Small

→ big
'
ego lego

> monomers polymers

g m

Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
°

carbon
.
contain ,
hydrogen and
oxygen
.

form polymers like starch and

-
glycogen
-

T t
monger :
-

storage storage
.
-

in
I
animal
'

in plants
K¥8
→
glucose
bond
-
glycosidic
0
→
fructose
D
→
galactose
-

disaccharides ( joint
by glycosidic bond
)
2

→ maltose :
glucose-giucose-R.pk
→ sucrose :
glucose
t fructose 8-0
breakdown
→ lactose : glucose +
galactose *-4 of → energy
C O glucose ?

#spiration
O
-

polymer :
polysaccharide

→ starch : plants storage

yhglucose
q Tenergy
→
glycogen ! animals storage yl energy

→ cellulose
:
cell wall ⇒
supports €0
: cell wall
for fund '
→ chitin
⇒ y###
support \

sources of
energy glycogen ⇒
.

⇒ starch ⇒ plants
anima , ,
•

energy storage molecules

¥÷÷¥¥÷÷E÷"
→ insoluble ⇒ to prevent bursting "

→ compact ⇒ store . .
siri:
→ branched ⇒ more ⇒
energy
'

enters't?
7oo%
.se
o Proteins

°
contain carbon
, nitrogen hydrogen ,
and
oxygen ( sometimes sulphur )
- - - -
-

( peptide ) 20 diff a. a
0-4 f- * bond
peptide ¥
monomer mono
.
.

• -

>
-
, ÷
.

amino acid 04
peptide
.

bond
i
.

→ ,

&
g€# →
-

polymer :

-
polypeptides
o¥f0g*oB hydrogen
bonds
0-4
-7 •

*
X
→ joint by peptide bonds peptide bond .

0-8-0-0 chain
.

primary structure
polypeptide
→
polypeptide chain
0-8-8*-6#

6g /µJ hydrogen bonds

structure
secondary
.

→ folding of primary structure my

→ forms 3D structures

pleated
↳ x -

helix -

Jeffries Is

§@ specific shape
↳ e sheet
:&
-

• ••÷.q.•at•••••• a

R8
bonds
→ held by hydrogen
¢ ①
• • • • ,

ji¥ ⑦
•
••
tertiary structure
enzymes
•

••••. →
•
: ← ewoone
of
→
folding secondary structure
active

8⑥§yme
site

µ ④
→ forms a more compact shape
↳
gobuiar-prote.ms t

specific
↳ fibrous protein shape
→ held disulphide bridge ,
ionic .
hydrogen bonds and
hydrophobic
-
interactions
- - - -

quaternary structure

of form
→ combination 2 or more polypeptide
-
chains in
tertiary
-

→ sometimes non -

protein groups are added haemoglobin

w••
↳ e.
g .

haemoglobin ¥8
 water toil
.

°
Lipids
non
polar compounds
• -

p mcoarerbthan
-
less than
, carb
°

Contain carbon ,
hydrogen , oxygen
÷
.

triglycerides ¥1773
-o⇒
acids
→ formed from one
glycerol t three fatty

:F
9 y,
f##
L

→ held ester
by bonds
- "Pld
'

can be in form of fat or oil log of carbon

log ,

X 2x
energy energy
energy reserve ( XZ carbohydrates )
.

←¥§#
→ double that of carbohydrates

thermalinsuiat.io#
'

insulator heat loss

→
against

&
protection
tf,
"

protect damage
MT
→
against physical
-
° Food tests

Creating a food sample

① Get a
piece of food and cut It into smaller pieces

② Break the food pieces using a pestle and a mortar

③ Transfer the ground up food to a beaker and distilled water 2¥

④ Stir It with a
glass rod to dissolve some food ,
¥
③ Filter the solution
using a funnel lined with filter paper to
get rid of solid bits of blood
④
Test for
.

glucose
→ color change
s > blue

Benedict 's solution

→
using
'

① prepare the food sample and

transfer 5cm to a test tube

② Prepare a water bath that is set to 754

③ add to drops of B_
t 's solution
using a pipette , go
④ place the test tube into the water bath
using a test tube holder

⑤ Leave it in there for 20 -

30 min
,
after that
,
observe for color changes

→ Results ( original color : blue )

Low
green ( yellow
↳ conc .

↳
High conc : brick red -

run

↳ Not
present : blue

.
Test for starch

iodine solution
→
using
'
① make a food sample and transfer 5cm of your sample to a test tube

iodine
① Add a few drops of solution and
gently shake to mix the solutions In
the Tube

→ results

↳ present
: black
/b1ue-b
↳ Not present :
brawny orang'll
-
-

Test for proteins

→ biuret test

① Prepare a
sample of your food and
transfer 2cm
'
of your sample to a test tube

② add 2cm of biuret solution to the

sample and
gently shake the test tube to mix the
ingredients
be
bine
 → results

↳ present : pink or
purple

↳ not present : blue

.
Test for lipids
r>
red

→ Sudan 111 Test

food sample
'

prepare a and
transfer 5cm to test tube
① -
a

pipette ( dropper 3 drops of Sudan 111 solution to the test tube and tube
② gently shake the
Use a to add stain

→ results red

out Into 2
L
, present : manure would separate layers

↳ not present : red layer will not form

4 red
→ emulsion test

① test and }
Prepare the
sample transfer 5cm Into a test tube

tube
the test shake It
thoroughly ( inverting test tubes )
② Into
Add some ethanol and
-

Emb µ UE
distilled water
③ add some
→ >

→ results

↳ present :
layer of cloudy white suspension formed #← cloudy
emulsion
↳ not present : colorless