ENERGY SECURITY OF PAKISTAN

Prospects and Challenges

Presentation to
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
October 26, 2011

PresenterAsimRiaz
Concept of State of
Global Way
Energy Energy
Perspective Forward
Security Sector

Reviewed by:
Mr. Zakauddin Malik, Former MD and Chairman OGDCL
Mr. Ashfaq Mahmood, Ex-Secretary M/o Water & Power
Mr. Muhammad Raziudin, Former MD OGDCL, CEO ARL
 OUTCOMES Adequacy

 Independence
 Maintain degree of
freedom in foreign
policy Diversity Reliability
 Sustainable economic Energy
development
Security
 Reduced risk to
interruptions
 The Economy is not
vulnerable to external
shocks Viability Affordability
 • Conventional
•Economic Growth
̵ Oil, Gas, Coal
•Population
• Renewable
•Urbanization
̵ Hydro, Solar, Bio
•Rural Demand Supply
Challenges • Energy Options
Electrification Growth
̵ Indigenous
•Life Style
̵ Imported
•DSM
•Oil & Gas
•Energy Conservation Policy
•Power
Planning
Technology
• Pollution • Realization of
̵ Water Indigenous
̵ Air Resources
Environmental Security
• Climate of Supply
•Import options
Impacts
Change •Vulnerability to
• Global Warming Shocks, interruptions
• Using R.E, Clean • Step up exploration
Coal technology, CCS, Security of supply is
mitigation… simply Energy Security
Ref: Dr. Steven E. Koonin, BP
State of Pakistan’s Energy Sector
 • Geological Potential: 282 Trillion Cubic Feet Discovered: 54 TCF
Gas Produced: 26 TCF Remaining: 27.6 TCF Production: 1.45 TCF
• Reserve to Production (R/P) Ratio: 19 Consumption: 1.27 TCF

• Geological Potential: 27 Billion Barrels Discovered: 1 Billion Barrel

Oil Remaining: 306 Million Barrel R/C Ratio: 2.3 R/P Ratio: 13
Net Oil Imports: 82% Production: 23.7 MB Consumption: 145 MB

• Geological Potential: 186 Billion Tons Proven: 3.45 Billion Tons

Coal Production: 3.48 Million Tons Consumption: 8.4 Million Tons
1.85% of Coal Potential is realized; 66% of Coal is imported in TOEs

Hydro • Hydro-Electric Potential: 55,000 Megawatt (MW) Realized: 12%

• Installed Hydel Capacity: 6444 MW Remaining : 48,556 MW

• Solar Potential is 2.9 million MW, PV, CSP, Solar water heaters…
R.E • Wind potential is 346,000 MW with Gharo Corridor of 55,000 MW
• Small-Hydel potential 4,500 MW, Biomass, Biodiesel, Ethanol…
 • TOE stands for Ton of Oil equivalent and
‘m’ Stands for Million so we write mTOE
– 1 TOE = 42 Giga Joules = 7.4 Barrels of Oil
– 1000 Liter Petrol = 0.86 TOE
– 1000 Liter Diesel = 0.98 TOE
– 1 MWh = 0.22 TOE @ 39% efficiency
– 1 TOE = 4.54 MWh@39%, 11.62 MWh@100%
– 1 Million Cubic Feet of Gas = 23.4 TOE
Hyperlink
 FY: 2009-10 Million TOE
35
Gas
LPG
Electricity 0.4 mTOE
Oil
30
7.46 mTOE
19.8 mTOE
25
Coal
4.62 Oil
mTOE 20
Total Supply
63.1 mTOE 15

10
Primary Electricity
5 Coal
Natural Gas
30.8 mTOE LPG
0
1995 2000 2005 2010

Source: HDIP, EYB 2010

Oil & Gas makes 80%
of our energy supply
Source: HDIP, EYB 2010
 0.042 % E-10,
E-10, 0.47 mTOE
Agriculture, 2.2%, 0.85 mTOE
5067,
19.2% 0%
CNG
2.3
mTOE
Petrol Diesel
17.2 %
2.06 7.64 Transport
mTOE mTOE
31.4% Industrial
11.65 mTOE 39.7%
15.6 mTOE

63.5%

Total Commercial
38.8 mTOE 3.4%
Domestic
1.53 mTOE
21.2%
8.36 mTOE
Transformation Loss: 17.1 mTOE Other Gov.
T&D Losses: 2.47 mTOE 2.1%
Non-Energy Use: 4.13 mTOE
Source: HDIP, EYB 2010
0.786 mTOE
 Losses

End Use
-Industry
Final
-Domestic
-Transmission
Secondary -Commercial
-Distribution
-Processing - Agriculture
-Transportation
-Conversion -Storage
Primary -Transform
-Mining
-Drilling
Hyperlink -Harvesting
 CNG Sector consumes only 80% Population do not have
8% of Gas but generate access to gas pipeline yet
30% of gas revenues for 20% consume 17% of gas…
Gas utility co. High tariff CNG
8% Domestic
2.3 17%
Where is mTOE 5.13 mTOE
Power Other
our huge 4%
29%
Coal, Hydel, 1.2 mTOE
7.1 mTOE
Renewable
potential?
Gen. Industries
25%
Fertilizer 7.5 mTOE
18%
4.28 mTOE

Gas Shortage Total Gas Consumption

1.5-2 BCF /day 1.27 Trillion Cubic Feet
Fertilizer Sector is over subsidized…

Source: HDIP, EYB 2010

 10.00

8.00

6.00
Bcfd

4.00

2.00
Existing Gas Fields

0.00
2010

2011

2012

2013

2015

2016

2017

2018

2020
2014

2019
14
Source: ISGS
 GOALS & VISION
► Set goals for country and identify
policy options
► Highest level energy decision makers
OBJECTIVES
► Establish objectives of planning,
IMPLEMENT identify specific questions to be
answered and how planning activities
RECOMMENDATIONS will be harmonized
► Designated stakeholder group
► Carry out recommendations; set
policies, conduct RFPs, establish
tariffs, etc.
► Regulator; market board, finance
ministry, controller general
DATA COLLECTION
AND MANAGEMENT
► Systematically collect and
aggregate data in standard
format
POLICY SETTING ► Designated data entity(ies)
► Consider recommendations
and sign off on resource and
policy actions
► High-level, multi-ministry
organization

ANALYSIS
► Analyze modeling results; develop
resource and policy
recommendations; follow-up on past
recommendations
► Senior level energy decision makers
STAKEHOLDER
ENGAGEMENT
► Engage federal and provincial
stakeholders; gather input on data,
approach and assumptions; meet
throughout process
► Designated stakeholder groups
MODELING
► Answer questions via harmonized
set of modeling activities
► Integrated technical teams; leverage
universities and other existing
expertise
Source: Energy Wing, PC
 • Oil Import Bill was 9.99 billion US$ in
Supply
Financial year 2009-10
• Oil Consumption concentrated in the
Total: 20.2 Million Tonnes transport and power sector i.e. 92.4%

Consumption

Oil for power sector must be replaced with

Hydro and Coal power otherwise our economy
will collapse and industry become a dead wood..
Source: HDIP, EYB 2010
• Subsidy to medium • Green Fuel
• Indigenous
& rich Class Against • Extensive Infrastructure
• Vehicles mostly non- For CNG & supporting Industry
commercial
• Commercial vehicle
• Affect on refinery
Conversion due to
mix, surplus naphtha Price Differential…
• Power Loss in engine
CNG Industry has no
• Reduces import bill
• Limited Range alternative for Gas • Higher tariff
 Comments on Sectorial Fuel Prices
• Natural Gas pricing is not based on
economic principle of scarcity and
optimal utilization which resulted in
misuse and misallocation of this
precious resource
• Cheap pricing of Natural Gas is an entry
barrier to Coal, Renewables and Hydel
• Domestic Gas is no longer a surplus
resource; reserves are in sharp decline.
LNG will affect WACOG significantly
 2008-09 2015
1 Average Power System % Losses 23.3% (10.3%-36%) Targets not available
2. Thermal Generation Efficiencies 16%-34% Limited plans
3. Thermal Power Availability 50%-60% Situation unaddressed
4. Demand Side Management Nil CFL Scheme only.
5 Overheads Lines/ Transformer In large numbers
6 SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index) 0 – 57089 13
7. SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) 22.9 – 5706194 14

Power System Capacity of Average System Capability of

PEPCO as on May, 2011 PEPCO as on May, 2011
Installed Dependable
Capacity Capability Summer Winter

20964 MW 18882 MW 12632 MW 10233 MW

Source: NTDC, PECPCO
By Type Power Generation By Company
Total: 95,608 GWh
Hydel 29.4%
Nuclear 3.3% WAPDA 50.0% Other IPPs 11.7%
& Imported

Liberty 1.6%

HUBCO 9.2%

Gas 29.4%
Rousch 3.4%

Oil 37.8% Uch 4.3%

KESC 8.4% KAPCO 8.4%

Coal 0.1% PAEC 3.0%

FY: 2009-10
GDP average growth in this period was 7% compare to historic average of 5%
MW
25,000 Installed capacity average growth was
20,000
0.21% in these 5 years. 163 MW added 19,257 19,384 19,450 19,420 19,420 19,786
20,922
17,399 17,498 17,799 17,798
14,818 15,658 15,662
15,000
12,969

10,000

5,000

0
95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10

Hydel Thermal (WAPDA) Thermal (KESC) Thermal (IPPs) Nuclear

Source: HDIP, EYB 2010

100%

29% Gas 30%

51%
80%

60%
Oil
37%

40%
15%
Coal
53% Nuclear
20%
Hydel 30%

0%

Source: HDIP, EYB Database

• Lack of Demand Side Management
• Tariff structure is not rational. Subsidies esp. cross
subsidy to domestic sector and not targeted for poor
• Circular Debt due to subsidy, non-payment & pilferage
• Seasonality of Hydel power
• Shortfall in gas supply
• Fuel Oil supply issues due to financial constraints
• Lack of diversification in generation mix
• Poor Governance and Regulation
• High power system losses
 Total: 74,348 GWhr

Bulk Supplies Others

Agriculture 6% 1%
13%
Just look
at this!
Domestic 46% of
Non-economic
subsidized
46% consumption

Industrial
27%

Commercial
7% Constrained Power Shortage
5000 MW
Source: HDIP, EYB 2010
 19,000 Computed (2010-11)
Supplied (2010-11)
18,000 Computed (2009-10)
17,000 Supplied (2009-10)
16,000
Load in MW

15,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Months
Source: PEPCO
 45
Demand Price
40 MW Rs/kWh 39.37
35 5,000 1.25 Rental unit is up to 80 times
12,000 11.11 more expensive than Hydel.
30 They say we will have Rental 29.51
Price/kWh

25 14,000 14 Power Plants but not Kalabagh

15,000 Up to 39
20 19.42
>15,000 Infinite 16.36
15 10.21 13.2
10 11.11

5 0.51 3.12
0 1.25

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000

Hydel unit (Tarbela) Price per
Unit (Kwh) and they say we Load (MW)
wont build Kalabagh Dam…
Source: PEPCO
 Generation Transmission Distribution

• Rental Contract PESCO

Rental
LESCO
• Capacity Purchase Price CPPA
IPPs • Energy Purchase Price

GoP approves the NEPRA tariff

IESCO
• Capacity Purchase Price
GenCos • Energy Purchase Price

MEPCO
• Flat Rate G.C + W.C+
Nuclear
Distribution
QESCO
Margin
• Flat Rate G.C +
Hydel • Water Charges Wheeling
Chargers of HESCO
• Agreement Terms
Imports NTDC
Generation GEPCO
• LetterCost (G.C)
of Intent
Renewable determined
by NEPRA FESCO
 End
Source PSO Genco Meter
Use

Circular Debt
Rs. 350 billion
Process Refine NTDC DISCO Subsidy
Rs. 250 billion
 Injections
GoP Spending\Exports\Investment GDP

Firms
Rent Payment of
Land, Labor Goods & Goods &
Wages
Capital Services Services
Profits

Households
Leakages
Taxation\Imports\Savings
National
Income
Hyperlink
• Pakistan’s total GHG emissions were 310 million tones of
CO2 equivalent comprising of CO2 54%, CH4 36%, N20 9%
and others 1% in 2008 (Ref: National GHG Inventory)
• Responsible for 0.8 per cent of global GHG emissions
• Ranks 135th in the world in terms of per capita GHG
emissions; Ranks 6th in population (Ref: GoP 2010)
• It ranked 16th out of 170 countries in a Climate Change
Vulnerability Index (Ref: Maplecroft 2010)
• CO2 emissions per unit of energy consumption in
Pakistan are among the lowest in the world
• Reason! Historically, our primary energy supply mix is
about 50% Natural Gas with very low carbon footprint,
11% Hydel and 1.1% nuclear which are Carbon free
• Human Resource Development
• Governance of Energy Sector
– Incompetence, nepotism and corruption
– Too many institutions involved in a activity area
– Lack of National Integrated Energy Plan
– Lack of financial and administrative autonomy
• Regulator’s Role
– Clarity of Role and Autonomy
– Lacks market development approach and monitoring
– Accountability
– Capacity Building
– Tariff Calculation and determination is formula based
• Reforms/Restructuring and Stalled Privatization
– Energy Sector investment need cannot be met by the
public sector alone
– Stalled privatization programs
– Vertical Integration – Problematic; Unbundled, Now?
• Irrational and Inefficient Tariff Structure
– Untargeted Subsidies,
– Notified tariff are below recovery cost
– Failure of Government to pay subsidies on time
– No Protection to Economic Sector i.e. cross subsidy is
given to domestic sector in both Gas and Electricity; Line
losses, delivery Cost and pilferage/nonpayment are very
high in domestic sector compared to Industrial
Pakistan's Energy Security

Global Perspective
 Strategic
Stakes

Control of
Economic Sovereignty
Stakes

Corporate
Inter
National Control
Industrialized Interest
Rich, Powerful
Dependent
Security of
Oil & Gas Supply Military
Consumer Power
LDC, Poor, IMF Loan
Weak World Bank Petrodollar
This slide is reviewed by a leading senior Economist of Pakistan Civil Service
 • Muslims have 69% of Oil Reserve and 58% of Gas Reserve of the World; produces 40% of
This slide is reviewed by a senior Defense Analyst

world agriculture production yet most of Muslim population live in state of poverty
• We hold key sea trade routes i.e. Straits of Hormuz, Straits of Malacca and Suez Canal
• Global economy rest on foundation of economical supply of plentiful Oil & Gas but Islamic
beliefs strictly prohibits Non-Muslims to have presence in Arab world (esp. K.S.A) Hence,
War on Terrorism is aftermath of unhappy marriage of Muslim Arab and West over Oil; So,
Arab world (esp. K.S.A) will keep producing terrorists, Pakistan suffers from this!
• Osama used Tribal belt, USA used Tribal belt against Russia, History used these fighters
since Alexander. Tribal people are born fighters with harsh & rugged lifestyle. Thus,
solution is militarization of Tribal belt of Pakistan and Afghanistan and use it as
instrument for Muslim World Energy Security. No wealth is yours if you cannot protect it
 Energy Rich
Land locked
Central Asia
Sea Route
for China

Oil & Gas of

Middle East

Pakistan

Energy Starved Growing

Economy of India
Gawardar port
 Natural Gas may continue to be our major supply
Proven Gas Reserves of world’s source in energy mix due to the extensive pipeline
top 30 Gas Producing Countries infrastructure i.e. transmission & distribution grid
100 %
90 %
80 %
World Gas
70 %
Reserves:
60 % 6621 TCF
50 % BP Stats 2010
40 %
30 % Option for I-P, Q-P and Central Asian Gas pipelines
We have access to about one third of World’s Gas…
20 %
10 %
0%
Ka E i a

Om i a
Ab Sta a

kis e
rk Ch i a
u- tes

Uk d ia
ds
d o ria
Al ela

al y

er n
Ve i ge i
ne ri a

Bo an
Ca ta n
sia

Uz uw n

Ne e rb ya
kh t
Sa Q n

Au Iraq

da
ki s t

ia
en a
No tan
Un d i A tar
ia

N ab

m n
za gyp

be ai
d bi

M wa

Pa ai n
th ai ja
Ira

sta
s
m in

li v
Ro a
l

an
ss

ra

lan
Az Lib
In ge

t
na
ay
ite ra

ne

In
u a

Dh

zu

is
r
st

r
Ru

K
Tu

Proven conventional gas reserves are fairly concentrated…

Reference: CediGaz
 %
1.2 1.5
100 10.9 8 6
3 15
90 9.2 2
80 22
70 51
67
60 47.5
24
50
40 6
30 2.5
31.2 32 37
20
23
10
0
Pakistan India China USA
Oil Gas Coal Hydel Others
 Way Forward to Energy Security

Our Way… is the Coal Way

There are no speed limits on the Road of Excellence

 • Demand Side Management Opportunities
– Standardization of Equipment & Appliances
– Legal framework for Energy Efficiency
– ENERCON to play its role, Introduce ESCOs in private
– Off Grid Solutions using R.E, Private Sector for solar
NEGAWATT! MWWater
– Use of Solar saved is better than MW produced
Heaters
– Differential Tariff, Smart meters, Prepaid Billing…
– Mass transport systems
– Trust building on Demand side Management
– Successful Awareness Campaigns on DSM
– Control Power system line losses and UFG
• Single integrated Energy policy for all energy sectors i.e.
upstream, downstream, R.E, nuclear, Coal etc
• Formation of Ministry of Energy is required as there is
lack/difference of collective and integrated plan/view of
the Country, Region and the World
• Merge M/o Water & Power and M/o P&NR to work
under M/o Energy; OGRA & NEPRA merger to follow up
• M/o Energy must have representative of Planning
Commission, M/o Finance, M/o Petroleum & Natural
Resources , M/o Water & Power, Federal & Provincial
representatives, Regulators, Industry and the consumer
so as to form a structured group of professionals drawn
from all public and private sectors entities of the country
Long Term
8-15 years

Dam Capacity (MW)

Bunji 7,000
Basha Dam 4,500
Dasu 4320
Kalabagh 3,600
Kohala 1100
Neelam-J 969
Munda 740
Total 22,229
 1 kWh =3412 BTU No. of hours in the year i.e 365 days × 24 hours

Units produced/year = 3,600 × 1,000 × 8760 × 0.5

1 kiloWatt hours Assumption that Plant will
(kWh) is Billing Installed Capacity Conversion factor of
(MW) of Kalabagh Mega to Kilo-Watt operate 6 months per year
Unit of Electricity
Unit Cost determined by NEPRA:
Tarbela: Rs. 0.53 Ghazi: Rs 2.20
Total Unit Produced/year = 15,768,000,000 kWh Mangla: Rs. 0.36 Ave. Hydel: Rs 1
Kalabagh Dam will save
2.5 billion US $/year Thermal power producers:
(2 times US aid for war on terror) IPP/Gencos: 9-17¢/kWh
compared to Thermal Power Salient Features Rental : ↑20¢/kWh (1$ ≈ 85.25 PKR)

• Cheap Electricity: Rs- 1.50 per kWh
• Nearby Major Load Centers
• Water Storage worth tens of Billions Rs.
• Extended irrigation, Flood Control
• Restore capacity of Tarbela & Chasma
• Location is close to the National Grid
• Concrete Gravity Dam (Build cost is less)
• Dam is connected to both Road/Rail
• Last Down Stream location for Dam
before Indus enter in to Sindh plains
• Largest catchment area, Most diverse
water source, Kabul, Haro,Swan, Indus
• Stepped up E&P activities for Oil & Gas by
improving drilling intensity from present i.e. one
well /1376 sq. km
• Have a formula of making the local population as
shareholders in Oil & Gas production areas
• Law & Order situation and terrorism should be
addressed appropriately
• Proper well head gas pricing to attract investor
• Enhanced Oil Recovery, In Fill Drilling, Tight Gas
• R&D projects to promote and accelerate the
exploration activity in unexplored area of the
country in order to fill in future energy gaps
• Prioritize use of gas in the following order:
– 1) Industry 2) CNG* 3) Power generation 4)
Commercial 5) Domestic (using economic principle)
• Eliminate Cross Subsidy in Gas Sale Price i.e.
Domestic and Fertilizer sector
• Expand Oil importing facilities
– Up-gradation of Port Qasim
– Development of Gwadar Port
• Build strategic relationship with crude suppliers
and diversify supply source
• Minimize use of Fuel oil for power generation and
industrial usage as its supplies are expected to be
restricted and with volatile pricing
• Import of energy
– Gas Import
• Pipeline
– IPI Central Route
– IPI Coastal Route
– Qatar Deep Sea Route
– TAPI
• LNG
– Oil Import
– Electricity Import
• Tajkistan
• Iran
– Import of Coal
– Import of LPG
 Future Nuclear
Cumulative
 The Pak-China link needs
Year Power Plants to to be kept engaged and
(MW)
be added to Grid
strengthened
2011 K-1 and C-1 415  Chinese supply capability
limited to 300 MW size
2011 340 MW (C-2) 755 but larger 1000 MW size
2016 340 MW 1095 possible after 2-3 years
2017 340 MW 1435  NPPs require about 7 years
in construction. (Energy
2019 1000 MW 2345*
Project Cycle)
2021 1000 MW 3345  Enhance exploration and
2022 1000 MW 4345 infrastructure for mining
Source: Integrated Energy Plan, M/o Finance, GoP
• The primary use of coal is power generation worldwide
• Today the world gets more than 38 % of its electricity
from coal, China generate 80 %, India generate 66%,
USA generate 60% and Pakistan generate 0.1%
electricity using coal which is cheap and economical
• In the Asian region 45 % of power is generated from
coal, which is expected to increase to 60 % by 2020
• Advanced technologies for coal gasification, clean coal
technologies, fuel cells and syngas conversion etc are
available but very expensive at present
• Pakistan should focus on conventional open cast
integrated mining i.e. power plant near the mine mouth
• Area of the field: 9000 sq. km
• Distance from Karachi: 380 Km
• Coal seam thickness: 0.2 -22.8m
• Coal seam depth: 114-203m
• Potential Reserves: 175 Billion Tonnes
• Coal category is Lignite having calorific value between
6,200-11,000 BTU/lb, it has high moisture i.e. 47%, ash-
5.75%, low sulphur-1.2% and volatile matter-33%
• There are three aquifers at an average depth of 50m, 120m
(above seam) and more than 200m (below seam) which
needs hydrological solution. Dune sands, silt stone cover,
very high stripping ratio and high moisture content in Thar
Coal make Thar mining and power generation challenging…
• Thar Coal potential can provide Hundred Thousand
(100,000) MW of electricity for more than two (2) centuries
• Equivalent to about 617 Billion Barrels of Oil, Worth 30
trillion US $ @ 50$/Barrel More than 2 × Saudi Oil reserves
• Pricing mechanism must provide minimum 16% return on
investment for Thar Coal Fired Power Plant
• Open Cast mining at the depth of 145 meter with 3 aquifers
will be challenging, So Thar is Medium to Long term option…
• Provide necessary infrastructure and development in Thar
area i.e. water, road & security
• Develop policy for Integrated Coal Mining/Power
• Put professionals of coal field at the helm
 24°

Pakistan Energy Resource Potential Legend

Blocks
Drill Holes
Villages
B
Track BLOCK III
Minham
Saleh Jo Tar
Bamnia Bhil Jo Tar

Meghe Jo Tar Kharo

24°

Bhitro
Bamnia Bhil Jo Tar
Singharo Vakrio
Sonalba BLOCK II

Jagirharho

Thae Jo Tar
BLOCK IV
Jinde Jo Tar

Islamkot Varvai

24°
Mula Jo Tar
BLOCK I Khario
Sinhar Vikian

Tilvai
A

Mattu Jo Tar
Dhinkario
Oil Gas Coal Measured
Coal Indicated
Kikari
Coal Inferred
24°
70° 20’ 70° 30’
70° 10’
• Energy Sector is in a critical state
• Energy Efficiency & Demand Side Management to get the priority
• Prepare to live with planned load shedding
• Pay for what you Consume policy must be adopted
• Actual availability of resources for Investment may be much less than
planned mainly due to lack of financing & investment, war on
terrorism and resulting law & order situation due to the
aforementioned war
• It is imperative to realize Wapda plan of Hydroelectric Generation of
26,000 MW by 2025 also include Kalabagh Dam. Resolve all disputes!
• Develop Thar Coal, energy secured for centuries
• Integrated Energy Planning is the need of the hour
• Improve Governance, No Corruption, HRD is the Key…
• Adequacy! Can our energy Supplies to meet
demand on sustainable Basis?
• Diversity! our energy mix is diverse or not at
present? Can it be made to diversify?
• Affordability! Our energy prices are competitive
compared to world or not?
• Viability! Sector Governance and Institutional
viability of our present mix and future mix…
• Reliability! Are there any risks of physical
interruptions in energy supplies?