'

Disaccharides ( Bond between nuts is

sugar
known as
Glycosidic bond )

Maltose -
Glee
4
+
✗
Glee ✗-

glucose
see

-÷glycosidic 4th )
bond
Isomaltose -
ake ✗
glucose
-
- * glucose
→ ✗ -4,6 ) gb
- .

Lactose -

GWPt-GElactose-sps-ghe.ie -93 -

galactose ( B- 1,4
Glycosidic
-

l Milk sugar) bond)

sucrose -

GÑ+fueBctose ✗ glue -0-93 fructose

#
-
-

(tablesugar
)
-

cellobiose - GBP+6K 43
-

glee"g-
"

p
-

glue xp
-

( 1,2)
glycosidic

NÉE
1 Bfl , 4) -

glycosidic bond . bond

4-11,4 )
d I
-

glycosidic bond

C. number
represent the
[ limit
]
involved
salivary
Starch # Maltose + Isomaltose + dextrin

(Amylum) Y
Disaccharides .
 110%6
HOI 110%6
HOI
H

/É
¥:-.
"
" "
1£
-

'

OH → OH
on → OH
H
/
→

#
OH
µ • µ

µ
° "
H OH

glucose OH
H
g-
9- glucose
Maltose →

% ✗ ( 1,4 )
-
-

glycosidic
bond

¥oµ•- 4- 1,6 -

glycosidic
bond .

5€74
- - - -

d
d
Maltose Branching point
of starch
.

d
seteases
Isomaltose .
 it i
* Trisaccharide
→%Raffinose
" "

I. * Tetrasaccharide
-
no

f-
-

)
MIKEY
siegar eg stachyosee
• •
a

*
Peutasacchaude
Xp -1,2 -

glycosidic Verbals coste

• - -
bond
eg
0
d- 1,13-2 -

glycosidic acid

✗ 13 ( 1,2 )
-
-
91$

110k£ f
[ #
→ ° CHIH
/
¥Ñµ¥¥µ
H

OH OH
H OH

( Gbewpyranose (
Fiudofuranose)
close

suc-ues.cz Nouieduuirgsiyar
( ✗
gluwpyranosyl B-
fueclofuranose )
-
-

• •
A
,
\ 1 Furan
PURAN
 Trisaccharide -

Raffinose
Tetra saccharide
slachyose
-

Gal 1

Penta saccharide
6

↳ verbascose
Gal -
6

Gal
glucosidase
•

✗-

d
4¥ breaks bonds
between 2

d- glucose
d- glactosidase free
Enzyme
B- fructosidase B- glucosidase
Enzyme
can
digest
cellulose
✗I. 6)
enzyme
-
are =

"
Cristi
d / All -
are non -

reducing teenagers
.

fue -

Gw=Gae¥iae-%ae
 Polysaccharides polymers (multipleunits)
- Linear /branched
Also Kla
Glycanstaste sugar
→

-
Not sweet in

basis
of composition
on the

#
fÉ@lf tleleropohpacchar.de#
(1-
Polymers
eg
Glucan
of only
monosaccharide
starch ,
one

cellulose
Glucose units
type
units
,
Glycogen
of Polymers monosaccharide
type
of two
of
units .
or more

only
→

{ Galaction eg Hemicellulose
-
Galactose
Peptidoglycan
" "

y
Mannan
[
L Mannose i. "

NAG Pectin
-

µ Xylans xylose
^
. " &

polysaccharide
-

MA
" thuco
Fruetans → fructose . . "

↳
Inulin (sugar)
eg
Chilton
mote-znsulinchlor%Ed.ae)
Homo
polymer of
→ has ↳ 51 Arts

N-acetylglucosamine
( NAG )
→

amimaugae
 basis Role
the
of
On

$É

i
polysaccharides s
polysaccharides '¥us%ia
Involved in Constituents
- Reserve
food
torelease
building matrix
of
structural
-

Hydrolysed up of
sugars for energy framework
production 4 biosynthetic Glycosamino
glycans
-

pepu-dogy.am#@uiHyaluronic
plaues-fdbd
activity Cellulose "
-

* Starch 1 Reserve in plants ) chitin

( Reserve
Glycogen
in
*
animals in
found
.
acid
→
* Inulin (reserve in Pectin Dermatome animal
in sulphate
plants> Hemicellulose tissue
Dahlia Keratau matrix
sulphate
HOMO POLYSACCHARIDES Chondriotin
sulphate
( Linear) soluble in water
a) Starch -

Amylose
-

Amylum)
(
(Amylopectin ( Branched) -
Insoluble in water

✓
\ bond
qtie ) glycosidic at
✗ -11,4 ) -

glycosidic
branchiae4
bond " "

pts O_O
made
up ✗
glucose
.

-
,

0*0*0-0 o_O

Amylose Amylopectin
 at 24-30 residues
Branching may occur
every .

a-*

→÷ ÉÉÉÉ⑧ superhit
\
% ,

-1
i n=÷so ÷ ¥1
- -

*
G¥halotse
0
,

☒°¥5
Iso maltose
-

starch -12 test Blue -

black color
Violet
→
,

Iodide is in between the helices

trapped of starch

-777
22

Codice)
-

SFFFFFF

0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0 Cellulose ( linear knot helix

)
 Cellulose does not Iodide test because it
is
give
linear not helical .

Glycogen will
give positive Ia test as it can
also trap Reddish brown
ppt (precipitate)
-

I ion .
→

b)
Glycogen → Homo
polymer( of ✗
-

glucose
(Glucan) -

Branched
Branching is more intense
d- than starch) Ng waste
-

✗ -4,4 ) 44-4,67 glycosidic bond .

L
Urea
→
Inert in our body .

c.) Inulin - Homo

polymer of Fructose
Creatinine
f. ( Friedan) - Reserve plants
in .

I
used in
-
Cannot be metabolised in humans
is
.

from
muscles)
( kidney
KFT (Inulin digesting enzyme absent
function Creatinine
=
KFT →
Test
) Clearance
Test

H¥y
✗ amount Inulin - ✗ →
eliminate
F-limitation
anytime
✗ amount " Rate
→
✗ - eliminate
time
 y produced
muscles
by
clearance test
C¥E kidney function Test
-

Nitrogenous
waste

d.) Cellulose Homo

polymer of B- glucose
-

→ Linear Unbranched
& disaccharide

ndmostg. a e in 2
→ Does not
give Ia test having

beefwood
B- Glucose
Bt .4t
.

bond
glycosidic tunes
-
.

cprbohhbiosphht -

Hydrolysis yields
abundant
disaccharide cellobiose .

most
carbohydrate of biosphere
HOHoÉ
-

Chitin
polymer of NAG ( N-acetylglucosamine )
Homo
e.)
-

-
-
- amino
sugar
fungal
Exoskeleton
of arthropods , cell wall
¥-0 OH
N
acetyl pineal
spicules
¥
-

☒
in os ascari 's
Glucosamine
,
OH
Setae
of
earthworm
04
Is H
-

H ④
{
Acetyl Cuzco
} Acetye
= 0 =

kHz
 Gives starch -
I. test
① -
( branched)
bond
glycosidic glycosidic
bond
}→✗
&
1,6
-

pµyy
.

' him >

of
-

.; Reducing
6

Right
§ "* . .
end
. . .

q end

leftendr 1,4 -91s

✗ -
.

non.

redeemed

Polysaccharides ,
say Glycogen ,
have
right end as
Reducing end

and Uft end as Non -

reducing end
 Hemicellulose hetero ( matrix of )
-

polymer cell wall

¥
✗
glam ,
xyloglu can .
glucuronoxylan arakinoxylan
.
, Gluwmannan
→
- - -

#matrix
-

Glucuronic
acid
+
xylose
Pectin -

androgen ,
glEui aalac acid
a

→
acid
Peptidoglycan
-
-
④ iNA① - sugar
,

acetyl glucosamine
N
acetyl muramic
-

N -

acid
GAI
.

Glycosaminoglycans eg [ hyaluronic
→
→ acid ]
Keratin
sulphate
④
{
Dermatan
Agarose
Agaropecten f-
Galactose
i
,

good = Heparan
=

& u

d
water Galactose derivates chondroitin
nddil getting sulphur
capacity agent
4 also used
AMPAT supinated
culture medium in
galactose
/ Tissueuture
Nutrient
medium
 oxidases to
Ald
/ ketone →
carboxylic
acid .

sucrose
eg
→

Trehalose
-

- -

T
Totten 's g4%I÷
reagent ✗ -4,1 ) -

A +
Breeland
oxidised ✗ ( 1,1)
✓ ✓

Reducing left Cut

7.in#auisit-. I
t-c-o-H-sugah-u-i-pu.ee
>
Disaccharide
C- )
CHO GYM oxidised in
present
tons ions

(7--0) ( Fehlingls Reduced

haennolymph
insects &
Sol
/ of
Benedict 's cocoon of
reheat) Lauf
Nvcu-ICAC.li#- Polymers of Nucleotides

of
DNA & RNA
§
→ Pentose c-

(5C )
5 5

I 4 I
4

3
2 z
3

Types
I 14
11 3N \
5
C- YI
15
¥ yo *
!¥a ¥6 Types

= =
= =
=
-

°
"
•
5

0 ion 2
°

11 34 9

Ho -

p -
OH 6- amino
1
purine
on
Heterocyclic rings
-

d 5-
methyl
uracil
diff atoms