERINE
formed from
•
•
Codan : UGA
Stop Codon
22nd AD →
Pyrrolysine .
-
UAA
Codon :
UAG - UAG
-
UGA
PROTEIN METABOLISM
ftp..tn#tf.ee
K|
Iii÷
-
-
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
...
coo
-
; Fl
%)
deaninatiwntbtic
-
-
.
1 -
most
"
.
's
'E amnion
( Ammonia
)
k|'
Proteins
€3.)
1 UREA
'
,
|
X
digestion
"
EYE
Amino
'
. acids
t
Excreted '

/ ORNITHINE / KREBS HANSELET CYCLE
-
UREA CYCLE CYCLE
Cytosol)
Site : Liver
( Mitochondria &
MITOCHONDRIA
NHq+
\\
COZ
÷
+
# *
Ammoniauomn
bomye phosphate
synthase -
z ( cps . i
)
Carbamoyt Phosphate
CYTOSOL ( Orhithine Trans
#
Otc
Citrone
carbamoylase )
→
Ornithine
¥ YY.in#srginese
.
.gg?wPaItate Arginine =
L
Argiho .
succinese .
Arginosuccinele
succinele
synthase .
Fumarate
Source Urea
of : .
NHZ - CO -
NHZ
n
4 (
,
/ Aspartale
Ammonium
COL
ion .
* CPS
-
I CPS -
I
Urea
cycle Pyrimidine synthesis
-
-
-
Mitochondrial -
Cytosol .

AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM
and
•
Metabolism
of phenylalanine tyrosine
Overview
Phenylalanine (
)
-
post
Hydroxykse
Phenylalanine Tyrosine
-
OH
# ↳ Melanin
→ T3 , Th
→
Catecholamine
Dopamine
•
NIE
•
Epinephrine
CONVERSION OF PHENYL ALANINE TO TYROSINE
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine Eh Tyrosine
#
Dihydrobiopterin
Tetra
hydro
biopterin
( adds On
group
)
Clinical correlation
@
PKU ( Phenyeketonuria)
lese
Enzyme def :
Phenylalanine hydroxy
•
-
C/f pale skin

•
: .
Blonde hair
Mousy
Mental
odor •••
retardation
/ Musty
odor

FORMATION OF MELANIN
Tyrosine .
- Melanin
Tyrosine
Clf : -
Leuwduma
. Albinism
Vitiligo
.
.
FORMATION OF
Tz
& T
}
# In
↳ caecitonin
*§
hnro
ohnf
¥
%
¥ 0
follicular
Try
cell
)
-
>
Tz Th
) oo ( ,
( o
?
} cavity
00.0
follicular
0
the
7
K cells
parafouiader
cells
'
3 in
3mA Calcitonin .

TPO Thyroperoxidase
-
(¥-f
follicular
cells
follicular '
<
( Protein ) GLOBULIN
L It
THYRO
GFT.qi.tt
mail.IE:5?:iIhE*)IEiTniogogthgronineTetfag#aggyronine
( Thyroxin e)

NN
( Blood )
Action
Transport on
- tissue
peripheral
v
Secretion
T@
-
.
Tz more active
T4 >
Tz to than Th .
Thyroid binding
'
20 ; 1 5 deiodinese
T3
globulin -
pg ( Active )
WE eT3
( reverse Tz )
1-
( inactive )
FORMATI_OFCATECHOLA MINES
PA
'
on
→|PAH
-
→|
×
Tyrosine
-
on Tyrosine hydroxy lese
⇒ A ( D '
'
hydroxy phenylalanine )
Dopamine
]|-⇒|
.
}
&°Nmine hydroxy use
ozT@0Mdearboxylese.VMeHyl.ca
.
-
On
S . adenosine V
Norepinephrine
methionine
SAM
S adenosine Methyl transferee
SAH Y
homocysteine <
Epinephrine
Degradation of Tyrosine
Tyrosine
Cle :
t
Alkaptonuria / Black t
Urine disease
Homogeilisale
.
Enzyme Homogeilisale oxidase

oxidase
f. Homogenate
:
def .
pnaeeyeacelf
acetate
Urine on
long standing ,
the \ ,
colour to bulk or
changes Fumerye acetoaeetute

coke colour
a
.
Acehtaceeale
Fimerate 4
TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM
1 Melatonin
Serotonin 15 ( )
Hydroxy tryptamine
-
5- ht
2
acid
3 Vitt B3 / Niacin / Nicotinic .
c. /e : .
HARTNER 's DISEASE
absorption of from
. 1 AA intestine
tryptophan
. I
Clf Pellagra like

:
symptoms
-

METABOLISM OF ALIPHATIC AMINO Acids
*
heme
Glycine :
Helps in
synthesis
Ieeccinye
CoA + glycine
-
* ALA
:
:
Meme
in
purine• ring
Helps
synthesis
Cysteine
•
Help .
in
formation of glutathione
Tri Glutamate
peptide :
%. Glycine .
bile
•
Conjugation of
acids
cutline ereetinine
Helps in
formation of
.
,
. Neurotransmitter .

Cholesterol
acid
I
:ifnm¥÷⇒÷⇒f
( ) Glycoehenodeoxy
Glycoeolicacid
soluble
eholic

's
Bcp
.
( Branching amino
Valine
acids )
Levine
Isoleeecine
] ,
Branched chain Ketoacid
1
dehydrogenase
complex
-
×
Requires 5
Coenzymes .
\ acid
v
•
Lipoic
• TPP
Product
. CoA
.
NAD+
• FAD .
If this
enzyme
is
deficient Maple Syrup Urine
: disease
BCKD
Enzyme def deficiency : -
Urine like burnt

Clf : smells
sugar
-
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
1 Vit Biz 1
folic
acid .
⇒
+ T
mocysteine , -
Only
Homo
cysteine
COAT
methylmelonyl

Metabolism AN
of Sulphur Containing NOREPINEPHRINE
SAM
Regeneration of
-
SAM
.§,
S -
adenosylmethionine
µ
Methionine
}f
^
THF
Homo
cysteine methyl
4%1,3
Magazines
.
( THF ) Homo
cysteine
£ SAH <
S
adenosyl homocysteine
-
PRO Picnic ACID PATHWAY EPINEPHRINE
Vaohdhd@eheinfattyacidiJEIytpropionylcoAMethionineIsoleucine7h.r
|PE0PI0o×}LfeA/
eonine Biotin
x
CoA
Methyl melonyl
Mutase/
melonyl CoA
Methyl
| Vitamin
x
1312
CoA
Succingl

METABOLISM OF BASIC A. A
•
Histidine
↳ Histamine
Histidine
Histidine
T ¥4
coz
Histamine
Arginine
•
Urea
1
cycle
NO
2
Synthesis of
NP
NOS
Arginine -
Vtsodilator .

CHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS
Lipids : Esters
of fatty
acid and
glycerol
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol Ester +

HZO
-
-
COOH
-
OH -
¢ -
Ester
Fatty acid +
glycerol
•
-
( lipid )
Lipid Fatty Acid +

Glycerol
=
Glycerol
CHZ -
OH
CH -
OH
: Hz -
OH
G -
FA
;
C
-
FA
R
FA
0 -
÷
pid/ Triglycerides

FATTY ACID
Defn : -
Long chain
carboxylic acid .
¥0 on
IO Based on double bonds .
Saturated acid double bonds

→
fatty : no
Unsaturated
fatty double bonds
of
→
acid :
presence
. .
↳
I
YYUFA monounsaturated
→ pupa
polyunsaturated
IO Based on nutritional
requirement
Essential
fatty
→ acid .
most essential →
.
linoleic acid 18 :2
( 9,12 ) w6
linolenic
a acid 18 :3 ( 9 12
, ,
15 ) W 3
•
arachidonic acid 20
.
Lin OLEIC ACID
18
'
.
2 ( 9 ,
12
)
T T -↳
Position double
cc 's of
No
of bond
.
double
bonds .

CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
Lipids
Simple Complex
Alcohol +
Fatly acid + Alcohol Fatty acid +
.
.
•
Phospholipids
Glyeolipid
•
other alcohol
FA +
glycerol FA +
any
except glycerol
.
lipoproteins
FATS / OILS
WAXES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Fatty acid +
glycerol
+ FAT Spingoeinetp
P
Sphingophospholipid
Glyceropkospholipid .
Eg *
sphingomyeline
NIEMAN pick
§Mingomye
.
DISEASE
linese
GLYCOLIPIDS
At alcohol t FAT alcohol +

7.
monosaccaride oligosacceride
Cerebro sides Gangliosides
dzf
hexose
f
&
\ Yay Sack
dz , aminidese
FA t alcohol +
Fat alcohol t
glucose galactose sand

B hexose
Hoff
-
Gkeeocerebroside Galactocerebsoside ,
aminidese
Gllecocerebroside Galcdocerebroside
)
GAUCHER 's Krabbe 's
↳ !drEbFoIdese
'
Dz Gwswfaeereebn dz
.
LIPOPROTEINS
¥ ¥
TG 's APOPROTEINS
Cholesterol Apoprotein A
•
Apo B48
Apo Bloo
•
•
Apo C
E
•
Apo
Types
: '
o qhylomicron
2
VLDL
3 IDL
4 LDL
5 HDL

LPL .
lipoprotein lipase
METABOLISM OF CHYLO MICRON
fat
*fdietgrdY/ exogenous
fBTo%P
L_#
PERIPHERAL
|T.PL#a?fyyLplfu3
- TISSUE
§obed r§epfoTdiP°9E
}
pP°B48 gden.uq.es
.
we
Ctwnnx
,
TG
Chol
-
APOE
Finne
CHYLOMICRON LPL
•
.
[¥a÷÷÷J Chylomicron
.
Semrau

METABOLISM OF YKDL
←
BLooDC)
Endogenous fat
Apo Bioo
/ Peripheral
.ua?p:ee_3fa:iTgfo
Fisheye VLDL
•
R
Foe
VLDL
A÷
-
Apobioo
remanant /
IDL
:
G
- %0B,oo
Chol
LDL
HDL
A
=
- Apo
TG
E
Chol
-
Apo
Apoc
-
.

Find
highest
out
TG and cholesterol .
Composition of lipoprotein
's
LP
Apo protein lipids .
E
Chywmicron Apo Bys
C .
VLDL
Apo Bioo E
,
C .
IDL
Apo Bioo E
LDL
Apo B , oo
HDL Apo A. E
,
C .
Functions epoproteins
of
}
Apo B
48
lipoproteins
Interaction receptor and .
Apo B ,oo
of
E
Apo
Apoc Activation of lipoprotein lipase
→
.
Apo A Activate LCAT

→
↳ lecithin cholesterol
acye transferee
+0-7 #
Apoc I LPL Apo C #
-
+0
LCAT 2€ Apo A- I
Apo A I -
-

METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
Overview .
Lipids .
lipolysis
-
y y
FA Glycerol
1
B- oxidation
of f
FA
t
Acetyl CoA
t ,
:
Ketogenesis d ,
Acid
p Oxidation of Fatty
-
3
Stages
acid
1 Activation
of fatty CYTOSOL
-
in
11
gof
acid
2 Transport fatty .
= ,
×
Oxidation MITOCHONDRIA
P proper
- -
±O Activation
of fatty acid
Cytosol
-
Fatty acid
( PALMITIC ACID )
'
'
16C
Acyl CoA
# |
ATP
Synthase
2
CoA
Aeye

IO Transport ( Carnitine shuttle )
Kiiiff
Cytosol Matrix
.tn
GA
Acyl CoA Carnitine Acyl
Carnitine -
-
a. ... + CoA
Carnitine cannitine
L
-
@ p - OXIDATION PROPER
Acyl CoA
-
Mitochondria
)|
#
T
AD
Oxidation
FADHZ # y
Leak
12 CoA
trans
enoyl
NADntq]|
HZO
\ ,
Hydration
P
hydroxy acyc CoA
NADT
Oxidation
\/
CoA
B- Ketoacyl
Acetyl GA
>
Acylcoa
ENERGETICS ⇒ Palmitic acid ( 16C )
7 times B oxidation
× proper
. .
7 FADH × 1.5 ATP .
= 10.5
7 NADH X 2.5 ATP

a
17.5
8 XIOATP 80
Acetyl CoA =
( Kreb 's
cycle )
-108 ATP
-
Activation -
Net =
06 . ATP
gain -
KETO GENESIS
Ketone bodies
0 Hceloacetale
2 Acetone
3 B- hydroxy butyrate
+
Aceto Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA
KB
Primary
.
• :
acetate
\(
• Site :
lives / mitochonehia .
*
Hcetoacelye CoA
•
Live synthesises
KB one
.
itself cent utilize .

Acetyl
-#,
GA
HMGCOA
Acetyl CoA
L\*
Aceto acetate
× I
Acetone
B -
hydroxy
butyrate
Clee : -
}
KBT Blood ⇒ Ketonemia
Ketosis
KB '
Urine ⇒
ktonana
⇐
FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS -
CYTOSOL
/
CoA
Acetyl Biotin
Acetyl CoA
casboxylese - Malonye GA
,
fatty
acid
C 02
MtThg[f
'
* RLE Acehjeaa car

say
.
-
F . A
( Palmitic acid)
{}er=*r
RER
Elongation
} modifications
1
2 maturation
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL CoA

Acetyl CoA +
Acetyl
5
Stages X *
CoA
stations # HMGGA Acetoacelyl
*
Acetyl CoA
Reductase
#s| HMGGA
×
RLE ) 1.
IMGCOA Reductase
Y
tolevalonete
1
v
Isoprenoid Units
1
Squalene
t
Website: https://mbbshelp.com CHOLESTEROL
WhatsApp: https://mbbshelp.com/whatsapp
DEGRADATION OF CHOLESTEROL
CHOLESTEROL
VIED Bile Acid

. Steroid . .
Hormone

NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA RND
D_NA
-
double stranded
" "
Strand
Nucleotide
1
Jugae
K-
Polymer of
molecule
Ni W -
N
.
nucleotides
2
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases
@
.

SUGARY CARBOHYDRATE
:
Ribose ( 5
/ \
*
s
I
3
2
bases
Nitrogenous .
>
urines ( Major ) .
Pyrimidines
Adenine
Cytosine
•
•
Guanine mine
They
•
Minor
purines
Hypoxanthine
•
. Xanthine
• Uric Acid .
NUCLEOTIDE (S + Pt NB
)
,yN@
#
¥
OP

Nucleoside ( St NB
) w/o @ group
~N@
#11
bases
Nitrogenous Nucleoside
Nucleotides
( NB) ( ) NB + S ( NB + Stp )
Adenine Adenosine AMP ADP ATP

-
,
,
Pu
\
Guanine Guanosine GMP GDP GTP
, ,
CDP
Cytidine
CTP
cytosine CMP
-
,
,
py
\
Thymine
Thymidine TMP
,
TDP
,
TTP
Uraeil Uridine UDP UTP

urqp ,
.
}@
(
P - P - P
-
AMP ADP ATP

, ,

Structureofdnd
- Watson and Crick DNA
-
B -
DNA
=
-
N 1
1
N
'
N
N
1
1
n N bond .
,
5
' yhydyowseeank
Temp pmt
-
9
,
- Break
# -=G
=P
5-
'
3
Stp
Snp
S A T
-
=
-
phospho
IS
Is
-
-
p /
dieter \ G C S
s -= -
-
-
p
bond -
p /
bond
-
S
Strong c -
-
-
p
p
A
tempt
}1
= T
-
p
-
pnt \ it s -
-
Do not break
The end where we
have @
free grp
-
'
5

Rule
Chargaff 's
No
0 No
of pyrimidine
=
of purines
-
.
G
÷-
= CTT
@ Complementary
pairing
I⇒t÷⇐
A
DNA
: helical
complementary
-
parallel
anti
-
Q) In DNA Thiamine 35.1

if
=
a .
35 35
70-1
= .
A = T
C E G
15
15 = 30 Y .
In DNA =
70% A
g.)
a
, guanine .
,
then .
CEE
70
A = T
SS dna
does not exist or
DNA
.
* This type of
DNA
Types of
A B C D E 7
B dna
/ 7- DNA
Watson Crick dne .
-
ds - ds
-
helical -
helical
helix helix
right handed left handed
-
←
ftempptnp
÷÷→
.
→ deneteeration
of
DNA
knotting
9
Temp
•
mica
11 9
pH
•
.
(¥ deneturation H -
bonds
during
-
,
will break down .
→
Reneturation
of DNA
/ Annealing
of DNA .
Measurements DNA
of
°
diameter : -
20%
-1
2 helix 39ft
length of
-
'
piers in 1 helix 10 bp
§§
base :
No
of
° .
3.48
.
distance blwbp =

.in#
ornate
"
Minor
groove
DNA
Organization of
a@Tm.tfiEtEEEisEE.e
't
hucleosomes
DNA ( "
P hpisutoaneny
'
Cell
punker
teenager
Octane of
histone proteins .
"
2A Hz
⇒
afpies HZB HY

••
L
Itfitifft
-•••••
-
.
it .
histone tvely charged

@
.
lysine , arginine
Eechrometin Heterochromatin
stained
lightly
stained
darkly
-
-
coiled
loosely tightly coiled
- -
-
Genetic
expressed
-
@
Barr bodies ( inactive X -
Chromosome
) .
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
A
Punine -
Rings .
- G
double structure
ring
a
tutti
xx
¥-
heterocyclic
•
( or
£
Glycine
1C
i
\ -
. .
C , w
/
,
6 .
)
Asputak -
D W s /
g
C C- THE
1
<
.
w
TNF → <
\ D A
/
Glutamine

SYNTHESIS OF PURINES ( Overview )
I
DE NOVO SALVAGE
SYNTHESIS PATHWAY
HMP Ribose 5
=D phosphate
Shunt
I
:
y
IMP
MP
⇒ GMP
IMP -
Ioarosinemonophosphale
\_@
p
\\1 /
↳
hypoxanthine
÷
÷
nosine

DE NOVO SYNTHESIS
Ribose 5
phosphate
-
.
]|
ATP
PRPP synthase
Amp x
Phosphoribrosyl pyrophosphate
( PRPP )
#
Glutamine
Amidotransferase
×
Phosphoribosylamihe
1
N
,
-
aspertale
V
Cz ,
Cg - THF
#Glutamine
f Nz N -
C
9. Cs ,
G. -
Glycine
1
V ( a
- COZ
IMP
. .
AMP GMP
SALVAGE PATHWAY
0
PO P - P
#
\/\R
\ ,
Ademgjngujenpassephunibosye
/ t Adenine
-
0
*
PRPP
p / \ YAO
Arab

HGPRT →
Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl
transferee .
p
-
R
°\ /
'
P -
P
+ HX
HGPRT
-
\_/ -
pp ;
PRPP
p
0
~- -1
Hx
\
IMP .
0
HGPRT
\
#
P
/
P - P
#
,
PRPP 0
-#
p a
Cle Lesch
Nyhan
→
syndrome
HGPRT
Enzyme clef :
a
Clf Neurological
: - disorder
-
Gout
Self mutilation
-
Purines
Degradation of
AMP GMP IMP
V
i.ty
×
L
Hypoxanthine oxidase
txankine
xailhine
d .
Xanthine
oxidase .
Uric acid .

Pseudogout ??
@ 1C : -
Gout
→
tlypuurieemia
→ MSU
( Monosodium Uralt
Crystal )
C Needle shape )
#-)
↳
uatfuriiis
a
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Central
Dogma of
Molecular
Biology .
Replication
DNA → DNA
DNA
polymerase
Transcription
) .
RNA
polymerase
.
m . RNA
§
MRNA
!
Translation
Protein

REPLICATION
defn : -
DNA - DNA
Dna
Dna
dependent polymers e.
Site : -
Nucleus
When S
phase cell
:
of
-
ax f .
Semi conservative 50 l
of DNA
'
retained
process peeent
-
.
Why it is
daughter ?
Mrya
.is#eaa
A- protein
bubble I DNA
Replication ->
smear
-
Replication y
forks v
DNA A
protein .
X
Ss -
binding protein
: -
Stabilizes
coils
and maintains
¥
Topoisomerase
.
DNA A
protein Helps in
separating
-
I
strand .
aelexsapeecoib
Nick and
sealing

7opoisomerase.tt Relax coils
-
Super .
selling
→ Nick and
T -
1
T .
2. /DNA
Nicks
gyrase
only strand
- 2 .
•
Fluoroquinolone
Quinolone
the
- Nicks both
strand .

!
'
t
)
a
sq
I V
of
tE(
in
go
'
in
:"
f
f in
w ✓ al
Feet
⇒
:
It
¥f÷f)#
FEE
.
at +
e
in a
/
in
\ *
in }
°
p z s
$
# is E ¥
£←8
-
in
I 8
/
|
•
E I
1
E 2 e
a
* a A
in
"
8 9 §
.
E
\
6 o
@
→
3
'
o
f o I
5
If as Z in &
§
so
8
' '
g b N
E E
I
in In

Primer
= Primese
formation :
Removal : Rnase H
DNA
Gap filling polymerase I
-
: -
DNA
-
Ligation : ligase .
DNA
Polymerase
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
DNDPI :
Gap filling DNAP L → Primese
Dna DNAP
DNAPI
repair P →
DNA Repair
:
DNAP # and
lagging Y →
Reptile mitochondrial
-
leading
:
DNAP
DNA
strand
formation .
DNAP
£
}
-
and
reading
strand
DNAP -
E
lagging
formation .

PROTEIN SYNTTIESIS DNA
@
|
'
Nucleus Transcript
↳
hn RNA @
Post transcription
Nucleus .
|
, ,
modifications
mRNA
mRNA
3
CYTOSOL
\ Translation
y
Protein
@
↳ Post translation
modification
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA
Def : .
Formation of
RNA
from
DNA RNA
Enzyme : . dependent polymerase .

3
'
Initiation Termination
Elongation 51
I 11 I I \ I I I I I I 1 I I 1 1
TGGCCTCTG A
TATA AT <-
*:
P -
protein
RO
.
prokaryotes
Inonu
-→
V
3 1
PROMOTOR
51
REGION .
INITIATION
In : -
10
sequences / TATA Box / Pribnow box
TATAAT
35 / TTGACA
: sequence
-
In
sequence / Hogness
25 box
eukaryotes
: -
( TATA ) .
/
70 80 CAPT box
-
sequence
- -
CAAT
ELONGATION
51
'
Read 3 -
31
'
RNA -
5 -
T = U
Termination
done
f- dependent
termination :
by P protein
-
and the RNA

p -
protein -
Stops the process remove .
Dlt to
f- independent
termination Nop protein .
formation of palindrome sequence ( Hairpin

like
ten
of RNA ) .

POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION - NUCLEUS
KDDI
hn RNA | Primary transcript
g.
,
z
'&P°b
I I
A - tail
7
methyl gwanasine
'
5
capping
:
Intros : non
functional
Exons
functional
:
Remove
Splicing : introns and
ligation of exons .
Done
by splieiosomes ./sn RNP 's
/smoyrs
RNP Ribo
Sh -
smell nuclear nuclear
protein .
-
× -
X -
Def .
: It Is a combination
of
3 nucleotides E codes
for an
amino acids .
AUG methionihe
Eg : . ⇒
-
A (4) = 4×4×4 =
64 codons
p "
-
4×4×4×4=256 Codon
G
Eg : .
C
-
p
Y - a
A U G
' 1 1 1 /
5 3
m -
RNA
AUG -
Initiation codon
UAA
}
AA
do not code for
I
.
UAG
STOP CODONS / Termination Gdon/ Nonsense eodon
UGA

Features of Codon
Universal
They are commuters and non

overlapping
-
2 .
3
Specificity / Uambiguous
4
Degenerate
↳ AA codon
being coded
by
more than 2 .
Ribosomes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
70 S 80
a ^ .
505
405
30 S cos
SO @ SO
@
t .
RNA (transfer)
•
Smallest RNA
Most abundant r -
RNA
Clover
leaf shaped
e

€1
Acceptor arm
"
'
⇐
5
DHU arm
qq.GG#.yn..a.e..n
TQC arm
a.
%
-
Function t RNA
of
-
Teryn
DNA
iii.
.A
EDEN
t
glad t
{ .
mRNA
{ 1 1 1
/ '
g 3

A. A .
§ + A. a. -
§
t - RNA
aminonranaye
TRANSLATION
⇐
:###..
r¥noacye
n@IEfEEfIaranEem.os.r
305
\
pemjigye
site
.

Translocation
@11€
AUG
11 I 11 I 111
e
PYY ii
Post translational
modification
*
NA
Hydroxylation
1
f ,
*
Carboxyletion
Glywsyletiun
*
mRNA
t ,
Protein
Post translational modification of collagen

DNA
Collagen
t
mRNA
-
Hydroxylation OH
OH
1
lysine
t '
AA AA
AA AA AA
praline
- -
- -
- -
Protein
6se/ Prolyl
Conegen lysyl
OH
hydroxy
Vitc
beef hydroxy
:
On Vit C.
⇒
man
helix
Triple
on on
/ / lysyc oxidase / Cn
Enzyme :

DNA
:- RNA
I
Protein
No
defect Defective
Protein
folding labelling
*
* Protein s ,
CHAPERONES UBIQUITIN
t ,
Breek down
by
PROTEASOMES
Iraq ues
Northern
Blotting Analysis RNA
-
-
( Roh '
Southern
Blotting
-
-
DNP
( Dose )
Western
blotting Proteins
-
-
(
Pizza )
RNA
Polymerase
.
Prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes .
RNAP RRNA subunit

RNPP except
I
.
: . 55
Subunits :-& <

mRNA & hn RNA
RNAP I
.
'
BP
RNAP t RNA & 55 subunit
II
.
-
&
factor Recognizes
* :
-
@
attaches
the
enzyme
pro
motor region

VITAMINS
I
Water Soluble
at soluble
A
complex
1
,
D ,E ,
K ,
C .
I. Retinol -
On
Retinal -
Cho
Retinoic acid -
COOH
carotene - 2 Retinal
B
-
) ( Vita
)
( Provit A
Functions :
1 Vision
Epithelial
tissue
growth
and
differentiation
i.
2
D
3 Reproduction
: G&
of germ
cells in
seminiferous tub .
Antioxidant ↳ &
@
oligospumia
espermia
* Rods and Cones
I
RHODOPSIN
( OPSIN + 11 a 's Retina

)
Def . disease i -
Night blindness ( Wyctalopia )

Xeropthalmia
-
Keratomalacia ( corneal ulcer )

Dry and rough
skin
-
Infertility
-

Vitamin D
o
-
Activation
Synthesis and
fyf
.
n 't D End
:L
,
's Eyoeciade
yiitoo
. .
; Cholecdajeroc
7 -
dehydrgcholesterol
fg.ge#eeteabeIo 25 -
Hee
p@fg
÷
€*⇒a
(
Bye
Vitamin
Calcitriol

geeks
I!.¥;f±
Bled
gfood
" .
"
×
"
"
Def Children : rickets

: -
Adults -
Osteomelacia .
VIK
Vit K
Phylloquione
-
Vitkz -
Mena
quione
Vit
kz Mehedione
-
Functions : -
"
cerboxybtion @
glutamate
¥7
-
#
DY
tfkedfng
" discords .
"
vit tiny factor
.

Shunt Transketokse
HMP ⇒
/tpp
Vitter
pheroc .
#
Function : Anti -
oxidant
Def : .
neurological disorder .
Gempkx
Anti .
oxidant
:
Vit A C E
,
g-
,
most
potent
Name
Genzyme Enzyme Deficiency
VIEB
, / Thiamine pyro
-
- DDH Beri -
beri
LKGDH Wernick
Thiamine phosphate Korsakoff
-
Branched eheih
syndrome
-
Keloacid DH ,
Vit Bz / FAD Chiehsis

dehydrogenase
-
Riboflavin Angulerstometis .
Vit Bz / NADT -
dehydrogenase Pellagra
Nicotinic acid . dermatitis
.
dementia
a
diarrhea .
[ death
]
Vit Bs / CoA -
Burning feet
yuntlothenic syndrome
acid
Vit Boo
/
PLP
(pyrido -
Alesynthase Sideroblastic anemia
Pyridoxine xil phosphate) ( Herne synthesis)

}
AST
< FT
ALT
VitB7/BiotIN/ Biotin
•
Pyruvatecarboxylase Consumption of
Propionylconcarboxy
raw
egg
.
Vitti
• .
lase Avidine
carboxylase
Egg white -
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Avidin
+
Biotin
H
AB
complex
&
excreted .
Alopecia
* .
Vit -
Biz / Vit Biz *
Homocysteine Megatoblaslic
Cobdamine
methyl transfer a$e anemic
Methyl melonyl Peripheral

GA muluse .
neuropathy
Vit
Bq / folic acid
food
)
:
Falgout
.ua#:sTy.TE
÷
:* .
TTHF
Y
ejwnum DNA & RNA
synthesis

Def : -
Megaloblestic
anemia
Neural tube
defect ( Spine betide)
Vitamin C
/ Ascorbic acid .
Function : -
Post translational modification of collagen
-
Antioxidant
Absorption of Iron
-
food
) def seeing
'
.
¥t|
-
'
fvitc
Feet
" 2
Fe -
-
Absorption
duodenum

ENZYMES
4 Vel #
Def S P
of
: . .
reaction .
6
Classification
:
. classes
Class I - Oxidoreductase
I
Class
transferees
-
IT
Hydroeases
-
I tyases
-
I -
Isomerases
VI -
higeses
Nature
of enzymes
Non
.
Protein +
protein put
dpoenzyme - Coenzyme 16 -
factor / Prosthetic
grp .
÷
Coenzyme
Factors the
affecting enzyme
:
1 Concentration
of enzyme &
Velocity
&
2 Coric .
of
substrate Velocity
'T
-
cone
of product
qq.SI#tMmg?apd
3
Temp
4 :
.
Bofwped Optimum temp
rain
5
pH
.
a .
ret
i :
Optimum pH
PH
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MICHAELIS -
MENTEN GRAPH
Michaelis Menton
[ ]
s & ✓ constant -
( Km )
^ •
It is the Substrate eonc .
the
@ hey mex
velocity
ymax
- . . - -
. - .
- - . . .
- . - . . . . - . . .
÷
,
city
✓ma×• .
. . . -
I a
1
.
:
'
>
-
Cone substrate
Km .
of
[ s
]
LINE WEAVER BURK GRAPH
Yv
Fax
•
•
I
-
-
I
-
km
[s ]

inhibition
Enzyme competitive
→ Reversible -
- Non competitive
→ Irreversible
s ; @
I
;
/
E
*
Active
site
St E SE P
⇐
complex ⇒ + E
#
6M€ Competitive
inhibition A
Interpretation
Vmax =
.
remain
[0
E Y✓ same .
Km =
Is
÷]

Ha
1→
E[-
Noncompetitive .
Interpretation
1
A
.
,
Km= same
Vmex : t
⇐]
Competitive crossing
-
Non
competitive -
non
crossing .
ISO ENZYMES
LDH 5
Eg isoenzymes
-
: -
Isoenzymes_ Signs Location
}
LDH
. -
Hu Heart
LDHZ -
HZM
LDH Brain and RBC

} Hznqz
- -
}
LDH4
-
HMZ skeletal muscle .
LDHS
-
144

Creatinine Kinase
( CK ) 3 Iso
-
enzymes .
CK -
MM
-
muscle
CK BB Brain
-
.
CKMB
-
Heart

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BIOCHEMISTRY FMGE

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GLUT 2 lives Allows both

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Y KREB 'S CYCLE d ,

BASICS fe2+ ferrous

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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ( ETC

µt ENTER MEMBRANOUS SPACE

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1 FADHZ → 8.5 ATP

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0 COQ / Ubiquinone isomerization

GLYCOLYSIS / Embden Meyerhoff pettway ( EMP

fructose 1,6 bis

( dihydroxy acetone ( Glyceraldehyde 3 -

kinese SLP ZATP

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• Citrate fructose 2,6 bis

Fluoride = > Enolase .

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Substrate Glucose Glucose

Insulin induces this

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nmn+n+ complex '

KREB 'S CYCLE

Malott Hzo Aconites

From isocitrate alternet step oxidation ( removal

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GLUCOSE ALANINI CYCLE

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fructose 1,6 bispkosphelase

Storage form of glucose

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Site Lives / cytosol

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Gierke 's disease

Cori 's disease .

Her 's disease .

McBride 's disease

Type Branching enzyme

Pompe 's disease .

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HMP Shunt Pentose

NADPH Removal radide

7 Neutrophil : Kill bacteria

Ribose 5 DNA & RNA

Site Adrenal Cortex

Lactating mummery gland .

Placenta RBC WBC

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acid Rest all

2 Test amino acid Selena

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UREA CYCLE CYCLE

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