Advanced Grammar & Pronunciation

Academic year: 2022-2023 - Le Ngoc Han Junior High School – My Tho City
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I/ PRONUNCIATION:
- Âm /ei/: alien, ancient, available, take, steak, break, name, game, same, change, exchange, danger
- Chữ h câm: honest, hour, hour, heir
- Chữ gh câm: Thought, through, thorough, borough, daughter, light, might, sigh, right, fight, weigh,
weight, though, although
- Chữ k câm: know, knock, knee, knowledge, knife
- Chữ n câm: autmn, column
- Chữ b câm: climb, comb, plumber, debt, bomb, tomb
- Chữ t câm: listen, Christmas, fasten, hasten, castle, soften, chasten
- Chữ s câm: island, aisle, isle, islet
- OO đọc là /u:/: food, shoot, pool, mood, loose, bloom
- CH đọc là /ʃ/ : machine, champagne, chef, parachute, moustache, brochure, chauffeur, cache
- CH đọc là /k/: mechanic, chemical, chemist, chemistry, Christmas, ache , scholarship, scheme,
choir, orchestra, architect, stomach
- S đọc là / /ʃ/ / : sure, sugar
- C đọc là / /ʃ/ / : ancient, precious, ocean, efficient, efficiency, special

- Gốc "que’ đọc là /k/: mosque, unique, antique, boutique
- O đọc là /u/ hay /u:/ gồm có: tomb /u:/ , wolf /u/
- /u/ ngắn: would, should, could, foot, book, cook, look, brook, put, sugar, push, took, stood, hood , shook
- Gốc eart phát âm là /a:/ có heart
- Những tính từ gốc ed phát âm là /id/: dogged, aged, wretched, naked, sacred, beloved, wicked,
learned, rugged, ragged, crooked, blessed, hatred (n),
mammal, rival, burial, refusal, denial, survival,
II/ VOCABULARY: principal...
- Nhóm gốc “al” thường là tính từ: electrical, national, industrial
* Ngoại lệ: arrival, festival, material, rental, trial, recital, removal, approval, disapproval → NOUN
- Nhóm gốc “ive” thường là tính từ: selective, atractive, comparative, attentive….
* Ngoại lệ: relative, detective, representative, preservative → NOUN
- Nhóm gốc “ty” thường là danh từ: safety, beauty, hospitality, clarity….
* Ngoại lệ: trusty, tasty, salty → ADJ
- Nhóm “er” thường là danh từ: teacher, writer, worker, climber……
* Ngoại lệ: consider, wander, embroider, prefer, refer, confer, infer → VERB
- Nhóm cooker, dryer, freezer, typewriter (máy đánh chữ) → THING
- Nhóm gốc “ise/ize” thường là động từ: advise, comprise, revise……..
* Ngoại lệ: expertise (n)
- Nhóm gốc “ly” thường là trạng từ: slowly, sadly, beautifully …..
* Ngoại lệ: lovely, lively, friendly, unfriendly, costly, silly, curly, elderly, manly, womanly, earthly,
ugly, fatherly, motherly, brotherly, sisterly, lonely, oily, smelly, holy, godly, scholarly, likely, timely,
comely (duyên dáng), homely (giản dị), deadly, chilly, shapely, jolly, orderly → ADJ
- Nhóm gốc “ate” thường là động từ: compensate, marinate concentrate, frustrate, imitate.........
* Ngoại lệ: moderate, passionate, intricate, appropriate, considerate --> ADJ
- Nhóm gốc “ful” thường là tính từ: thoughtful, truthful, useful, skillful, painful, cheerful, successful
* Ngoại lệ: handful, mouthful, spoonful, cupful, eyeful→ NOUN
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 Compiled by teacher Tran Hong Canh from Le Ngoc Han Junior High School
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III. COMMON COLLOCATIONS ( CÁC THÀNH NGỮ THƯỜNG GẶP)
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IV. PASSIVE FORM:

A. Causative forms: have, get
VERBS KINDS FORMS

Active S + have + O (person) + Vo
Have
Passive S + have + O (thing) + V3/ed
Active S + get + O (person) + to V
Get
Passive S + get + O (thing) + V3/ed
Ex:
1. I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.
2. I get her to make some coffee.
I get some coffee made.
B. Verbs of opinion: say, think, believe, know, report, rumour …
KINDS FORMS
Active S1 + VS1 + that + S2 + VS2
It + be V3/ ed + that + S2 + VS2

Passive
S2 + be V3/ ed + to V0 ( cùng thì )
to have V3/ ed ( khác thì )
Ex: 1/ People say that he is a famous doctor.

It is said that he is a famous doctor.
He is said to be a famous doctor.
2/ People believe that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.
It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.
He is believed to have driven through the town at 90 km an hour.
V. INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ)
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The verb is used in the inverted form after certain adverbs and adverb phrases if they are
placed first in a sentence or clause.
Never Seldom
Only by Only then / when
Not only (… but also) Not until
Hardly ever Hardly … when = Scarcely … when
No sooner … than … So … that …
Neither / Nor So
Nowhere In no circumstances: dù ở hoàn cảnh nào cũng không được
On no account : không vì lí do gì
Ex: 1. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house.
Hardly had he had time to settle down when he sold the house.
Scarcely had he had time to settle down when he sold the house.
No sooner had he had time to settle down than he sold the house.
2. He didn’t return to his native village until the war ended.
(It was not until the war ended that he returned to his native village) not until ở giữa thì không đảo ngữ
Not until the war ended did he return to his native village
3. The question is so difficult that nobody can answer it.
So difficult is the question that nobody can answer it.
* NOTES:
1. Bill would enjoy a game and Tom would too.
= Bill would enjoy a game and so would Tom.
2. He didn’t like the book, I didn’t either.
= He didn’t like the book, neither / nor did I.
* Các trường hợp đảo ngữ:
1/ Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện
a. Điều kiện loại 1: If clause = Should + S + Vo
EX: If he comes late, he will miss the train.
→ Should he come late, he will miss the train.
b. Điều kiện loại 2: If clause = Were + S + (not) to V / Were + S , ………….
EX: - If I were you, I would never meet him again.
→ Were I you, I would never meet him again.
EX: - If I knew her, I would invite her to my party.
→ Were I to know her, I would invite her to my party.
EX: - If I didn’t get high score, my parents would criticise me.
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→ Were I not to get high score, my parents would criticise me.

c. Điều kiện loại 3: If clause = Had + S + (not) + V3/ed
EX: If it hadn’t been for my help, she would have missed the meeting
→ Had it not been for my help, she would have missed the meeting.
2/ No, not: No/Not + N + Đảo ngữ

Ex1: She didn’t shed any tear when the story ended in tragedy
→ Not a tear did she shed when the story ended in tragedy.
Ex2: I shall lend you no money.
→ No money shall I lend you.
3/ Seldom/ hardly(ever)/rarely/scarcely/little/never +Đảo ngữ
EX: He seldom goes to school late.
→ Seldom does he go to school late.
4/ Only:
Only once/ Only later/ Only in this(that) way + Đảo ngữ
Only then + TĐT+ S+ V
Only after+ Noun, Đảo ngữ
Only by V_ing / Noun, Đảo ngữ
Only when/Only if + clause, Đảo ngữ
Only with + N, Đảo ngữ
Ex:
- Only once have I met her.
- Only later did I realize that my family played an important role in my life.
- Only when I went abroad to study, did i realize that everything was not as easy as it seemed.
- Only by doing a test every day can you feel confident.
5/ At no time / on no condition / under no circumstances/ for no reason/ in no way/ no longer/ +ĐN
Ex:
- At no time (=never) did he suspect that his girlfriend was an enemy spy.
- Under no circumstances could this button be touched.
- No longer does he smoke 20 cigarettes a day.
6/ Hardly… when/No sooner... than
Hardly + had + S + V3/ed + when S+V2/ed = no sooner + had + S + V3/ed + than S+V2/ed (vừa xong ... thì)
Ex: Hardly had she hung the clothes out when it rained.
Ex No sooner had I put the receiver down than he rang back.
7/ Not only… but also
Not only + ĐN + but + S + also + V
Ex: Not only is he handsome but he also plays the guitar well.
8/ So/ such + Đảo ngữ
Ex: So hard did he work that he forgot this lunch
So angry was she that she broke the vase
Such + be + N + that…
Ex:
- She was so angry that she broke the vase
- Her anger was such( = so great) that...(Đổi tính từ th{nh danh từ: angry -> anger)
→ Such was her anger that...
Ex: The play was so popular that the theater was full everyday.
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→ Such was the popularity of the play that the theater was full everyday
9/ Not until/ Only when + clause , Đảo ngữ
Ex: I did’t realize who he was until he came into the light.
→ Not until he came into the light did I realize that it was him.
10/ Neither/so + Đảo ngữ
Ex: A: I don’t know how to play that game. B: Neither do I.
11/ Nowhere + Đảo ngữ
Ex: Nowhere could the wallet be found.
→ Nowhere do I feel as comfortable as I do at home.
12/ Trường hợp Đảo ngữ đặc biệt:
a. Hình thức đảo ngữ với phó từ chỉ nơi chốn:
(With adverbs of place): Thường thì đặt phó từ lên trước + V + S
Ex:
- On the table stood a man.(A man stood on a table)
- Here comes the winter.(The winter comes here)
- There will take a place a big storm and heavy rain.(A big storm and heavy rain will take a place
there)
b. Hình thức đảo ngữ với with, now, thus, then, here, there: chỉ đc hoán chuyển khi chủ ngữ là
danh từ, ko hoán chuyển khi chủ ngữ là đại từ(it, she, he,…)
Ex:
- There comes the bus. = There it comes.(There comes it)
- Now comes your turn. = Now your turn comes.
VI. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT:
a.
S1 + and + S2 + V (plural)
Ex: He and his friends are good students.
John and I are going to play tennis.
b.
with / together with
S1 + along with / as well as + S2 + V (S1)
accompanied by
Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
c.
Either or
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 + V (S2)
Not only but also
Ex: Either you or I am wrong
Neither Tom’s parents nor his teacher is satisfied with his progress.
d.
Every Noun (singular)
Each + + V (singular)
Either
Neither of + Noun (plural)
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Ex: Every child has a toy.

Each job needs patience.
Each of the patients is examined every day.
e.
Every / some
Any / no + one / body / thing + V (singular)
Ex: Everyone is ready.
f.
A number of + Noun (plural) + V (plural)
The number of + Noun (plural) + V (singular)
Ex: A number of the applicants have already been interviewed.
The number of days in a week is seven.
g.
S (N + prepositional phrase) + V(N)
Ex: The study of languages is very interesting.
h.
S (V-ing) + V (singular)
Ex: Writing many letters makes her happy.
i. S (people, police, cattle, poultry, clergy, children) + V (plural)

j. S (phân số hay tỷ lệ ) ( one third of the + N/ Half of + the N/, All of + the N)
+ V (singular/ plural) ( phụ thuộc vào danh từ làm chủ ngữ đó số ít hoặc số nhiều )
Ex: One third of the oranges are mine.
One third of the milk is enough.
k. S ( là 1 mệnh đề.) + V (singular)
EX: That you get high mark in school is very good.
l. S (chỉ tiền bạc, thời gian, khoảng cách) + V (singular)
Ex. Three years is a long time to wait.
m. Những chủ ngữ là những danh từ bộ phận (glasses, pants, trousers, scissors,…) thì động từ luôn
chia số nhiều.
Ex: Her glassses are really nice.
n. Những danh từ chỉ quốc tịch thì động từ luôn chia số nhiều.
Ex: Vietnamese always want to spend their time with family in Tet Holiday.
o. Những chủ ngữ có “s” nhưng ý nghĩa là số ít thì động từ cũng chia số ít.
Ex: – News, Mathematics, Physics, Economics, Politics, Statistics, Electronics, Linguistics,
Electronics, …
– Measles, Mumps, Rabies, Diabetes, Rickets, …
– Athletics, Aerobics, …
p. Chủ ngữ là những danh từ tập hợp (family, class, school, group, team, government, …) thì động từ
chia số ít nếu chỉ tổng thể, động từ chia số nhiều nếu nhấn vào từng cá nhân trong tổng thế đó.
Ex: My family opens a coffee shop. (Cả nhà tôi cùng mở một tiệm cà phê.)
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My family open a coffee shop. (Mỗi người trong gia đình đều mở một tiệm cà phê.)
q. Khi tính từ được dùng như một danh từ (để chỉ một tập hợp) thì động từ luôn chia số nhiều.
Ex: The vulnerable are really poor. (Những người khốn khổ thực sự rất nghèo.)
r. Nếu sử dụng chủ ngữ giả “It” động từ sẽ chia theo chủ ngữ chính.
Ex: It is her dogs that often bite people. (Her dogs là chủ ngữ chính)
s. Nếu các chủ ngữ nối nhau bằng “and” và diễn tả cùng một ý chung thì động từ được chia ở số ít.
Ex: Bread and butter is my favorite food.
VII. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
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VIII/ RELATIVE CLAUSES ( Mệnh đề quan hệ)

1/ Use: Mệnh đề quan hệ mang chức năng của tính từ nên còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính từ.
2/ Form: Mệnh đề quan hệ bắt đầu bằng các Đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns) hay các Trạng từ quan
hệ (relative adverbs)
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a/ Đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns)
Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Sở hữu

Người Who/That Whom/That Whose
Vật Which/ That Which/ That Whose / of which
- Who thay thế cho từ chỉ người đứng trước nó và làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The woman is my mother. She wears a hat.
→ The woman who wears a hat is my mother.
- Whom thay thế cho từ chỉ người đứng trước nó và làm túc từ trong mệnh đề phụ.
EX: The man is very famous. She visits him.
→ The man whom she visits is very famous.
- Which thay thế cho từ chỉ vật đứng trước nó và làm chủ từ/ tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The book is my teacher’s. It is on the table.
→ The book which is on the table is my teacher’s .
EX: The bicycle is mine. You are looking at it.
→ The bicycle which you are looking at is mine.
- Whose thay thế cho từ chỉ người hay vật đứng trước nó và làm sở hữu trong mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The woman is elegant. Her daughter is a Miss World.
→ The woman whose daughter is a Miss World is elegant.
EX: The house is old. Its windows are broken.
→ The house whose windows are broken is old.
* Lưu ý:
- Who, whom, which có thể thay thế bằng THAT để làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The girl who/ that lives opposite my house is very pretty.
- Đại từ quan hệ nằm trong mệnh đề không hạn định ( non-defining) giữa 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy. Đối với
mệnh đề này ta không dùng THAT. Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
✓ Danh từ phía trước là danh từ riêng
✓ Danh từ phía trước có chứa các tính từ sở hữu: my, your, his, her, our, their, its
✓ Danh từ phía trước có chứa các tính từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those
EX: Minh is my close friend. He likes telling jokes.
→ Minh, who likes telling jokes, is my close friend.
- Ta phải dùng THAT khi:
✓ Danh từ phía trước là danh từ chỉ người lẫn vật
EX: The man and his dog are crossing the bridge. They look very tired.
→ The man and his dog THAT look very tired are crossing the bridge.
✓ Danh từ phía trước có chứa so sánh nhất (Superlatives)
EX: It is the most interesting film. I have ever seen that film.
→ It is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
✓ Khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
EX: He is the first person. He came to the party last night.
→ He is the first person that came to the party last night.
✓ Khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing,
anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none.
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EX: There is something in the fridge. You can eat it.

→ There is something in the fridge that you can eat.
b/ Trạng từ/ Phó từ quan hệ (Relative adverbs)
Time ( Thời gian) WHEN = in/on/at which
Place (Nơi chốn) WHERE =in/on/at which
Reason (Lý do) WHY = for which
EX: The house is very old. I have lived in it for 30 years.
→ The house where I have lived for 30 years is very old.
EX: I will never forget the day. We first met on that day.
→ I will never forget the day when we first met.
EX: That’s the reason. I left home early for that reason.
→ That’s the reason why I left home early.
IX. TAG QUESTIONS
 Quy tắc chung : Phần đầu khẳng định → Phần đuôi phủ định và ngược lại
* Đối với động từ to be ; modal verbs; have (has) trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành ; had trong thì quá khứ
hoàn thành ; will (won’t) trong thì tương lai đơn → ta sẽ lặp lại ở phần đuôi.
* Đối với động từ thường thì ở phần đuôi → ta sẽ mượn trợ động từ tương ứng với các thì như sau :
- Hiện tại đơn : do/ does – don’t/ doesn’t
- Quá khứ đơn: did – didn’t
* Lưu ý:
- I am …………, AREN’T I?
- Let’s ………………, SHALL WE?
- Câu mệnh lệnh (V0 …………. / Don’t + V0 ………….)…………, WILL YOU?
- I think + S +V, phần đuôi dựa vào mệnh đề sau I think?
* EX: I think you are right, aren’t you?
- Chủ từ là This/ That/ Everything/ Something/ Nothing/ Anything → IT
- Chủ từ là These/ Those/ Everyone/ Everybody/ Someone/ Somebody/ No one/ Nobody/ Anyone/
anybody → THEY
- Trong câu xuất hiện “not, little, seldom, hardly, never, rarely ; nobody/ no one / nothing” báo
hiệu đây là câu phủ định thì phần đuôi sẽ ở khắng định
* EX: a/ She is a teacher, ISN’T SHE?
b/ They have lived here for 10 years, HAVEN’T THEY?
c/ Don’t talk in class, WILL YOU?
X. INFINITVES OR GERUNDS :
A/ INFINITIVES ( Nguyên mẫu):
1/ To-infinitives ( Nguyên mẫu có TO ):
a/ It’s adj + (of sb)+ to V: ai đó thật như thế nào khi làm việc gì
Các tính từ sau dùng với cấu trúc này: kind, good, stupid, clever, careless, sensible, brave, timid,
coward, wise, rude, polite, generous, mean, thoughtful, tactful, selfish…
Ex: It’s kind of you to help me
You stole a car, which was stupid of you
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b/ S+ be + Adj + To V
Các tính từ sau đây dùng với cấu trúc này: happy, sad, glad, nice, pleased, disappointed,
difficult, easy, eager, ready, surprised, sorry, hesitant, amazed, able, willing, reluctant,
sure/bound/certain.
Ex: I am very glad to see you again.
c/ Động từ nguyên thể có “To” đứng ngay sau V:
Agree (đồng ý), afford (có khả năng tài chính), appear (dường như), attempt (nổ lực), arrange
(sắp xếp), cause (gây ra), choose (lựa chọn), decide (quyết định), demand (yêu cầu), expect (mong đợi),
Fail (thất bại), hope(hi vọng), hesitate (ngại, phiền), intend (dự định), manage (quản lý), offer (đề nghị),
promise (hứa), plan (lập kế hoạch), pay (trả), prepare (chuẩn bị), refuse (từ chối), threaten (đe dọa),
tend (xu thế), wish (ước), want ( muốn), encourage (động viên, khuyến khích), tell, ask, request, order
Ex: I can’t afford to go abroad to study.
He agreed to work for us
She refused to answer personal questions
* Notes:
- allow / permit/ advise / recommend + O + to V0 EX: She allowed me to use her pen.
- allow / permit / advise / recommend + V-ing EX: She didn’t allow smoking in her room.
2/ Bare infinitives ( Nguyên mẫu không có TO ) :
Động từ nguyên mẫu không to được dùng:

- Sau động từ khiếm khuyết: can, could, would,should, may, might, must, ought to, have to….
- Sau các động từ: let, make, would rather, had better
Ex: They made him repeat the whole story.
- Help + to V0 / V0 / with Noun
Ex: He usually helps his sister to do her homework.
He usually helps his sister do her homework.
He usually helps his sister with her homework.
B/ GERUND ( Danh động từ - Thêm ing):
1. Những động từ dùng với danh động từ:
Admit(nhận), finish, anticipate (đoán trước), appreciate (đánh giá), avoid( tránh), consider (xem
xét), postpone =delay (hoãn), deny (chối), discuss (thảo luận), hate =dislike (ghét), enjoy (thích) , keep
(giữ), mind (phiền), miss (lỡ) , practise, quit, resist (kháng lại), risk (liều), suggest (đề nghị), mention (đề
cập), prefer…to, spend
Ex: a/ I couldn’t avoid meeting him
b/ Have you finished talking?
c/ She enjoys playing tennis.
2. Danh động từ đúng sau giới từ : at, on, in, before, after, with, up, without, by, in addition to…..
Ex: a/ We can improve our English by practicing much
b/ He came in without saying hello to anybody
c/ On getting home, he sat down to write a letter
d/ In addition to going to university she also takes a part- time job
e/ Before going to bed, I clean my teeth
3. Đi với một số thành ngữ cố định:
+ can’t help = can’t bear = can’t stand: không thể không
+ It’s (not) worth : Đáng (không đáng làm gì)
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+ It’s no use = It’s no good = There be no point in Ving: làm gì đó là vô ích

+ S + have/has difficulty/trouble + (in )+ Ving: gặp khó khăn, rắc rối
+ have (any) problem in Ving
+ have a good time + Ving
+ have a hard/difficult time + Ving
+ be busy + Ving
Ex:
C/ GERUND or INFINITIVE: (different meaning)
VERBS MEANINGS EXAMPLES
+ to V0 (hành động chưa xảy ra) Please remember to return the book
Remember
tomorrow.
1 Forget
+ V-ing (hành động đã xảy ra)
Regret I’ll never forget seeing her at the first time.
+ to V0 (dừng lại để làm việc khác) He stopped to eat. (dừng công việc để ăn)
2 Stop
My father stopped smoking two months ago.
+ V-ing (từ bỏ, dừng việc đang làm)
(bỏ hút thuốc)
I will try to study hard so that my parents stop

+ to V0 (cố gắng làm việc gì)
worrying about me.
3 Try
+ V-ing (thử làm việc gì) He tried making a cake but he didn’t succeed.
* NOTES:
a/ S + see/hear/watch/feel/notice/observe/smell + O + V0 (nhìn thấy toàn bộ sự việc)
b/ S + see/hear/watch/feel/notice/observe/smell + O + Ving (nhìn thấy sự việc đang diễn ra)
Ex: 1/ I saw him jump over the fence yesterday.
2/ She can notice the earth beginning to shake.
XI. DIRECT SPEECH - REPORTED/INDIRECT SPEECH

Câu gián tiếp là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp.
- Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi;
không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ.
- Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi,
thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
A. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)
1. Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba
I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her
We → They us → them our → their
2. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)
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- Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật
3. Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi
B. Thay đổi về thì trong câu:
Direct Indirect/ Reported

1. S + V1 S + V2/ed
2. S + am / is / are + V-ing S + was / were + V-ing
3. S + have / has + V3/ed S + had + V3/ed
4. have / has been +V-ing S + had been + V-ing
5. S + V2/ed S + had + V3/ed
6. S + was / were + V-ing S + had been + V-ing
7. S + will + V0 S + would + V0
8. S + am / is / are + going to + V0 S + was / were + going to + V0
8. Modal verbs:
can could
may might
shall should
must had to
C. Thay đổi từ trạng từ và từ chỉ định:
Direct Reported
1. today / tonight that day / that night
2. yesterday the day before / the previous day
3. last week the week before / the previous week
4. ago before
5. now then
6. tomorrow the following day / the day after
7. next week the following week / the week after / the next week
8. this that
9. here there
10. these those
* CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP:
A. Câu trần thuật (Statement) :
- Direct: S + said to O/ said, “S + V + O”

→ Indirect: S + told O / said + (that) + S + V (lùi thì) + O
* Note: said to + O → told + O

said → said
Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”
→ Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friend that weekend.
She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.”
→ She told me (that) she was going to Dalat the following summer.
B. Câu yêu cầu, mệnh lệnh, đề nghị/lời khuyên/hứa…. (Commands/requests/Sueggestions)
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- Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:
Direct: S + said to + O, “V0 + O …!”

Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to + V0 + ….
* Note: said to + O → told/asked + O
Ex: He said to her, “Keep silent, please.”

→ He told/asked her to keep silent.
- Mệnh lệnh phủ định:
Direct: S + said to + O, “Don’t + V0 + …!”

Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to+ V0 ….
* Note: said to + O → told/asked + O

Ex: The teacher said to the student, “Don’t talk in the class.”
→ The teacher told/asked the student not to talk in class.
* Notes:
a/ Lời khuyên (Advice)

Ex : Tom told me, “You shouldn’t go home late.
 Tom advised me not to go home late.
b/ Lời hứa (Promise)

Ex: Peter said to me, “I will help you.”
 Peter promised to help me.
c/ Đề nghị (Suggestions)
Ex : “Why don’t we go to the cinema?”
 David suggested going to the cinema.
C. Câu hỏi (Questions)
a. Yes /No Question:
Direct: S + said to O/ said, “TĐT + S + V + O?”

Indirect: S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V(lùi thì) + O ….
Ex: + He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”

→ He asked Mary if/whether she had ever been to Japan.
+ “Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked
→ I asked Tan if/whether he had gone out the night before.
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b. WH- Question
Direct: S + said to O/ said, “WH+ TĐT + S + V + O?”

Indirect: S + asked + O + WH + S + V(lùi thì) + O.
Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked Mai.
→ He asked Mai how long she was waiting for the bus.
D. Câu cảm thán ( Exclamation):
Ex: Peter said, “How beautiful your dress is!”

 Peter exclaimed / said my dress was beautiful.
* NOTES:
A. REPORTED SPEECH with INFINITIVE:

Form
V + to inf V + O + to inf
promise : hứa tell : bảo warn : cảnh báo
agree : đồng ý ask : yêu cầu encourage : khuyến khích
hope : hy vọng want : muốn order : ra lệnh
offer : đề nghị advise : khuyên invite : mời
want : muốn remind : nhắc nhở
Ex: “I will help you, Mary” said Peter

Peter promised to help Mary.
Ex: “Look at the board, please!”, said the teacher.
The teacher asked the students to look at the board.
B. REPORTED SPEECH with GERUND:
Form:
S + V + (O) (prep) + V-ing
S + V + V-ing S + V + prep + V-ing S + V + O + prep + V-ing
suggest insist on accuse sb of
admit dream of thank sb for
deny think of congratulate sb on
look forward to prevent sb from
apologize (to sb) for warn sb against
Ex: “Let’s go out for a drink,” Susan said.
Susan suggested going out for a drink.
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“I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan.
Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise.
Tom said to me, “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much.”
Tom thanked me for helping him.
C. CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH:
TYPE DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
1 “If it rains, I will stay at home to read - The boy said that if it rained, he would stay at
books,” said the boy. home to read books.
2 “If I were a millionaire, I could help poor - The man told me if he were a millionaire,
children,” said the man. he could help poor children.
3 “If you had had breakfast, you wouldn’t - The man told me if I had had breakfast,
have been hungry,” said the man. I wouldn’t have been hungry.
How to change direct speech into reported speech:

• Verb tense:
- Type 1: luøi laïi 1 thì khi ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ñöôïc duøng ôû thì quaù khöù.
- Type 2, 3: giöõ nguyeân thì ñoäng töø
XII. IF & WISH SENTENCES
A/ CONDITIONAL SENTENCES :
TYPES IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

1. Real in the Present S + will / can + Vo
or Future Possible S + V (o / s / es)
S + V1 Vo
(coù thaät ôû hieän taïi hoaëc
coù theå xaûy ra ôû töông lai)
2. Unreal in the Present
S + V2/ ed/ didn’t V0
(khoâng coù thaät ôû hieän S + would / could + Vo
(TO BE → WERE)
taïi)
3. Unreal in the Past
S + had + V3/ ed
(khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù S + would / could + have + V3/ ed
khöù)
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Ex: 1. If I have time, I will help you.

Please call me if you hear from Jane.
2. If I were you, I would come there.
3. If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.
* NOTES: Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện
a. Điều kiện loại 1: If clause = Should + S + Vo

EX: If he comes late, he will miss the train.
→ Should he come, he will miss the train.
b. Điều kiện loại 2: If clause = Were + S + (not) to V / Were + S , ………….
EX: - If I were you, I would never meet him again.
→ Were I you, I would never meet him again.
EX: - If I knew her, I would invite her to my party.
→ Were I to know her, I would invite her to my party.
EX: - If I didn’t get high score, my parents would criticise me.
→ Were I not to get high score, my parents would criticise me.
c. Điều kiện loại 3: If clause = Had + S + (not) + V3/ed
EX: If it hadn’t been for my help, she would have missed the meeting
→ Had it not been for my help, she would have missed the meeting.
* SOME OTHER CASES:
CONJUNCTIONS MEANINGS EXAMPLES

- If you do not study harder, you will get low grade.
= Unless you study harder, you will get low grade.
If … not = unless nếu … không
- If he is not here, you can leave.
= Unless he is here, you can leave.
- Go out now or I will call the police
or, or else, otherwise nếu không thì
= Go out now, otherwise I will call the police
trong trường hợp, - You should bring the umbrella in case it rains.
in case
phòng khi
provided / providing - You can camp here provided you leave no mess.
miễn là
(that) / as (so) long as
* AS IF / AS THOUGH: Nhö theå
TYPES FORMS
1. Unreal in the Present
S + V (present) + as if/ as though + S + V2/ ed
(khoâng coù thaät ôû hieän
(to be → WERE)
taïi)
2. Unreal in the Past S + V (past) + as if/ as though + S + had V3/ ed
(khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù
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khöù)
Ex: 1. He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich)

2. Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
(She didn’t win the grand prize)
B/ WISH / IF ONLY :
1. Present wishes:
S1 + WISH(es) V2/ed / didn’t V0

+ S2 + ( to be → were)
IF ONLY ( can → could)
Ex: a/ I'm poor now.

→I wish I were rich / a millionaire.
b/ She doesn't have enough time to do her homework.
→ She wishes she had enough time to do here homework.
2. Future wishes:
S1 + WISH(es) WOULD
+ S2 + + V0
IF ONLY COULD
Ex: a/ It will rain tomorrow. → If only it wouldn't rain tomorrow.
b/ She is not coming with us. → She wishes she were coming with us.
c/ I want to be in Hanoi next week. → If only I could be in Hanoi next week.
3. Past wishes:
S1 + WISH(es)
+ S2 + had + V3/ed
IF ONLY
Ex: a/ We were not together. → I wish(ed) we had been together.

b/ He regrets asking Jason for money. → He wishes he hadn't asked Jason for money.
XIII. CLAUSES & PHRASES ( MỆNH ĐỀ VÀ NGỮ)
A. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON:

1. Phrases of reason:
Because of / Due to + V-ing / Noun / pronoun
EX: - We didn’t go out due to the cold weather.

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- They are here because of us.

a/ BECAUSE OF: vì, bởi vì
- He doesn't go to shool because of his toothache: Anh ta không đi học vì đau răng.
- They are here because of us: Họ ở đây là vì chúng tôi.
- He walked slowly because of his bad leg: Anh ta đi chậm vì đau chân
- Because of his wife ('s) being there, I said nothing about it.
Vì có vợ anh ta ở đó, nên tôi chẳng nói gì về chuyện đó.
b/ DUE TO: vì, do bởi, tại, nhờ có
- It is due to him: Tại hắn ta.
- Due to one's negligence: do cẩu thả, do lơ đễnh
- Due to fog, the boat arrived late: Do sương mù nên tàu đến chậm.
- The discovery is due to Newton: Nhờ Niu-tơn mà có phát minh.
c/ OWING TO: do vì, bởi vì
- Owing to the drought, crops are short: Vì hạn hán nên mùa màng thất bát.
- Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled: Do trời mưa, trận đấu đã bị hủy bỏ
d/ ON ACCOUNT OF:
( on account of something; on this/that account); do cái gì; vì lý do này/nọ
On no account; not on any account: Không vì bất kỳ lý do nào.
- Don't on any account leave the prisoner unguarded:
Không vì bất cứ lý do nào mà bỏ canh gác tù nhân
* After “ because of/ due to/ owing to/ on account of + the fact that...”
Eg: He doesn’t go to school because of the fact that he has a toothache.
e/ IN VIEW OF: (in view of something) : xét thấy, bởi vì
- In view of the weather, we will cancel the outing.
Do tình hình thời tiết, chúng ta sẽ huỷ bỏ cuộc đi chơi này.
f/ THANKS TO:
(Thanks to somebody/something): nhờ có ai/cái gì
- The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast
Vở kịch thành công nhờ sự diễn xuất giỏi của tất cả các vai.
- Thanks to your help: Nhờ có sự giúp đỡ của anh.
- Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled.
Do thời tiết xấu mà trận đấu đã bị hủy bỏ.
g/ FOR: vì, bởi vì
- For want of money: vì thiếu tiền/ - To live for each other: sống vì nhau
- Please do it for my sake: Mong anh làm điều đó vì tôi.
- To avoid something for fear of accidents: Tránh cái gì vì sợ tai nạn.
- For many reasons: vì nhiều lẽ
2. Clauses of reason:
Because / As / Since + S + V
EX: They can’t go out because / as / since it is very cold outside.
3. Cách rút gọn mệnh đề lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do
a/ . …. because + S (đại từ + be + adj .
→ because of + tính từ sở hữu + N
EX: He failed the exam because he is lazy.
He failed the exam because of / due to his laziness.
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b/ …because + S (N) + be + adj

→ because of + the + adj + N
EX: They can’t go fishing because the weather is bad.
They can’t go fishing because of the bad weather.
c./ . …because + S + V + O
→ because of + V-ing + O (thường dùng khi 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau)
EX: She got ill because she worked hard.
She got ill because of working hard.
4/ SEEING ( THAT/ AS): xét thấy sự thật là; do, bởi vì
- Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home.
Bởi vì thời tiết xấu, chúng mình sẽ ở nhà.
5/ IN THAT: lý do là, vì
- Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.
( Người ta cho việc tư nhân hóa là có lợi vì nó thúc đẩy sự cạnh tranh.)
6/ NOW (THAT) : vì rằng, bởi vì
- Now (that) you mention it , I do remember the incident.
( Vì anh nói đến điều đó, tôi mới nhớ việc xảy ra)
- Now (that) you have passed your test, you can drive on your own.
( Anh có thể tự mình lái xe vì anh đã đổ kỳ sát hạch.)
7/ INASMUCH AS: (formal): lý do là, vì
- He is a Dane inasmuch as he was born in Denemark.
( Ông ta là người Đan Mạch vì ông ta sinh ra ở Đan Mạch.)
8/ FOR: liên từ (không đặt ở đầu câu): vì, bởi vì, tại vì
- They don't go to the movies, for it rains cats and dogs.
Họ không đi xem phim, vì trời mưa như trút nước.
BECAUSE
AS/ SINCE S + V + ( O/ C/ A)
SEEING (THAT)
NOW THAT
↑ ↓
BECAUSE OF
DUE TO/ NOUN PHRASE OWING TO
+ THE FACT THAT...
THANKS TO GERUND PHRASE
ON ACCOUNT OF
B. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT:

1) Phrases of result:
- too…to: S + be (look, seem, become, get, feel, taste, smell, sound…) + too + adj + (for + O) +
to + V0
S + V + too + adv/adj + (for + O) + to + V0
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Ex 1: This movie is too boring for me to watch.

Ex 2: Tom ran too slowly to become the winner of the race.
- enough: S + be + adj + enough + (for + O) + to + V0

S + V + adv + enough + (for + O) + to + V0
S + V + enough + N+ to + V0
Ex 1: Mary isn’t old enough to drive a car.

Ex 2: I don’t have enough time to finish my assignment.
Ex 3: She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter.
2) Clauses of result:
- so…that: S + be (look, seem, become, get, feel, taste, smell, sound…)+ so + adj + that + S + V
S + V + so + adj/adv + that + S + V
S + V + so + adj + a + singular countable N
Ex 1: It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.

Ex 2: The student behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Ex 3: It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down. = It was such an interesting book
that he couldn’t put it down.
- such…that: S + V + such (a / an) + adj + N + that + S + V
Ex 1: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home.

Ex 2: She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
Ex 3: There are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
Ex 4: He is such an intelligent boy that we all admire him.
Ex 5: This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
- When you want to indicate the result of an action or situation, you can use a clause of result.
Clauses of result are introduced by so, and so, as a result, consequently, for this / that reason, thus,
therefore.
Ex: I had to work, so I couldn´t go fishing last Saturday.
So and and so usually link ideas in a single sentence and are the most common connectors. The other
connectors usually connect ideas in two separate sentences.
Ex 1: Paul had a fever; consequently, he stayed at home.
Ex 2: He travelled as quickly as possible. Thus, he reached Chicago the next day.
C. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE:
1/ Phrases of purpose:
- to + V0 = in order to + V0 = so as to + V0
Ex: I try to study to pass my next exam.

= I try to study in order to pass my next exam.
= I try to study so as to pass my next exam.
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- in order not to + V0 = so as not to + V0
Ex: She got up early in order not to miss the bus. = She got up early so as not to miss the bus.
2/ Clauses of purpose:
- so that + S + can / will / may / would / could / might + V0

= in order that + S + can / will / may / would / could / might + V0
Ex: I try to study so that I can pass my next exam.

= I try to study in order that I can pass my next exam.
D. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION:
1) Phrases of concession:
- despite = in spite of = regardless of = notwithstanding + phrase/ V-ing
Ex 1: In spite of her bad grades, Jane will be admitted to the university.

Ex 2: Despite his age, he runs 5 kilometres every day.
2) Clauses of concession:
- Although = though = even though + S + V
Ex 1: Although the weather was bad, we had a picnic.

Ex 2: We took many pictures though the sky was cloudy
- Adj + as + S + be, S + V
Ex : Rich as he is, he isn’t happy.
- No matter what / who / when / where / why / how (adj / adv) + S + V, S + V

= Whatever + (N)/ Whoever / Whenever / Wherever / However (adj / adv) +S + V, S + V
Ex 1: No matter how hard she tried, she wasn’t successful.

Ex 2: Whatever she says, I don’t believe her.
Ex 3: However difficult the test was, I did it well.
- Whatever + V, S + V
Ex : Whatever happens, I’ll stand by you.
E. Clauses after “AS IF, AS THOUGH, IT’S TIME, IT’S HIGH TIME, WOULD RATHER,
PREFER”:
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* S + V1 + as if / as though + S + were / V2
Ex 1: She walks as though she studied modelling.

Ex 2: He acts as if he were rich.
* S + V2 + as if / as though + S + had + V3
Ex 1: Tom looked tired as if he had worked very hard.

Ex 2: He looked as if he hadn’t taken a bath for months.
* It’s (high) time + S + were / V2
Ex 1: It’s time we started to work.

Ex 2: It’s high time we reviewed our lesson.
* It’s (high) time + (for + O) + to + V0
Ex 1: It’s time for her to go to bed.

Ex 2: It’s high time to study hard.
* Would rather: + Future: S1 + would rather + S2 + (not) + V0

+ Present: S1 + would rather + S2 + were / V2/ed
+ Past: S1 + would rather + S2 + had + V3/ed
Ex 1: I would rather she be here tomorrow. / I would rather you not call me next Sunday.
(Future)
Ex 2: Henry would rather his girlfriend worked in the same office as him. (Present)
Ex 3: I would rather I had passed my last exam. (Past)
* Would rather: + Present / Future: S + would rather (not) + V0 (+ than) + V0

+ Past: S + would rather (not) + have + V3/ed (+ than) + have + V3/ed
Ex 1: I would rather not go to class tomorrow.(future)

Ex 2: I would rather stay home tonight.(future)
Ex 3: Mary would rather not have gone to class yesterday.(past)
……………....THE END……………….
 Saying to study: “Where there is a will, there is a way.” ( Có chí thì nên.)
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Advanced Grammar & Pronunciation

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Advanced Grammar & Pronunciation

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Academic year: 2022-2023 - Le Ngoc Han Junior High School – My Tho City

- S đọc là / /ʃ/ / : sure, sugar

- C đọc là / /ʃ/ / : ancient, precious, ocean, efficient, efficiency, special

III. COMMON COLLOCATIONS ( CÁC THÀNH NGỮ THƯỜNG GẶP)

IV. PASSIVE FORM:

VERBS KINDS FORMS

B. Verbs of opinion: say, think, believe, know, report, rumour …

It + be V3/ ed + that + S2 + VS2

S2 + be V3/ ed + to V0 ( cùng thì )

to have V3/ ed ( khác thì )

Ex: 1/ People say that he is a famous doctor.

V. INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ)

→ Were I not to get high score, my parents would criticise me.

2/ No, not: No/Not + N + Đảo ngữ

Ex: Every child has a toy.

i. S (people, police, cattle, poultry, clergy, children) + V (plural)

VII. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

VIII/ RELATIVE CLAUSES ( Mệnh đề quan hệ)

a/ Đại từ quan hệ (Relative pronouns)

Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Sở hữu

Vật Which/ That Which/ That Whose / of which

EX: There is something in the fridge. You can eat it.

IX. TAG QUESTIONS

Động từ nguyên mẫu không to được dùng:

+ It’s no use = It’s no good = There be no point in Ving: làm gì đó là vô ích

VERBS MEANINGS EXAMPLES

I will try to study hard so that my parents stop

XI. DIRECT SPEECH - REPORTED/INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Indirect/ Reported

- Direct: S + said to O/ said, “S + V + O”

* Note: said to + O → told + O

- Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:

Direct: S + said to + O, “V0 + O …!”

* Note: said to + O → told/asked + O

Ex: He said to her, “Keep silent, please.”

- Mệnh lệnh phủ định:

Direct: S + said to + O, “Don’t + V0 + …!”

* Note: said to + O → told/asked + O

a/ Lời khuyên (Advice)

b/ Lời hứa (Promise)

C. Câu hỏi (Questions)

a. Yes /No Question:

Direct: S + said to O/ said, “TĐT + S + V + O?”

Ex: + He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”

Direct: S + said to O/ said, “WH+ TĐT + S + V + O?”

D. Câu cảm thán ( Exclamation):

Ex: Peter said, “How beautiful your dress is!”

A. REPORTED SPEECH with INFINITIVE:

Ex: “I will help you, Mary” said Peter

C. CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH:

TYPE DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

How to change direct speech into reported speech:

XII. IF & WISH SENTENCES

TYPES IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

Ex: 1. If I have time, I will help you.

* NOTES: Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện

a. Điều kiện loại 1: If clause = Should + S + Vo

CONJUNCTIONS MEANINGS EXAMPLES

* AS IF / AS THOUGH: Nhö theå

Ex: 1. He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich)

S1 + WISH(es) V2/ed / didn’t V0

Ex: a/ I'm poor now.

Ex: a/ We were not together. → I wish(ed) we had been together.