③ Sodium Hydroxide @a0tD :[Turn NERD

→
-
- -

skis
Caustic soda
} H_Étion an

Prep→m :

Ii ) Commercial Method :
Electrolysis of BnIe¥Ia.GG/-ner-ket-naeeY
t@
- - -

As> May

Cathode :
Hoyle)
Anode Carbon

AH Nat + e- → Na

1¥Ma (sodium Amalgam)

separated &
Treated wits

tgo to
give
Mayi flags
.

2Ma- leg +
120(e) → Lmaothey
,
+
Hat +211g(e)
⑦

¥de "

see
-

→
age + •e-

Ñorodmt)

)t MUM
in

Ngo, :[Gossage
Method
U'D
By Causticizatimg
-

Qnlaotyey,
+ latest
Mado,
t
belong →

(while ppt)

absorbs Moishe .

Properties of NaOH 19

.W
:
- -
solid .

soluble in water
→ White ,
translucent solid
, highly
alkaline
for NaOH Soi is strongly
.

→ .

→ Ran tooth Aids :

9. NaOH → Mau /Mayson /Alamo ,
+
tgo
/ Hasa/ teng t
-

HU

→ Asu with Audie

-
Gide :
-
- -
?⃝
?⃝
 Sgt NaOH →
Atgso ,
+
HI

song 1- Naoh → hkzsoy 1- tyo

Tig + Macon →
Matteo
,
+ Ma¥É} Disproportion
Lor MID
¥0b + NaOH → Natty 1- GO
NCERT 911th)
Halogen / sulphur / by :(
Not in
→ Rsm with
- - -

EÉÉ¥po
Li ) + ag Naoh
. →
MAÑ t

(✗ =
Br bl
,
(dillard patination

Matias >
'

+ ag Kote
. →
Mai t +
go Sodium
"
Ueot Honey YPHhah.ge

NAÉ
lit )
-1% + ap Maori
. → oÉ + 1-
120
(dillard

tNaF-t golHotIconejYi T@li Pytae.Maotgt goiej-PHs.t

1- ay Naoh ,
→ %

}
t
Habib
(White ( phosphine
phosphorous )

+ ag.iuaon-Nqstmqsih.tk

→ Ran -
loiter
-
Znlae :

3N / Aecs + at NaOH →
Mains cap / Mateos (q,
t tests
,
 → Ran with Amphoteric Onides
( Beggs / Zuo etc .

→
" Mateos
Agg as Mam → + .

cap , + Ko

3no t 9. NaOH →
Hlaing ( agg + 130

iugpecgcay +120
Allot in 111h NCERT )
→ Rain With Salt:
base

Mttu@ Any strong

-
reaction with
-
ammonium salt on

produiesNHs.gg
④NHu)§0y /(MHDIo / Ntqy É%
,
N
typ t Mayson / Moyles/
Mall

Igo
→ Ran with co :CNot
in MANY
Huo Ma
Ailotimp'RE co + Maori
(g) Cat G-to to atm

✗ carom

Uses
- of NaOH :

soap , paper
chemicals etc
Cued manufacturing of
.

in the ,

→ Used in petroleum industry

lBayer's Around
④ Refining of red
-
baeeoride

Good Laboratory reagent

.

[thresh
KOH is
Note : Mao µ
shown by base Kean
reactions as
stronger Maori
.

shows similar
-

→ KOH Caustic potash)

like leg
so etc .
udiomety)
absorb
.
,
→
KOH (
agg
is used to
gases
soaps
making soft
.

→
KOH is also used in
?⃝
?⃝?⃝
⑨ Washing Soda sodium(
a-
carbonate :
-
-

decahydrate.Preparatiai.YililtT@Ti0s-a.y }^"E④
→

sodium carbonate
Mcglory 10120
.

'
sins :[Ammonia
soda proud
to be insoluble in
Mateusz
based on the property of
→ This proves is

cold water af Navy

"
Sol
(saturated
.

Boise solution

→
This Natty is obtained from
1¥ Cal Hutch
coat Hao
→
* µ, +

,¥";%%I¥ax+K°→&"Kn bicarbonate
Georgy
(Ammonium
Mateo te Mtg be
↳€
Nall (9) t
t Mtg Hug >
1 white

1- cost
atlases °→ Mycosis, 11,09 +

610th
①
Ammonia
→
can be regenerated from containing
Soi Nique by treating
with

2MHz 1- Cabg
1- 130
*Hua t
belong →

By product

HitIu@ using
KU because
M →can't
takes be prepared by Solvay's proves
soluble in water
too highly
.

KH long is

→ : Kato, is
prepared by
deblayisa.PL?uIIproduekjozfM4%3ay
Le Blanc Proves :Mlot#
- -
Malesoy 1- HUH

thA¥
→
Nau +
Has Oy Coney
Katt
Nau + Man soy → Mayson +

Galt take
Uc → Ngs t a cop
My soy +
has
Ngs t Gig → Major +
ÑBnk ASD
 Properties of Washing
- -
Soda :

373K
*
Majors 101301 ,
•

→ My leg
.

Igo 1- 94,09
I 1- $773k

Mug coz / * thot

for }
carbonates
*
Maoist coat tgoa & Mateus { A general
mm

FÉÑk%t%←µ•"%+%
→

f. Majors
May Sg
+ coats
with sulphur
°
Liss } Burnt

Maisky
(sodium thiosulfate )
-

Uses :

laundry f. cleaning
-

water,
Used
-

→ in
softening of etc
soap , boron
manufacturing of glare
.

In
,
→

it
heating
making pasty /
takes because on

N° "
soda Cma Hood is used in
which makes
→
Baking which leaves small pores
in pastries /cakes
evolves cg gas
" " " " Hb"
for skin infections
.

→ Marcos is a mild antiseptic

is
brine solution and
→ Crude Nate is generally by crystallisation of
obtained
Gesoy Cally 41kg4
-

found to contain impurities of Ncysoy

,
,
water
amount
onnde Mace in
minimum of
Pure Mau is obtained dissolving
by to
→ insoluble impurities .

followed by filtration
remove

27314
Mace 1081 K
of
→
→ Map water at
Mace → 136g
in
100g
Solubility of
Group 2 Elements: (Alkaline Earth Metals)
- -
__

Be
→
Atomic 4 ionic radii increase from Top to Bottom .

bottom
→ IE decreases from Top to .

Mg
Ca Motet
⇐ Edna < G-E)
Mg
so

Ba G- Edna > G- E)
'

nog
•

R④ they form ten basic chides than

that
of alkali
meth .

Radioactive
→

}÷
M.ph B. p than alkali metal
Hardman ,
greater
.

→
Have

Bett ight > 6ft > Sit , Batt

HE order >

group)
→ .

decreases down the

(% tendency to
form hydrates
Eof MgG. 84,0
.

Cabg 64,0 .
, Bay 211,0 .

→
Density
Orde : ⑥ Be < Mg<Sr< Ba

→ Moon : Be > ca > Sr > Ba

>i③
Flame test : Ca Sr Ba
Mg
→
Be
te
trimm Afipk
-

Birkey
No colour
Green
inflame ped
14
( o
: there-0
are too tightly
held & can't be eneited )

Chemical Properties :
- -

Air :
① Reactivity
-
-
towards
inert towards air twiter due to
formation
→
Be 419g ase

Oriole film on their surface .

of an

in air
'
bums :
'

→ However powdered Be
,

Be t g → Be 0

Be t if → Begay
 burns wit in air
→
Mg :

Mg + 9→Mgo_
+
near MGH

60<809 Bao
→ Beo Egos
-
insoluble
water
in
I ¥
120
Partially
soluble
in
11<0

Bao t bite → Bacon}

(Baryta water
Cqj}h①
Cao t
Hsiu → Calgary
(quick
time (dime
water
→⑦dy high melting point llhermady
.

have
of Alkaline earth metals
very stare
bricks
that's why they are
commonly used as refractory
in
female .

&
basic
→ Bee is amphoteric .
Rest all are

' Eeg
Be
Cgt Iyo Maa Beez + Hyo

towards water
⑨ Reactivity
:

- -

[Be 4mg ]
do not .

cold water
react with
.

→
Ba So.ca
,

you)
→
Monty
1-
tga
also/ G
+
☒
water
with
boiling
.

doesn't react even

Be
-

water
boiling
.

reacts with
→
1kg
1kg014 ,,
1-
that
Mg +
Hyo (e) →
lpoi"Tete
)
 towards
⑦ Reactivity 12 : prepared sy :
{ Aeu§
Bek is
→
→
→ M +
tg Mtg Boy +
Liang
LR
→
Bets their 1-

MglGfsrlBa] A)
.

Em →

iconic
Betz covalent rest
hydrides are .

& Mogg
→ are ,

Order :
→ Thermal
stability Ben
,
>
iggy Calypso His Bats
⑨ Reactivity
-
towards Halogens :

M f ×
,
→ MI
(M¥kaei G- All

melted Haught
except Beg all are ionic .

③§E¥
,

stir
tent is chair
Beka, at
.

room
.

- - -
-
-
-

-
Be Bei"
☒•*•÷÷
" " " '"
Be
.

.E÷÷:phY dimer in vapour

'
(Beard Bey
, (g)
→ Betz is
specially prepared as :

(Mke), [Betides, -&É 2Mtheft Bets

( Sublimed

→
Bey is prepared as :

Beo + c
tog ¥ Bag +
• a

Atto → Big tot

, Bgo, + c
tog

in water
due to high OH µ , af feet
.

soluble
exceptionally highly
,

→
Betz is

alot

"oM{→ mgbg.se#cg0-sMgHn&MgQsjttg01atteceti
in

liinnlternae hydrolysis )
 →
Mua 61st
.
→

(M Ca 1H
Bg
-

Mw
Hydrolysis

towards Aids
③ Reactivity
:

- --

Mt tea cae, →
MY (g) 1-
HI
Uh → Alkaline
earth
metals
lived Ken
⑥ Solution in :
,

arm [ Moulton]* 2[eCMHDyJ

-

+
to tootsy) Mhz →

III.
evaporation of these
to solid ammwiate.FM (MADD can be obtained on

ammoniated solution .

'

# Anomalous Behaviour y Bie :

mmmm

→ It is due to its 6) Small size

691 High EM
sheet 24 period
ldii Absence of &
orbitals in Valerie of
elements
octet
.

( can't empanel
earth metals
rest alkaline
has higher Map & ☒ p than
.

→ Be is harder , lighter ,

→ Be forms amphoteric chide .

bBe0)
with master coordination No =
4
complex compound
.

→ ise forms
easily hydrated
.

Halides which are

→ Forms covalent

Ae
Relationship B/w Be &
:
→
Diagonal
-
--
-

is due to nearby
Be & Ae compounds
→ Similar properties af
of Beat 4 Apt
U;g÷
sane ratio .
 → Both Be 4 Al from amphoteric onidee ,
hydroxide and
and hence
an oxide
film on
surface ten
tendency
aids
to
get attacked by
.

→
Both Be 4 Ae form chlorobridged dinner @ polymer .

↳
%Ae-4-se.MY and a-
Betel Be -

q
← he Ice -
☒
-
{
Sps Sp 2
methane
Carbides both Beede hydrolysis produce gas
.

→ of on

Beget 1106) →
Belong + cteyt
All01113 ctgl
Aeycz t ¥06) → +

high tendency to
form complexes
.

→ Both have

Aefz t 3 F- →
[AeF§
Betz + 2 F- →
[Befit
Some Important Compounds of Calcium !

- - o n -

'
Ca is present in earth crust as Lime stone ,
chalk 4 marble .

Cabg (Limestone
=
1200k¥
Cao + coat
Lesnick lime
or

lime

⇐ cs%÷÷ij"÷ oiafcalonb
oeueddimewateE_EEfEj@EigE-oeearas.s
Breaking hemp
the

of time with limited

amount
of
water is called
Slaking of time
.
gas positing colony is ,
called milk of lime
.